Research Final

If you were citing an article with six or more authors for the first citation in text with parenthetical formation, what is the correct way to write it? A) Chang et al. (2005) B) (Chang, et. al., 2005) C) (Chang et al., 2005) D) Chang et al., 2005

(Chang et al., 2005)

When deciding if a source is credible, how can you be sure the study is void of bias? A) Randomization B) Comparison group C) Intervention effectiveness D) All the above

All the above

When evaluating the validity of the research findings, which of the following should be considered? A) Data collection procedures B) Participant selection procedures C) Evidence of research bias D) All the above

All the above

When writing a lit review, the introduction should tell the reader which of the following? A) What you are going to cover in the review B) The scope of your research C) How the review ties in with your own research topic D) All the above

All the above

Which of the following are essential of the research process? A) Identify a theory base B) Select a design strategy C) Obtain information D) All the above

All the above

Which of the following criteria need to be met for true experimental research? A) Randomization B) Manipulation C) Control D) All the above

All the above

Which of the following critical considerations must be included in a research proposal plan regarding human safety? A) A plan for ensuring that study participation and all procedures are voluntary B) A plan for ensuring confidentiality C) The level of risk posed to the study participants and relationship of risk to potential benefits of society D) All the above

All the above

Which of the following is a characteristic of a good theory? A) Ability to account for data B) Explanatory relevance C) Testability D) All the above

All the above

Which of the following is a component of evidence based practice? A) Types of questions B) Developing focused questions C) Critical appraisal of evidence D) Level of evidence E) All the above

All the above

Which of the following is reasons as to reading research literature critically is important? A) Understanding the existing level of knowledge on a problem B) Identify gaps in knowledge development C) Determine the next logical research step D) All the above

All the above

Which of the following is the purpose of an experimental type design? A) Reveal and objective reality B) Verify and test a theory C) Assert the cause of the outcomes under study D) All the above

All the above

Which step is included to conduct a literature review? A) Determine when to conduct a search B) Delimit what is searched C) Organize the information D) All the above

All the above

Why is research necessary? A) Systematically build knowledge B) Test treatment/intervention efficacy C) Having impact on health policy and service delivery D) Enhance understanding of daily practice E) All of the above

All the above

Quantitative researcher uses which of the following? A) Individual interviews B) stats as tools to make sense of data C) A and B D) None of these

Statistics as tools to make sense of data

Abstraction is defined as what? A) Symbolic representation of shared experience B) Artistic C) Nonrepresentational D) Not real

Symbolic representation of shared experience

Deductive studies should be considered when what? A) Your primary purpose is to generate new theory B) Theories need development C) Theories are well developed D) Theories do not fit well with the phenomena under investigation

Theories are well developed

What is formally defined as a set of interrelated propositions that provide a framework for understanding or explaining phenomena? A) Design B) Theory C) Philosophical foundation D) Query

Theory

All of the following are major categories of design in naturalistic inquiry EXCEPT: A) Critical theory B) Narrative C) Nonexperimental D) Grounded theory

Nonexperimental

What should one consider when selecting a research tradition? A) Purpose of the study B) Preference for knowing C) Level of knowledge development relevant to your question D) All the above

All the above

A concept is what: A) The first level of abstraction B) A shared representation of an observable or experienced referent C) A and B D) None of the above

A and B

Evidence-based practice combines information from all of the following sources EXCEPT: A) A colleague's past experience B) Clinical expertise and reasoning C) Client preferences D) Scientific literature

A colleague's past experiences

Under the research tradition of experimental-type/quantitative design, a variable is defined as what? A) A narrative B) A concept or construct to which numerical values are assigned C) A phenomenon that is difficult to define D) An independently occurring phenomenon

A concept or construct to which numerical values are assigned

Which of the following statements about using a study finding is the best guide? A) A credible and clinically significant finding can with confidence be used as a basis for care. B) A finding produced by a study done in a setting similar to the one in which the findings may be used can be used as a basis for care with confidence. C) A credible and clinically significant finding of a study can be used as a basis for care after deliberation about its applicability. D) A study produced by a reputable organization can with confidence be used as a basis for care.

