Research Methods
What is one disadvantage of the Solomon four-group design? a) It lacks a control group. b) You have to pretest every group. c) It is prone to sampling error. d) It is time-consuming.
d) It is time-consuming.
To compare findings from many different studies that use the same dependent variable, what technique is used? a) MANOVA b) factor analysis c) t-test d) meta-analysis
d) meta-analysis
Beneficence means all the following except: a) risk/benefits assessment b) benefits are maximized c) any potential harm is minimized d) must have benefits
d) must have benefits
What is the median of 2, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6, 6, and 6? a) 5 b) 6 c) 4.25 d) 34
a) 5
The researchers are wanting to know what is the frequency of white non-offending males in central LA an area with great diversity. Which kind of a test would they use a) A non-parametic test, Chi-Square b) The Chinese Chi Method c) T-test of variance d) Demographic information
a) A non-parametic test, Chi-Square
What is one suggested limitation of the single subject design? a) significant expense b) internal validity c) external validity d) none of the above
c) external validity
If you want to answer a research question regarding whether a particular group of subjects experiences any significant changes in behavior as they age, but you do not have the time or money for a traditional longitudinal study, which method would be acceptable? a) cross-sectional b) historical c) follow-up d) none of the above would be acceptable
c) follow-up
How can Type II errors be reduced? a) decreasing sample size b) homogeneous population c) increasing sample size d) heterogeneous population
c) increasing sample size
Respect for person's informed consent contains: a) information, comprehension voluntariness no harm b) information, comprehension voluntariness minimum risk c) information, comprehension and voluntariness d) information, comprehension and voluntariness equality
c) information, comprehension and voluntariness
25. Which measure would be used to describe the class rankings of graduate students? a) mean b) mode c) median d) standard deviation
c) median
Which of the following is NOT a measure of the degree of spread or dispersion of scores? a) standard deviation b) range c) mode d) variance
c) mode
What is another phrase used to describe a bell-shaped curve? a) average curve b) regular-shaped curve c) normal curve d) elliptical curve
c) normal curve
Sampling allows researchers to overcome the problem of which of the following? a) overcrowded laboratories b) biased subject response c) not having access to the whole population d) not having access to the proper statistical methods
c) not having access to the whole population
What is another way the mode can be described? a) divides the sample in half b) averages the test scores c) occurs most frequently d) tells how much variability there is in the test scores
c) occurs most frequently
The independent variable is: a) Revised Martial Satisfaction Index b) The control group c) EFT treatment d) Groups
d) Groups
You can do all mathematical operations with Nominal data True False
False
In a study of the effect of the amount TV viewing on children's aggressiveness, amount of TV viewing would be what type of variable? a) independent variable b) dependent variable c) control variable d) extraneous variable
a) independent variable
How is the independent variable different from the dependent variable? a) the independent variable is manipulated during the experiment to understand the effects of this manipulation on the dependent variable b) the dependent variable is manipulated during the experiment to understand the effects of this manipulation on the independent variable c) dependent and independent variables are only used when researchers are not interested in looking at the effects of one thing on another, but only in how variables may be related d) the independent variable is a variable not included in the experiment, but is related to one of the variables
a) the independent variable is manipulated during the experiment to understand the effects of this manipulation on the dependent variable
Correlational research provides information about which of the following? a) the relationship between two or more things b) historical trends c) cause-and-effect relationships d) general human behaviors in the context in which they occur
a) the relationship between two or more things
Your participants are assigned to two parenting training programs and classified as to whether or not they had a high school diploma. Which statistical calculation would be used: a) two factor anova analysis b) MANOVA c) t-test for independent means d) t-test for dependent means
a) two factor anova analysis
Which will NOT help control for extraneous variables? a) using a control group b) randomization c) matching of subjects d) using homogenous groups
a) using a control group
What is the mode of 1, 1, 3, 4, 6? a) 15 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2
b) 1
Susan calls every 10th name in the student phone book to ask them to participate in her study. This is an example of ________________________. a) simple random sampling b) systematic random sampling c) convenience sampling d) quota sampling
b) systematic random sampling
In which sampling technique does every kth name on the list get selected? a) simple random sampling b) systematic sampling c) stratified sampling d) cluster sampling
b) systematic sampling
Many researchers devise "sham" treatments for their control groups to undergo, meaning that the control group interacts with researchers in some way that is not thought to impact the dependent variable, or the outcome. This is done to weaken the argument that the treatment group improvement may have occurred in part simply due to the attention this group received from the researchers. These researchers are attempting to control for which of the following? a) multiple treatment interference b) the Hawthorne effect c) selection d) experimenter effects
b) the Hawthorne effect