A credible and clinically significant finding of a study can be used as a basis for care after deliberation about its applicability.

Which of the following best describes a placebo control group in a medical therapy study? A) A group of participants that are exposed to more variables than the normal control group B) A group of participants that receive no treatment but believe they are C) A group in which participants behavior is not affected by the treatment, but by their knowledge of participating in the study D) A group of people that do not qualify to participate in the study

A group of participants that receive no treatment but believe they are

What is the definition of a literature review? A) A literature review surveys, summarizes, and links information about a given topic B) A literature review discusses the gaps in the literature or the shortcomings of the works C)A literature review summarizes major points of a work D)A literature review talks about the importance of each work to the reader or larger community

A literature review surveys, summarizes, and links information about a given topic.

What is evidence-based practice? A) A research design B) A practice model C) A set of research guidelines D) A new naturalistic method

A practice model

Which of the following is least likely to be a primary source? A) A textbook B) An article in a professional journal C) A paper presented at a professional conference D) A dissertation

A textbook

Which of the following goals is not a purpose of clinical protocols? A) Advance the knowledge base B) Set forth standards of care C) Support the clinical decision making D) Promote consistency of care

Advance the knowledge base

A concept is defined as: A) A first order abstraction B) Shared representation of an observed referent C) A shared representation of an experienced referent D) All the above

All the above

A concept is what? A) A first order abstraction B) A shared representation of an observed referent C) A shared representation of an experienced referent D) All the above

All the above

All of the following are threats to internal validity in experimental-type research EXCEPT: A) History B) Testing C) Instrumentation D) All the above

All the above

Evidence based practice combines information from which of the following sources? A) Clinical expertise and reasoning B) Client preferences C) Scientific literature D) All the above

All the above

It is important to read the research literature critically in order to do which of the following? A) Understand the level of knowledge of a particular problem area B) Identify gaps in knowledge development C) Determine the next logical research step D) All the above

All the above

The flexibility of qualitative research designs in an advantage because what? A) The researcher does not impose any predetermined formats on the social world B) It allows for unexpected results to emerge from the data C) The researcher can adapt their methods as the project unfolds D) All the above

All the above

What are the roles of theory in science? A) Understanding B) Predicting C) Organizing and Interpreting Research Results D) All the Above

All the above

What is a source of evidence used in designing evidence (e-b) based clinical protocols? A) Agency data regarding patient outcomes B) Cost of implementing the recommendations C) Recommendations of soundly produced clinical practice guidelines D) All the above

All the above

What is evidence-based practice? A) A toolbox of methods to aid clinical reasoning B) A toolbox consisting of methods designed to integrate research evidence into the clinical reasoning process C) Method of putting evidence into practice D) All the above

All the above

What questions are important to consider regarding the credibility of the research findings? A) Were sources of bias and error controlled? B) Was the study well conducted? C) Is the finding credible D) All the above

All the above

A literature review can be considered all of the following EXCEPT: A) An annotated bibliography B) Survey, summary, and or link to information about a given topic C) An assessment of information distilled for the reader D) A critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out

An annotated bibliography

The steps in addressing a research question using the OT process analogy is made up of all three components EXCEPT: A) Outcomes B) Intervention C) Analysis D) Evaluation

Analysis

Which of the following is not one of the ten essentials of research? A) Frame a research problem B) Select a design strategy C) Appoint a research mentor D) Analyze information and draw conclusions

Appoint a research mentor

Randomization at the group assignment level refers to what? A) Purposeful assignment of persons to specific groups B) Theoretical sampling to obtain a given sample C) Assigning persons to one of three groups based on their characteristics D) Assignment of persons by a method based on chance

Assignment of persons by a method based on chance

In evidence-based care design, point-of-view care design occurs: A) At the time care is being given B) When developing a protocol C) When conducting a study D) When determining sample size

At the time care is being given

Which of the following elements is NOT a characteristic of the true-experimental design? A) Manipulation B) Bias C) Control D) Randomization

Bias

Which of the following is true in a positive relationship between two variables? A) Both variables like one another B) As one increases in value, the other decreases C) Both variables increase or decrease together D) The variables are unrelated

Both variables increase or decrease together

How do clinical information systems with decision support incorporate evidence-based information? A) By providing access to the internet and sites with evidence-based information B) By notifying care providers of patients' abnormal lab values and diagnoses associated with them C) By making patient clinical data available to care givers in a timely way D) By using inputted patient information to bring relevant standards of care and resources to the attention of care givers

By using inputted patient information to bring relevant standards of care and resources to the attention of care givers

Research in the area of translating research into practice has determined that the adoption of an evidence based innovation in practice depends on many factors, which can be grouped, except for as: A) Characteristic of the targeted patients B) Characteristics of the e-b innovation itself C) Facilitation strategies used to introduce the innovation D) The work dynamics of the setting into which the practice is introduced

Characteristic of the targeted patients

Which of the following is the first step in the research project? A) Reporting the results B) Choosing a research question C) Developing a hypothesis D) Conducing a literature review

Choosing a research question

All of the following statements are true about appraising the clinical significance of a finding of study, except which one? A) Clinical significance of the study findings is always addressed in research reports B) Clinical significance is a way of portraying the practical meaning of the study findings C) Clinical significance is a judgment based on finding information and clinical knowledge D) In experimental studies, the size of the treatment effect is an important determinant of clinical significance

Clinical significance of the study findings is always addressed in research reports

One strategy of enhancing the credibility and dependability of a study is triangulation. Using this strategy, one would: A) Collect information from different points of view and lines of data B) Change methods after data collection begins C) Use fewer participants in the research study D) Get rid of research participants who do not fit your hypothesis

Collect information from different points of view and lines of data

Which of the following is a type of reactive effect in which the control group is informed that they will be the control group for a new experimental study? A) Placebo effect B) Compensatory rivalry C) Hawthorne effect D) Experimenter effect

Compensatory rivalry

Which of the following is NOT a type of variable in experimental-type research? A) Independent variable B) Extraneous variable C) Concrete variable D) Dependent variable

Concrete variable

Which of the following is not a type of variable in experimental-type research? A) Dependent Variable B) Concrete Variable C) Extraneous Variable D) Independent Variable

Concrete variable

Which of the following is NOT a type of validity in quantitative (experimental) type research? A) Internal validity B) External validity C) Construct validity D) Consequential validity

Consequential validity

Which of the following is NOT a type of variable found in experimental-type research designs? A) Extraneous variable B) Construct variable C) Independent variable D) Dependent variable

Construct variable

Which of the following is NOT a type of validity in experimental-type/quantitative research? A) Internal B) External C) Construct D) Context

Context

Which is not a characteristic of naturalistic inquiry? A) Flexibility B) Complexity C) Control D) Pluralism

Control

A literature review serves many purposes. Which of the following is NOT a purpose for a lit review? A) Understand previous research on a topic B) Create an annotated bibliography C) To help narrow down a problem D) Generate hypothesis or questions for further studies

Create an annotated bibliography

Examples of a longitudinal survey include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Cohort survey B) Panel survey C) Cross-sectional survey D) Trend survey

Cross-sectional survey

In which approach to qualitative research do the researchers intend to generate a theory that is based on data systematically gathered and analyzed A) Participatory action B) Grounded theory C) Critical theory D) Case study

Grounded theory

Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting a literature review? A) Assist in forming research question B) Provide information on design of study C) Determine if problem has been researched D) Decide if your topic is interesting to you

Decide if a problem is interesting to you

The phenomenon that the investigator seeks to understand, explain, or predict is which of the following? A) Independent variable B) Dependent variable C) Intervening variable

Dependent variable

The value of a nonexperimental design includes all the following except what? A) Examine naturally occurring phenomenon B) Examine relationships between variables of interest C) Include a large number of subjects to examine events D) Derive causal understandings of a phenomenon

Derive causal understandings of a phenomenon

Which of the following is a primary use of pre-experimental designs? A) Examine causal relationships B) Describe the effect of the independent variable C) Provide important comparisons between multiple experimental groups D) Minimize the threats to external validity