Which of the following statements is true with respect to sample size? a) use small samples when mailing questionnaires b) the greater the number of subgroups, the larger the sample c) more subjects are always better d) large samples increase sampling error
b) the greater the number of subgroups, the larger the sample
1 What is the average amount that each score varies from the mean of the set of scores? a) the range b) the standard deviation c) the mean d) the normal curve
b) the standard deviation
What does a level of significance of .05 mean? a) there is a .5% chance of Type I error b) there is a 5% chance of Type I error c) there is a .05% chance of Type I error d) there is a 50% chance of Type I error
b) there is a 5% chance of Type I error
In general, when selecting factors for a study, you want to be sure of which of these? a) they have been investigated before b) they are available to investigate c) they are not of interested to you d) they do not lead to another question
b) they are available to investigate
Your subjects receive a treatment for depression and the results are compared to a known outcome. The test that you would use is: a) MANOVA b) t-test for independent means c) one-sample t-test d) paired two sample-test for dependent means
c) one-sample t-test
In which of the following is randomization NOT possible? a) selection of a sample from the population b) assignment of participants to groups c) post-testing of participants d) assignment of treatment type to groups
c) post-testing of participants
Which is a threat to external validity? a) history b) selection c) pretest sensitization d) regression
c) pretest sensitization
Which measure of variability is the most direct way to measure how dispersed a set of scores is? a) the mean b) standard deviation c) range d) variance
c) range
Dr. Evans was surprised that many of his participants scored much lower than expected on his pretest. When he observed a significant increase in scores on the posttest, he was cautious in attributing the effect to his treatment alone. Which of the following threats to internal validity was Dr. Evans concerned about? a) instrumentation b) selection of population c) regression to the mean d) face value
c) regression to the mean
Which allows for in-depth examination of specific behaviors? a) nonequivalent control group design b) static group comparison c) single-subject design d) one-group pretest posttest design
c) single-subject design
Which sampling technique can assure that the profile of the sample matches the profile of the population? a) simple random sampling b) systematic sampling c) stratified sampling d) cluster sampling
c) stratified sampling
Which of the following is true of the scientific method of inquiry? a) complete once the hypothesis has been tested b) will vary depending on the specific research question c) systematic process that is used to answer questions d) different in basic research than in applied research
c) systematic process that is used to answer questions
What type of threat to internal validity is associated with practice effects? a) maturation b) regression c) testing d) instrumentation
c) testing
Which of the following information should be provided in an informed consent form for any study involving human participants? a) the findings of the study b) the number of participants the study plans to use c) the procedures involved in the study d) the names of other participants
c) the procedures involved in the study
All of the following are true about the Belmont Report with the exception of: a) Named in 1978, after the Belmont Conference Center at the Smithsonian Institution b) Sets forth the basic ethical principles underlying the acceptable conduct of research involving human subjects c) The principles are respect and justice d) The principles are respect, beneficence and justice.
c. The principles are respect and justice
Which of the following threats to external validity happens when the subjects learn information based on the pretest? a) reactive arrangements b) multiple treatment interference c) experimenter effects d) pretest sensitization
d) pretest sensitization
Emily's school has implemented an early intervention program for at-risk students. In order to monitor its effectiveness on student performance, she would use which research method? a) historical b) descriptive c) longitudinal d) quasi-experimental
d) quasi-experimental
Which level of measurement conveys the most information? a) nominal b) ordinal c) interval d) ratio
d) ratio
Which of the following has the largest potential to decrease the accuracy of an inference made to a population based on a sample? a) variance b) a heterogeneous sample c) a homogeneous sample d) sampling error
d) sampling error
Which measure would be used to describe how far a test score is from the average test score? a) mean b) mode c) median d) standard deviation
d) standard deviation
Which sampling technique should be used when the population's members differ from one another on several important characteristics? a) quota sampling b) simple random sampling c) systematic sampling d) stratified random sampling
d) stratified random sampling
If you read that a study's finding was significant at the p < .05 level, you could conclude that there is a less than 5% probability that _____________________________. a) the results will translate to real world situations b) most researchers in that area would consider the finding to have clinical meaning c) the researchers used unreliable measures d) the results were due to chance
d) the results were due to chance
Which of the following is NOT a step in data collection? a) the collection of data b) the designation of a coding strategy c) the construction of a data collection form d) the selection of a sample
d) the selection of a sample
Which of the following notes that the treatment is reintroduced? a) ABA b) ABC c) ABAB d) ABAC
c) ABAB
Which measure of central tendency is most often used when the data has extreme scores? a) median b) mean c) midpoint d) mode
a) median
What is the purpose of assigning random numbers to participants? a) determine the number of subjects in a study b) decide what statistical test to use c) randomly assign people to groups d) number items on a questionnaire
?
What is the standard metric used in most meta-analytic studies called? a) standard deviation b) effect size c) sampling mean d) standard error
?
Susan has twelve subjects drop out of her study. Which threat to internal validity must she consider? a) mortality b) history c) selection d) randomization
a) mortality
Which of the following methods provides information about past trends? a) Historical b) correlational c) experimental d) descriptive
a) Historical
What assumption forms the basis for inference? a) A researcher can select a sample that is similar to the population from which it came. b) Null hypotheses can be proven to be false. c) A researcher can select the level at which he/she is willing to risk Type I error. d) The central limit theorem is false.
a) A researcher can select a sample that is similar to the population from which it came.
Why is an interpretive aspect necessary for qualitative researchers? a) Because problems are complex b) Because there is no qualitative methodology c) Because the researcher's "truth" must be interpreted d) Because qualitative research not scientific
a) Because problems are complex
Who are vulnerable populations? a) Children at a school setting, pregnant mothers, and incarcerated youth b) Pregnant mothers, victims of domestic violence c) Any population can be vulnerable d) Hostage
a) Children at a school setting, pregnant mothers, and incarcerated youth
One aim of transformative research is: a) Helping individuals free themselves from constraints b) Understanding the world view of a participant c) Exploring and retelling the story of participants d) Confirming a hypothesis
a) Helping individuals free themselves from constraints
Joshua wants to compare past and present trends in the education of ESL children. This is an example of what type of research? a) Historical b) longitudinal c) experimental d) correlational
a) Historical
What is the 1947 Nuremberg Code? a) It outlined ethical principles required for research b) It is the 1946 Nuremberg Trial of doctors responsible for the Nazi experiments c) It was a historical milestone d) It became law
a) It outlined ethical principles required for research
A research question that starts with: What is the history of ....." would best be answered by a) Library research b) Qualitative measures c) Focus Group d) Mixed methods
a) Library research
What is a negative skew? a) More data on the left side of a bell curve b) More data on the right side of a bell curve c) Lopsided data d) Incorrect data analysis.
a) More data on the left side of a bell curve
What kinds of data are favored by qualitative researchers? a) Observational b) Statistical c) Correlational d) Generalizable e) Numbers-based
a) Observational
Which experimental design involves one experimental group and three control groups? a) Solomon four-group design b) pretest posttest control group design c) posttest only control group design d) quasi-experimental design
a) Solomon four-group design
Which is not an explicit aim of qualitative research? a) Thesis confirmation b) Uncovering underlying complexities c) Transforming the world d) Understanding participant views
a) Thesis confirmation
A significance of .5 indicates that there is a .05 chance that the results are not significant a) True b) False
a) True
Given no other information, chance is always the most likely explanation for differences between two groups. a) True b) False
a) True
The mode is the most frequently occurring score in a distribution a) True b) False
a) True
The standard deviation is a measure of the amount of score distribution a) True b) False
a) True
The standard error of measurement (SEM) tells the range within which a person's true score may fall. Its interpretation is based upon theories associated with normal distributions - 68% vs 95% a) True b) False
a) True
What is rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true? a) Type I error b) correct c) Type II error d) variance
a) Type I error
What is the primary advantage of ABAB design? a) addressing single subject design concerns b) lower cost c) less time involved d) easier training
a) addressing single subject design concerns
Which of the following explains the use of probability sampling? a) any one member of a population being selected is known b) any one member of a population being selected is unknown c) randomly selecting any one member from the population is effective d) randomly selecting any one member from the population is underestimated
a) any one member of a population being selected is known
Compared to longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies ______________________. a) are much less expensive b) have better comparability of groups c) have higher mortality rates d) cost the same
a) are much less expensive
What measure must be established prior to the treatment variable to measure its effectiveness? a) baseline b) measure of internal validity c) measure of external validity d) pretest data range
a) baseline
Our job as researchers is to eliminate ___________ as a factor contributing to differences between groups. a) chance b) change c) hypothesis d) average
a) chance
In an experimental research study, which group does NOT receive treatment? a) control group b) experimental group c) research group d) participants groups
a) control group
Dr. Matthew thinks that there is a relationship between parenting style and self-esteem in children. Which research method should he use? a) correlational b) quasi-experimental c) descriptive d) historical
a) correlational
How can descriptive statistics be defined? a) describing elements of a distribution b) relating the data to a larger population c) developing a research question d) identical to inferential statistics
a) describing elements of a distribution
What type of research do you use to determine the causal relationship between variables? a) experimental research b) descriptive research c) correlational research d) qualitative research
a) experimental research
In true experimental designs, what does research attempt to isolate and control? a) factors not tested that could be responsible for any effects except the ones being tested b) statistics that are used to interpret the results c) laboratory conditions to maximize the validity of the experiment d) answers of the people in the study
a) factors not tested that could be responsible for any effects except the ones being tested