Describe the effect of the independent variable

Deductive reasoning is primarily used to do which of the following? A) Uncover or reveal underlying multiple rules or patterns of behavior B) Describe, test, or predict the application of theory to a specific phenomenon C) Generate theory D) Deductive reasoning is unrelated to theory

Describe, test, or predict the application of theory to a specific phenomenon

True experimental design needs to meet all of the following criteria EXCEPT: A) Randomization B) Control C) Descriptive statistics D) Manipulation

Descriptive statistics

Which of the following are purposes in experimental-type research? A) Descriptive, ethnography, explanatory B) Explanatory, phenomenology, critical theory C) Descriptive, explanatory, predictive D) Predictive, heuristic inquiry, grounded theory

Descriptive, explanatory, predictive

What are the three types of non-experimental research? A) Descriptive, predictive, explanatory B) Descriptive, quantitative, reductionistic C) Humanistic, predictive, naturalistic subjective D) Explanatory, pluralistic, naturalistic

Descriptive, predictive, explanatory

Which of the following is most appropriate description about grounded theory? A) Grounded theory is an analytic technique B) Grounded theory integrates quantitative and qualitative perspectives C) Grounded theory is primarily deductive D) Grounded theory is phenomenological

Grounded theory integrates quantitative and qualitative perspectives

If you are interviewing for your first staff therapist position and want to work in an organization that practices evidence-based practice, which of the following questions and requests would be most likely to result in an informative response from the staff therapist with whom you meet? A) How much money is available to assist each staff therapist to attend congresses, workshops, and conferences? B) Have you ever had a face-to-face verbal exchange with the chief therapist officer or her/his direct assistant? C) Do you know a staff therapist who participated in evidence-based practice projects—and if so how did she describe her involvement? D) Is there a research committee here?

Do you know a staff therapist who participated in evidence-based practice projects—and if so how did she describe her involvement?

Which of the following database is more appropriate used to identify studies in the field of education? A) MEDLINE B) ERIC C) CINAHL D) PsychINFO

ERIC

Which of the following terms is not a Boolean operator? A) AND B) OR C) NOT D) EXCEPT

EXCEPT

Which of the following is NOT a way of knowing that something exists? A) Logical reasoning B) Educated guess C) Personal experience D) Scientific method

Educated guess

Which of the following should be considered for the appraisal of the clinical significance of research? A) Effect size B) P value C) Significant value D) Research design

Effect size

Which of the following does not apply to naturalistic inquiry/qualitative research? A) Involves direct and personal contact with participants B) Data are often words and pictures C) Ends with a statistical report D) Uses the inductive scientific method

Ends with a statistical report

Which of the following is the type of research that examines the distribution of disease in populations and seeks to reveal the factors that influence population-based illness and disease as the basis for prevention, optimizing health services, tracing historical trends and risks, and influencing health policy? A) Epistemology B) Epidemiology C) Clinical trials D) Field study

Epidemiology

You want to study a Native American group in New Mexico for a six month period to learn all you can about them so you can write a book about that particular tribe. You want the book to be accurate and authentic as well as informative and inspiring. What type of research will you likely be conducting when you get to New Mexico? A) Phenomenology B) Ethnography C) Participatory action D) Grounded theory

Ethnography

Being a member of a group in which you are conducting a naturalistic study is an example of an etic perspective True or False

False

Human experience is complex and can not be understood by reductionism, that is, only by identifying and examining its part. This philosophical perspective belongs to experimental-type research. True or False

False

In scholarly writing, it is not acceptable and appropriate to use first person language. True or False

False

Inductive reasoning is based on the assumption that there is one truth that must be uncovered True or False

False

Naturalistic inquiry researchers generally formulate a hypothesis beforehand and then seek to test it True or False

False

The two group randomized controlled trial is the best design to use of any type of research True or False

False

There is one accepted model of evidence-based practice True or False

False

There are 9 essentials of research as described by Depoy and Gitlin (2016) A) True B) False