Identify and select the correct order of steps in scientific inquiry. a) formulating a hypothesis, collecting information, testing the hypothesis, working with the hypothesis b) reconsidering the theory, asking new questions, identifying the important factors, collecting relevant information c) asking the question, identifying the important factors, asking new questions, testing the hypothesis d) asking new questions, reconsidering the theory, working with the hypothesis, testing the hypothesis
a) formulating a hypothesis, collecting information, testing the hypothesis, working with the hypothesis
What type of research method assesses changes in behavior in one group of subjects at more than one point in time? a) longitudinal b) historical c) cross-sectional d) qualitative
a) longitudinal
Which of the following measures is NOT a measure of central tendency? a) mass b) mean c) median d) mode
a) mass
Which measure would be used to determine the average age of pregnant adolescents? a) mean b) mode c) median d) standard deviation
a) mean
Which of the following sequences exemplifies the method of a single-subject design? a) measure behavior prior to treatment, apply treatment, withdraw treatment b) apply treatment, measure behavior, withdraw treatment c) apply treatment, withdraw treatment, measure behavior d) apply treatment with a treatment
a) measure behavior prior to treatment, apply treatment, withdraw treatment
The null hypothesis represents which of the following statements? a) no relationship between the variables under study b) a positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables c) a negative relationship between the independent and dependent variables d) a difference between the variables under study
a) no relationship between the variables under study
What is the crucial element in making an accurate inference? a) obtaining a representative sample of the population b) obtaining a representative population of the sample c) being well versed in multivariate statistical procedures d) doing a good literature review
a) obtaining a representative sample of the population
What is an example of a true experimental design? a) pretest posttest control group design b) one-group pretest posttest design c) one-shot case study design d) nonequivalent control group design
a) pretest posttest control group design
The interpretation of "differences are significant" means that the differences found re: a) probably not due to chance b) due to chance c) creative outcomes d) not dictated by the hypothesis
a) probably not due to chance
What do you call research data that has not been analyzed and is still in an unorganized format? a) raw data b) research data c) data points d) descriptive data
a) raw data
What does generalizability refers to? a) results that may be applied to different populations in different settings b) results that apply only to the sample studied c) convenience sampling d) using a table of random numbers
a) results that may be applied to different populations in different settings
In which sampling technique does each member of the population have an equal and independent chance of being selected to be part of the sample? a) simple random sampling b) systematic sampling c) stratified sampling d) cluster sampling
a) simple random sampling
What is the correct order of steps in testing a hypothesis? a) statement of null hypothesis, setting level of risk, selection of test statistic b) statement of null hypothesis, computation of test statistic, selection of test statistic c) selection of test statistic, comparison of obtained value to critical value, computation of test statistic d) selection of test statistic, computation of test statistic, statement of null hypothesis
a) statement of null hypothesis, setting level of risk, selection of test statistic
If you have more than two means that you are comparing then the following statistical analysis would be applied: a) t-test for independent means b) one-sample t-test c) one way anova, F test: d) paired two sample-test for dependent means
a) t-test for independent means
To what does the term internal validity refer? a) the degree to which results of a study can be generalized from one sample to another b) the process of subject selection c) the development of a treatment d) the degree to which the results of a study can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable
a) the degree to which results of a study can be generalized from one sample to another
Which of the following statements is a definition of sampling error? a) the difference in characteristics between the sample and the population sampled from b) the difference in amount of people between the sample and the population sampled from c) greatest when using simple random sampling than other sampling types d) larger when you have a larger sample
a) the difference in characteristics between the sample and the population sampled from
What is the mean of 5, 10, 15, and 20? a) 3 b) 12.5 c) 25 d) 50
b) 12.5
In a set of scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what raw score is represented by a z-score of 2.00? a) 115 b) 130 c) 100 d) 70
b) 130
In a study focused on group difference, what is the general rule of thumb regarding the number of individuals per group? a) 15 b) 30 c) 50 d) 100
b) 30
In a normal distribution, what percentage of scores fall between the mean and a z-score of a) 16% b) 34% c) 50% d) 95%
b) 34%
In a set of scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5, what raw score is represented by a z-score of 1.00? a) 30 b) 55 c) 60 d) 20
b) 55
For the 12 week study the groups were assigned to three kinds of treatment: EFT, CBT and Acceptance Marital Therapy (AMT). A one-tail statistical test showed that couples in the CBT reported increased satisfaction as compared to the other groups (p=.06). Based on these findings you would conclude that: a) EFT is ineffective b) EFT is no more or less as effective as CBT and as AMT c) CBT is more effective than AMT d) CBT is more effective than EFT
b) EFT is no more or less as effective as CBT and as AMT
What do Denzin and Lincoln (2011) mean when they say qualitative research "makes the world visible?" a) It shows correlations between people b) It shows the complexity of social interaction c) It is aimed at proving the null hypothesis d) It proves the utility of theory
b) It shows the complexity of social interaction
When examining whether group differences occur on more than one dependent variable, what should be used? a) factor analysis b) MANOVA c) t-test for independent means d) t-test for dependent means
b) MANOVA
Which of the following statements is true? a) Significance is better than meaningfulness. b) Meaningfulness is better than significance. c) Both significance and meaningfulness are equal in value. d) Neither significance nor meaningfulness is important in a study.