False (10)

Which of the following is not an example of a hypothesis A) Fear of large dogs derives from childhood experiences B) As the perceived similarity respondent and victim increases, victim blaming will increase C) As the population ages, driver rehabilitation and community mobility will become a greater concern D) Physical dysfunction is a viable practice area for OTs

Fear of large dogs derives from childhood experiences

Which type of theory proposes a new structure to explain relationship among variables? A) Analogical theory B) Descriptive theory C) Fundamental theory D) Quantitative theory

Fundamental theory

Which is NOT one of the processes in the OT process analogy? A) Outcomes B) Identification C) Evaluation D) Intervention

Identification

Which of the following is the first step in initiating a literature search? A) Identify key words B) Locate a textbook C) Identify a database D) Compile bibliographical citations

Identify key words

Which of the following lists five of the ten essentials of research? A) Frame a research problem, develop a specific question, develop a step-by-step strategy, set study boundaries, analyze information and draw conclusions B) Frame a research problem, identify theory base, select a design strategy, categorize research, analyze information, and draw conclusions C) Identify philosophical foundation, determine supporting knowledge, determine a theory, set study boundaries, analyze information and draw conclusions D) Identify philosophical foundation, identify theory base, select a design strategy, obtain information, share and use research knowledge

Identify philosophical foundation, identify theory base, select a design strategy, obtain information, share and use research knowledge

Why does plagiarism occur? A) Poor planning B) Not concerned about using others work C) Failure to learn APA rules D) Enthusiasm for APA

If you are enthusiastic about APA, one probably will not plagiarize

Which of the following sources does evidence-based practice NOT combine information from? A) Clinical expertise and reasoning B) Insurance policies C) Client preferences D) Scientific literature

Insurance policies

Treatment fidelity is defined as: A) Attaining the desired outcome of an intervention B) Integrity of implementing the intervention C) Clarity of sound in giving research instructions to subjects D) None of the above

Integrity of implementing the intervention

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of narrative inquiry? A) Is deductive B) Is a spoken, written, or visual story C) Can be presented in various discursive formats D) Is an interpretive approach to inquiry

Is deductive

All of the following fit a definition of research except which one? A) It involves multiple systematic approaches B) It involves different thinking and action processes C) Four criteria characterize research D) It is any approach to learning new knowledge

It is any approach to learning new knowledge

Quantitative/experimental type research is based on the unifying philosophical foundation of which of the following? A) Humanism B) Logical positivism C) Phenomenology D) Systems theory

Logical positivism

The steps of addressing a research question, following the OT Process Analogy, include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Intervention B) Logical reasoning C) Evaluation D) Outcomes

Logical reasoning

What are the four basic characteristics of research? A) Logical, understandable, confirmable, and practical B) Logical, understandable, confirmable, and useful C) Logical, understandable, comfortable, and useful D) None of the above

Logical, understandable, confirmable, and useful

Which of the following lists the four criteria of research? A) Logical, useful, understandable, confirmable B) Logical, predictive, understandable, trial and error C) Systematic, confirmable, observable, useful D) Logical, useful, understandable, observable

Logical, useful, understandable, confirmable

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethnography? A) Is naturalistic B) Examines cultures C) Measures behavior D) Reveals complexity

Measures behavior

These are all strategies used to enhance dependability in qualitative research EXCEPT: A) Coding and recording themes B) Peer examination C) Member checks D) Thick description

Member checks

When framing a research problem, which of the following is least important to consider? A) Personal interest B) Mentor C) Identified gap in knowledge D) Epistemology

Mentor

Which of the following is not as important when researchers are framing a research problem? A) Epistemology B) Mentor C) Personal interest D) Identified gap in knowledge

Mentor

Ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory are approaches for which type of inquiry? A) Naturalistic B) Experimental-type C) True-experimental D) Quasi-experimental

Naturalistic

Which of the following is not an emphasized characteristic of evaluation/examined practice? A) Problem definition B) Need identification C) Objectivity D) Outcome assessment