b) Meaningfulness is better than significance.
The researcher hypothesis is that there will be no differences between the groups is called a) Type II error b) Null c) Type I error d) Alternative 1- β
b) Null
For the study, the researcher has collected demographic data. She wishes to compare the couples' martial longevity with their levels of SES. The analysis method would be: a) Inferential b) Pearson Correlation c) Chi-Square d) Pretest-Posttest
b) Pearson Correlation
Creswell lists all of the following as reasons for conducting a qualitative study except: a) Provides a complex detailed understanding of problem b) Provides generalizable evidence c) It is used in theory development d) Because statistical analysis is inappropriate e) To understand individual differences
b) Provides generalizable evidence
Which of the following is not true about the 1932-72 Tuskegee experiment on syphilis? a) It was initiated because treatments for syphilis was toxic and dangerous. b) Rural African American men received free health care from the U.S. government c) Researchers knowingly failed to treat patients after the 1940s validation of penicillin as a syphilis cure d) An atrocity
b) Rural African American men received free health care from the U.S. government
If Helen mistakenly accepts her null hypothesis when it should be rejected, what has occurred? a) Type I error b) Type II error c) researcher bias d) none of the above
b) Type II error
If Dr. Robinson rejects the null hypothesis after observing a test statistic which exceeds the critical value at the .05 level, there is_____________________________________________. a) a 95% chance that the null hypothesis is actually true b) a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is actually true c) a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is actually false d) no chance that the null hypothesis is actually true
b) a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is actually true
What is the best definition of an institutional review board? a) a group of people who make decisions regarding an institution's human resources b) a group of people found in most public institutions and private agencies who render a judgment as to whether experiments carried out in their facilities are free from risk c) a group of people who review the literature produced by their institution in order to keep an accounting of it d) a group of people representing many different institutions who meet to review the current literature in their respective fields
b) a group of people found in the most public institutions and private agencies who render a judgment as to whether experiments carried out in their facilities are free from risk
What does the term ANCOVA mean? a) analysis of coverage b) analysis of covariance c) analysis of covenant d) analysis of covalence
b) analysis of covariance
What is a characteristic of quasi-experimental research? a) does not establish cause and effect relationships b) assignment to groups based on some pre-determined characteristic c) has the highest degree of control over the factors being examined d) assignment to groups is random in nature
b) assignment to groups based on some pre-determined characteristic
Experimental methods can typically be described by which of the following? a) descriptive b) cause-and-effect c) correlational d) qualitative
b) cause-and-effect
When investigating a relationship between two variables, what is the most acceptable initial explanation of the relationship? a) the treatment b) chance c) researcher bias d) defined factors
b) chance
Dr. Goldstein studied the sleep patterns of five groups of subjects aged 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 to determine if there were any differences in pattern following adolescence. How would this type of study be classified? a) longitudinal b) cross-sectional c) multiple baseline d) historical
b) cross-sectional
In a study of the effect of pleasure reading on vocabulary level, the vocabulary level is considered what type of variable? a) independent variable b) dependent variable c) control variable d) extraneous variable
b) dependent variable
Which type of study may NOT have an implied null hypothesis? a) correlational b) descriptive c) quasi-experimental d) experimental
b) descriptive
What is the standard metric used in most meta-analytic studies called? a) standard deviation b) effect size c) sampling mean d) standard error
b) effect size
Qualitative research can be defined by which of the following? a) directly tests the quality of a cause and effect relationship b) examines human behavior in the contexts in which they occur c) typically leads to high-quality numeric data d) one of the oldest formalized types of research used in the social and behavioral sciences
b) examines human behavior in the contexts in which they occur
If you are mailing out surveys for your research, you should increase your sample size by what percent? a) 10%-15% b) 20%-30% c) 40%-50% d) 60%-70%
c) 40%-50%
What does the central limit theorem enable researchers to do? a) compare means from two independent samples b) generalize the results from a sample to a population without knowing the exact nature of the population's distribution c) compute the significance of a relationship between two variables d) reduce the possibility that chance accounts for variability in the variable of interest
b) generalize the results from a sample to a population without knowing the exact nature of the population's distribution
Which of the following is a characteristic of experimental research? a) survey of the current state of events b) high level of control over variables c) provides a broad picture of a concept d) describes a group's characteristics
b) high level of control over variables
Which of the following best describes independent variables? a) not manipulated by the experimenter b) manipulated to assess the effect of the treatment c) unrelated to the treatment d) not necessary
b) manipulated to assess the effect of the treatment
Which is a threat to internal validity? a) multiple treatment interference b) maturation c) experimenter effects d) reactive arrangements
b) maturation
What is one criticism of the AB single-subject design? a) too short b) may be unethical to not apply a facilitative treatment c) takes too much time and energy d) does not rely on graphical depiction
b) may be unethical to not apply a facilitative treatment
Which measure of central tendency provides the most information? a) median b) mean c) midpoint d) mode
b) mean
What measure would be used to compute the distribution of the gender of subjects? a) mean b) mode c) median d) standard deviation
b) mode
What type of variable masks the true relationship between the independent and dependent variables? a) extraneous variable b) moderator variable c) control variable d) neutral variable
b) moderator variable
Which of the following threats to external validity happens when subjects receive unintended treatments? a) reactive arrangements b) multiple treatment interference c) experimenter effects d) pretest sensitization
b) multiple treatment interference
What type of sampling selects people with the desired characteristics until the desired number is reached? a) convenience sampling b) quota sampling c) stratified sampling d) systematic sampling
b) quota sampling
How might a researcher minimize sampling error? a) using convenience samples b) randomly assigning individuals to groups c) decreasing sample size d) asking friends to answer your questionnaire
b) randomly assigning individuals to groups
The best dependent variable is defined by which of the following characteristics? a) independent of any other variable in the same study b) sensitive to changes in the treatment c) can be manipulated by the researcher d) interacts with the independent variable
b) sensitive to changes in the treatment
Which measure of variability describes the average deviation of each score from the mean? a) range b) standard deviation c) mode d) mean
b) standard deviation
If Dr. Moore intervenes with reinforcement for one month, withholds treatment for one month but then re-intervenes, Dr. Moore's design is best represented as __________________. a) ABC b) ABA c) ABAB d) ABBA
c) ABAB
The conceptual dependent variable is: a) Revised Martial Satisfaction Index TX Group Scores b) Revised Martial Satisfaction Index Control Group Scores c) Between and within groups conflict resolution levels d) Between groups conflict resolution levels
c) Between and within groups conflict resolution levels
The operational dependent variable is: a) Revised Martial Satisfaction Index TX Group Scores b) Revised Martial Satisfaction Index Control Group Scores c) Differences between pre and post test scores between and within groups d) Marital Satisfaction
c) Differences between pre and post test scores between and within groups
How many levels of the IV are there in this study a) One b) Three c) Four d) 12
c) Four
What is meant by a naturalistic approach? a) It aims to control participant milieu b) It means to control as many variables as possible c) It takes place in the participant milieu d) It is research done by participants
c) It takes place in the participant milieu
Dr. Flemming found a statistically significant relationship between gender and aggressive playground activity. Dr. Flemming can conclude which of the following? a) The effect of gender on aggressive playground activity is likely due to chance. b) The relationship is probably coincidence. c) The effect of gender on aggressive playground activity is likely not due to chance. d) Gender causes aggressive playground activity.
c) The effect of gender on aggressive playground activity is likely not due to chance.
What is one drawback of longitudinal studies? a) They assess changes in subjects over time. b) The subjects act as their own controls. c) The subjects can have a high mortality rate. d) The researcher does not manipulate any variables.
c) The subjects can have a high mortality rate.