Objectivity

All of the following are examples of sets of quality indicators EXCEPT: A) Performance measures B) Accountability measures C) Organized measures D) Effective care measures

Organized measures

Which of the following is not a level of IRB review? A) Full B) Partial C) Expedited D) Exempt

Partial

The following are all characteristics of a true experimental design EXCEPT: A) Randomization B) Control group C) Manipulation of an independent variable D) Passive observation

Passive observation

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a true-experimental design? A) Control group B) Passive observation C) Manipulation of an independent variable D) Randomization

Passive observation

Which of the following is the main goal of evidence based practice? A) Patients receiving evidence based care B) Patient satisfaction with care C) Research based intervention D) Patients achieving good, positive impactful outcomes

Patients achieving good, positive impactful outcomes

Major characteristics of deductive thinking include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Theory is tested B) Single, separate reality exists C) Perspective is holistic D) One set of conclusions is accepted as true

Perspective is holistic

Researchers who study various reactions to or perceptions of a particular phenomenon take which approach to naturalistic inquiry/qualitative research design A) Grounded theory B) Biography C) Case study D) Phenomenology

Phenomenology

Which of the following is NOT a component of the quantitative or experimental-type philosophical traditions? A) Rationalistic B) Pluralistic C) Reductionistic D) Empirical

Pluralistic

The major categories of design in experimental-type research include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Pre-experimental B) Post-experimental C) Quasi-experimental D) True experimental

Post-experimental

Which of the following examples is not a purpose statement for different naturalistic designs? A) Grounded theory B) Ethnography C) Predictive D) Critical theory

Predictive

What tense is to be used when a fact has been published or is established? A) Present B) Past C) Present perfect

Present

Selecting a design strategy is based on which of the following, except what? A) Personal comfort level B) Purpose of study C) Productivity D) Level of knowledge development and scientific gaps

Productivity

Manipulation in the true-experimental type design refers to the process of what? A) Providing or withholding an independent variable in both the experimental and control group B) Manipulating study participants into believing they are receiving a particular disorder C) Withholding information from study participants D) Controlling for bias

Providing or withholding an independent variable in both the experimental and control group

A researcher wants to know about the cause and effect relationship between variables, where the cause is being manipulated and the study participants are chosen by choice not by chance. Which of the following designs fits this scenario? A) Quasi-experimental B) Descriptive C) True experimental D) Correlational

Quasi-experimental

Which of the following is NOT a qualitative research design? A) Phenomenology B) Ethnography C) Quasi-experimental D) Narrative

Quasi-experimental

Which of the following is a primary characteristic that differentiates the true-experimental from the quasi-experimental design? A) Validity B) Bias C) Some type of control group D) Randomization

Randomization

Which of the following is a limitation of the posttest-only experimental design? A) Participants may become confused as to what the study is about B) Randomization may not have resulted in equivalence between experimental and control group conditions C) It minimizes the threat of responding to the posttest because of learning from a pretest D) Only one posttest is permissible

Randomization may not have resulted in equivalence between experimental and control group conditions

Which response is most likely to be associated with inductive reasoning? A) Reasoning from specific to general B) Reasoning from general to specific C) Organization of information from what is already known D) Beginning with true premises in order to arrive at true conclusions

Reasoning from specific to general

Which part of a research report should not always begin on a new page, except what? A) Method B) Results C) Discussion D) References

References

All of the following are true about quantitative research EXCEPT: A) There is an exclusive reliance on numeric data B) Quantitative researchers use statistics as tools to make sense of the data C) Aims to describe patterns, trends, and relationships in numeric data D) Research design is flexible and the researcher may adjust methods even after data collection begins

Research design is flexible and the researcher may adjust methods even after data collection begins

Which of the following best describes quasi experimental designs? A) Research studies in which subjects are not randomly assigned to groups B) Research studies in which subjects are randomly assigned to groups C) Research that studies people and events in their natural habitat D) None of the above

Research studies in which subjects are not randomly assigned to groups

Which skill is least important for an evidence-based practice project team? A) Statistical analysis B) Database searching C) Critical appraisal of evidence D) Implementing organizational change