What is the statistical test for examining the significant difference between two means from two unrelated groups? a) t-test for dependent means b) MANOVA c) Two sample t-test for independent means d) factor analysis
c) Two sample t-test for independent means
Which of the following statements regarding statistical significance is FALSE? a) The level of statistical significance and Type I error are the same thing. b) Statistical significance is the degree of risk you are willing to take that you will reject a null when it is actually true. c) When your results are found to be statistically significant, you can conclude that they will have a meaningful effect in the clinic. d) The researcher can determine the level of statistical significance.
c) When your results are found to be statistically significant, you can conclude that they will have a meaningful effect in the clinic.
What is another way to describe a mean? a) deviation b) variability c) average score d) test statistic
c) average score
Non-experimental research methods consist of which of the following? a) test causal relationships between variables b) only describe characteristics of existing phenomenon c) can be descriptive, historical, or correlational d) examine factors that are not related
c) can be descriptive, historical, or correlational
Sampling error can be defined by which of the following statements? a) increased by increasing sample size b) larger as the diversity of sample values becomes smaller c) can be minimized by using simple random sampling d) becomes equal to zero over many samples
c) can be minimized by using simple random sampling
Which of the following states that regardless of the shape of the population, the means of all the samples selected will be normally distributed? a) Type I Error b) Type II Error c) central limit theorem d) factor analysis
c) central limit theorem
When variables compete to explain the same effects, what are they sometimes called? a) contradictory b) intertwining c) confounding d) interdependent
c) confounding
What type of sampling is usually the easiest to do? a) quota sampling b) simple random sampling c) convenience sampling d) cluster sampling
c) convenience sampling
Dr. Samantha is interested in studying the relationship between gender differences and early childhood social skills. This is an example of what type of research? a) descriptive b) quasi-experimental c) correlational d) gender research
c) correlational
Which of the following is another term for dependent variable? a) interacting variable b) predictor variable c) criterion variable d) restricting variable
c) criterion variable
Dr. Hannah assigns parents to different parenting groups and tests their skills after six weeks. This is an example of what type of research? a) descriptive b) historical c) experimental d) uncontrolled
c) experimental
Which of the following threats to external validity occur if the researcher interacts differently with different subjects? a) reactive arrangements b) multiple treatment interference c) experimenter effects d) pretest sensitization
c) experimenter effects
Why is it important to choose a representative sample of the population? a) increase statistical precision b) determine group differences c) maximize generalizability of results d) find significant results
c) maximize generalizability of results
Which of the following is NOT an example of reliability? a) consistency b) performing the same in the future as in the past c) the test doing what it is supposed to do d) measuring the same thing more than once with the same outcome
c) the test doing what it is supposed to do
Which of the following selection processes is the most random? a) using a class of introductory psychology students b) picking every third person c) using a table of random numbers d) throwing darts at the names of subjects on a dartboard
c) using a table of random numbers
What would be the analysis steps for interpreting the results from the focus group? In order to analyze the data, the researcher would need to: a) Audio and video tape, find the mean and standard deviation (T Tests) b) Audio and video tape, make a frequency distribution of the data (Chi Square) c) Audio and video tape, code the research log, transcribe the data (Partial) d) Audio and video tape, transcribe the data, thematic coding
d) Audio and video tape, transcribe the data, thematic coding
In a conflict resolution research study 40 couples are randomly assigned to three different groups based on their ages 20- 30; 30-40 and 50-60. The control group receives a 12 week psycho-education course. Each group receives a trial of EFT for 12 sessions. The pre and post-test is the Revised Martial Satisfaction Index. The type of research is a) Qualitative b) Experimental c) Gender based d) Couples based
d) Couples based
All of the following might be subjects for a feminist study except: a) Lesbian health concerns b) Third world sex workers c) Disabled women d) Men's health issues e) Minimum wage jobs for women
d) Men's health issues
Which of the following approaches to qualitative research is shaped chronologically? a) Case Study b) Ethnography c) Grounded Theory d) Narrative e) Phenomenology
d) Narrative
The basic idea of postmodernist research is that knowledge claims must consider all of the following except: a) Class b) Race c) Gender d) Number of participants in study
d) Number of participants in study
Which one of the following has a true 0 value a) Nominal b) Ordinal c) Interval d) Ratio
d) Ratio
From 1963 through 1966, studies were carried out at Willowbrook a New York State institution for "mentally defective persons". The studies were designed to gain an understanding of the natural history of infectious hepatitis and subsequently to test the effects of gamma globulin in preventing or ameliorating the disease. What is not true about these studies? a) All children, were deliberately infected with the hepatitis virus b) Parents could only admit their child if they agreed to his or her participation in the hepatitis study. c) Researchers used human stools to infect the children d) Researchers provided the children with antidotes to the disease.
d) Researchers provided the children with antidotes to the disease.