Statistical analysis

What is NOT evidence-based practice, according to lecture content? A) It critically examines all clinical procedures and critically evaluates their appropriateness for a specific situation B) Uses research evidence for decision-making in practice C) A toolbox of methods that aid clinical reasoning D) Restricted to randomized trials and systematic reviews

Restricted to randomized trials and systematic reviews

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of experimental-type design? A) Reveal complexity B) Reveal an objective reality C) Verify and test a theory D) Assert the cause of the outcomes under study

Reveal complexity

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of experimental-type design? A) Reveal complexity B) Reveal an objective reality C) Verify and test a theory D) Assert the cause of the outcomes under theory

Reveal complexity

Which of the following is NOT true about quantitative research? A) Almost always focuses on analysis of numeric data B) Riles on non-standardized approaches C) Umbrella term that encompasses a variety of approaches D) Aims to describe patterns, trends, and relationships in numeric data

Riles on non-standardized approaches

Would a dissertation be considered a primary or secondary source?

Secondary

When basing an agency clinical protocol on an evidence-based clinical practice guideline, which of the following courses of action is of questionable effectiveness? A) Selectively include in the protocol the recommendations of a soundly produced guideline that address the care issues that are problematic in the agency B) Set a standard of care by making the staff aware of the guideline and communicating the expectation that they will follow it C) Design the protocol to closely adhere to the recommendations of a soundly produced guideline D) Develop a detailed plan to introduce the protocol

Set a standard of care by making the staff aware of the guideline and communicating the expectation that they will follow it

An important step in reviewing research literature is to what? A) Set boundaries as to what is searched B) Only examine studies published within the past 3 to 5 years C) Choose only one keyword for a search D) Read everything ever written about a topic area

Set boundaries as to what is searched

Which of the following issues is not part of appraisal of the applicability of study findings? A) Similarity between patients in the studies and patients in your setting B) Setting's ability to replicate the study C) Feasibility of implementing a change based on the findings D) Safety of using the change suggested by the study

Setting's ability to replicate the study

A reference list: A) Cites all works supportive of or contradictory to the text B) Is a synonym for bibliography C) Should include only the references cited in the manuscript D) Should never be used in short articles

Should include only the references cited in the manuscript

Which statement best describes the staff therapist's contribution to evidence based practice? A) Staff therapist's main contribution to EBP is to follow evidence-based protocols B) Staff therapist can identify gaps and weaknesses in care, help in developing evidence-based protocols, and follow evidence-based protocols C) Staff therapist's main contribution is scanning the clinical literature for articles about new EBP related to the unit's or agency's area of practice D) Staff therapist should lead evidence-based occupational therapy projects

Staff therapist can identify gaps and weaknesses in care, help in developing evidence-based protocols, and follow evidence-based protocols

Conducting a lit review will help you do all of the following EXCEPT: A) Understand previous research on your topic B) Talk about the importance of each work to the reader C) Determine if the research is actually needed D) Narrow down a problem

Talk about the importance of each work to the reader

What is the definition of a hypothesis? A) Phenomenon that is affected by the independent variable or is the presumed effect outcome B) Presumed cause of the dependent variable C) Testable statement that indicates what the researcher expects to find D) Phenomenon that has an effect on study variables

Testable statement that indicates what the researcher expects to find

Which of the following statement is true of the credibility of a study finding? A) The credibility of a finding mainly rests on the funding source and the credentials of the researchers. B) The credibility of a finding mainly rests on whether it has undergone peer review. C) The credibility of a finding mainly rests on whether the result is statistically significant. D) The credibility of a finding mainly rests on the methodological soundness of the study that produced it.

The credibility of a finding mainly rests on the methodological soundness of the study that produced it.

Which one of the following considerations is relevant to appraisal of the clinical significance of the findings of an experimental study? A) The p value B) The effect size C) The profile of the sample D) The research design

The effect size

What is evidence based practice? A). The use of the most current research in making decisions pertaining to patient care. B). The implementation of evidence based research when directly working with patients to achieve the desired clinical outcomes. C). A way of practicing healthcare principles while in school. D). Practicing healthcare ideas in a simulation lab rather than in a clinical setting.

The implementation of evidence based research when directly working with patients to achieve the desired clinical outcomes.

Internal is defined as which of the following? A) Extent to which findings of a study can be generalized to other subjects, settings, and or treatments B) The observed changes that took place are a result of the manipulation of independent variables and are not a result of other causes C) Validity of the inferences made about a construct based on the measures, treatment, subjects, and settings used in the experimental study D) The situation when participants respond or react differently to a treatment because they have been pretested

The observed changes that took place are a result of the manipulation of independent variables and are not a result of other causes

Which of the following is a criteria for research? A) All groups are assigned randomly B) A control group must be established C) The results must be understandable D) All the above

The results must be understandable

Which of the following would be classified as a qualitative theory? A) The theory is expressed in mathematical terms B) The theory related numerical values of variables to one another C) The theory's predicted outcomes are expressed numerically D) The theory states relationships between variables in verbal rather than mathematical terms

The theory states relationships between variables in verbal rather than mathematical terms

Epistemology is defined as: A) The true nature of knowledge B) The way of knowing C) The ethics of conducting research D) The science of conducting research

The way of knowing

Inductive studies should be considered for use when what? A) Theories fit well with the phenomenon under study B) There is limited theory development relevant to the topic of your research C) Your primary purpose is to test theoretical constructs D) Your aim is to develop instrumentation to measure a well-defined concept

There is limited theory development relevant to the topic of your research

Which of the following is a main reason for reviewing literature? A) To provide an overview B) To identify keywords for your research C) To determine a relationship between current knowledge and an identified problem D) To gain everyday knowledge on research

To determine a relationship between current knowledge and an identified problem

Which of the following is a primary purpose of action research? A) To generate knowledge through physical activity B) To generate knowledge to inform responsive action for change C) To provide a forum for group activity D) To use naturalistic strategies to develop theory

To generate knowledge to inform responsive action for change

What is the primary reason that qualitative researchers like to give detailed descriptions of social settings in the study? A) To provide a contextual understanding of social behavior B) Because once they have left the field, it is difficult to remember what happened C) So that they can compare their observations as a test of reliability D) Because they do not believe in going beyond the level of description

To provide a contextual understanding of social behavior

Which of the following is not a main reason for reviewing literature? A) To determine previous research on a topic B) To determine relationship between current knowledge and identified problem C) To provide rationale for a study D) To provide an overview

To provide an overview

All of the following are steps of the research process, EXCEPT: A) Evaluation B) Trial and error C) Outcomes D) Intervention

Trial and error

A primary aim of naturalistic inquiry is to reveal complexity True or False

True

An important check on validity and reliability of the researcher's interpretations in naturalistic inquiry/qualitative research is to compare one informant's description of something with another informant's description of the same thing True or False

True

Survey designs can be used to make predictions about health outcomes in a population True or False

True

True or False: The difference between theory and a hypothesis is that a theory is more complex with multiple variables, while a hypothesis is more simple with a single variable.

True

When citing in APA format names of laws, theories, and hypotheses should be what? A) Italicized B) Bold C) Uncapitalized D) All the above

Uncapitalized

Which of the following is a philosophical assumption of naturalistic inquiry/qualitative researchers? A) Facts and values are distinct from one another B) Only the proper design of research investigations will lead to accurate conclusions about the nature of the world C) Values are an integral part of the research process D) Facts stand independent of the knower and can be known in an undistorted way

Values are an integral part of the research process

In evidence-based practice care design, prespecification design occurs: A) at the time care is being given B) When developing a protocol C) When conducting a study D) When determining the sample size

When developing a protocol

The phrase "economy of expression" means to use the fewest amount of words possible to convey your message clearly. Does the following violate this rule? "The two interventions produces outcomes that were exactly the same" Yes or No

Yes

Is the following sentence wrong? "OT is a profession that embraces client-centered care. We want our clients to lead the team. Yes or No

Yes, beware of inappropriate attribution. In this case, they used "we"