Which one of the following is a characteristic of probability sampling? a) It does not represent the larger population. b) The probability of selecting any one subject is unknown. c) Subjects are selected out of convenience. d) Subjects are determined by chance factors.
d) Subjects are determined by chance factors.
What is the key instrument of qualitative research? a) Codified protocols b) Surveys c) Checklists d) The researcher
d) The researcher
Which of the following is true of a pragmatic research approach? a) The focus is on answering philosophical questions b) The focus is on establish the emic vs. etic approach to research c) Sensitivity to individual power structures is paramount d) Truth values are limited to what works at the time
d) Truth values are limited to what works at the time
What does a good research question usually pursue? a) a small part of a broad topic b) a topic unrelated to any other topics c) the same thing as the null hypothesis d) a broad topic
d) a broad topic
Which is NOT a component of informed consent? a) the purpose of the research b) who you are c) how the participant can get a copy of the records d) a computer simulation of the data
d) a computer simulation of the data
There will be no relationship between children's time in day care and later academic achievement. This is an example of which of the following? a) a research hypothesis b) a factorial design c) a correlational hypothesis d) a null hypothesis
d) a null hypothesis
What does the ethical principle of "sharing benefits" mean? a) all participants in the same study should receive an equal share of the benefits or subject payments b) all those who belong to the population being studied will share equally from the benefits the study produces c) the results of studies must be shared with the public so society may benefit from the increased knowledge d) all groups should eventually receive any treatments that were found to be effective in the study
d) all groups should eventually receive any treatments that were found to be effective in the study
Justice means all the following except: a) all subjects must be treated fairly b) fair selection procedures c) fair selection outcomes d) alternatives to tested treatment is no allowed
d) alternatives to tested treatment is no allowed
What is the most important step in the research process? a) testing the hypothesis b) data collection c) formulating the hypothesis d) asking the question
d) asking the question
High quality research has which of the following characteristics? a) difficult to replicate b) typically influenced by special interest groups c) is linear in nature d) based on the work of others
d) based on the work of others
When might you need a larger sample to represent the population? a) the amount of variability within groups is high b) the amount of variability within groups is small c) the difference between the two groups is great d) both a and c
d) both a and c
In which sampling technique are units of individuals selected rather than the individuals themselves? a) simple random sampling b) systematic sampling c) stratified sampling d) cluster sampling
d) cluster sampling
Forcing someone to participate in a study is an example of what ethical issue/concern? a) protection from harm b) maintenance of privacy c) informed consent d) coercion
d) coercion
What term is synonymous with internal validity? a) generalizability b) accuracy of variables c) reliability d) control over variables
d) control over variables
Dr. Madison is interested in how many of the children in her school come from single-parent, intact, and blended families. What method of research would she use? a) correlational b) quasi-experimental c) experimental d) descriptive
d) descriptive
Which is NOT one of the Ten Commandments of data collection? a) think of the type of data you will be collecting b) think about where you are getting the data c) make sure the data collection form is easy to use d) destroy original data when your study is finished
d) destroy original data when your study is finished
When a researcher draws conclusions about a population based on the results of a test on a sample, he or she is most likely using which of the following? a) inductive statistics b) deductive statistics c) descriptive statistics d) inferential statistics
d) inferential statistics
Which of the following is a characteristic of a well-written research hypothesis? a) asks a pertinent question b) based on researcher's instinct c) should be long and detailed d) is testable
d) is testable
Which of the following would be considered a continuous variable? a) the number answered correctly on a history test b) grade level in school c) gender d) length
d) length
The null hypothesis always refers to the __________, whereas the research hypothesis always refers to the _______________. a) mean, standard deviation b) group differences, group similarities c) sample, population d) population at large, sample
d) population at large, sample
Which of the following best describes a hypothesis? a) statement that you set out to prove b) tested by collecting only the data that supports it c) proposed before a good research question can be developed d) posits a clear relationship between different factors
d) posits a clear relationship between different factors
Queer theory research is concerned with: a) How mainstream heterosexuality is critiqued b) How one becomes normal c) What it means to be deviant d) Centering of identity e) Challenging the hetero/homosexual binary
e) Challenging the hetero/homosexual binary
Interviewing requires each of the following steps except: a) Deciding research questions b) Identifying interviewees c) Determining the place d) Refining through pilot testing e) Presenting results to the clients
e) Presenting results to the clients
