Research Methods Ch 3, chapt 13, test 11, lecture 10, chapt 9 test, CHAPT 8 TEXT, quizz 7, chapt 6, chapt 5 quizz, chapt 4, chapt 3, chapt 2 question 2, chapter 10, Psy Exam 2 Part 2, Chapter 02 - Where to Start, chapt 14 quizz, EXAM 2 Research Metho...

Which of the following is the least accurate statement about the use of statistical tests? A. One of the goals is to allow one to make a decision about whether the obtained results are reliable. B. The likelihood of obtaining significant results increases with decreasing sample size. C. The significance level selected indicates how confident one wants to be when making a decision . D. One is most likely to obtain significant results when the effect size is large.

. The likelihood of obtaining significant results increases with decreasing sample size.

Statistically, significant results mean that the results are: A. very important. B. meaningless. C. likely to be due to chance differences between the groups. D. likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

. likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

The appropriate statistical test for nominal level data of two groups is the: A. t test. B. Pearson correlation. C. chi-square test. D. analysis of variance.

. t test.

Which significance level would minimize the probability of a Type I error? A. .25 B. .10 C. .05 D. .01

01

Which of the following is true of greater than minimal risk research? A. It requires full IRB review and special ethical procedures may be imposed. B. It involves conducting anonymous surveys and cognitive aptitude tests. C. It puts participants at risk that is similar to those encountered in daily life. D. It is, in most cases, exempt from review and therefore called exempt research.

A. It requires full IRB review and special ethical procedures may be imposed.

Which of the following is an example of a minimal risk research? A. Recording routine physiological data from adult participants B. Vigorous exercise by healthy volunteers C. Researches that induce stress in the volunteers D. Researches where the volunteer's behaviour is manipulated

A. Recording routine physiological data from adult participants

In which of the following areas of psychology has elaborate deception been most problematic? A. Social psychology B. Developmental psychology C. Parapsychology D. Clinical psychology

A. Social psychology

Kirstein, in her research paper, copied few paragraphs verbatim from a renowned author's work without giving quotation marks or citing the source. The review board rejected her paper on grounds of plagiarism. What kind of a plagiarism has she committed? A. Word-for-word plagiarism B. Paraphrasing plagiarism C. Active plagiarism D. Detailed plagiarism

A. Word-for-word plagiarism

In research, _____ occurs when there is active misrepresentation of information about the nature of a study. A. deception B. plagiarism C. fidelity D. nonmaleficence

A. deception

Anonymous questionnaires, surveys, and educational tests are all considered _____ research. A. exempt B. fraudulent C. laboratory D. non-ethical

A. exempt

Sasha decides to examine public records of crime rates to determine whether perpetrators committed property crimes at an earlier age in the 1940s than in the 1970s. According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Sasha's research would be categorized as a(n) _____ research. A. exempt B. minimal risk C. fraudulent D. maximum risk

A. exempt

One method used to demonstrate the reversibility of the effect of the independent variable is a(n): A. quasi-experimental design. B. interrupted time series design. C. control series design. D. ABA design.

ABA design.

Which of the following is an example of fraudulence? A. Jimmy is arrested by the police for robbing an old woman's house. B. A newspaper publishes articles that did not have substantial authenticity. C. A manager is accused of sexual harassment by his secretary. D. Berta misplaces the money that her mother gave her as loan.

B. A newspaper publishes articles that did not have substantial authenticity.

According to the Belmont Report, which principle refers to the need for research to maximize benefits and minimize any possible harmful effects of participation? A. Respect for persons B. Beneficence C. Justice D. Common courtesy

B. Beneficence

Which of the following best represents the Belmont Report's principle of Respect for Persons (autonomy)? A. Not providing a risk-benefit analysis to the participants B. Including an informed consent for the participants C. Researchers' freedom to select a topic of interest D. Researchers' discretion to alter the findings of the experiment

B. Including an informed consent for the participants

_____ can be best defined as misrepresenting another's work as one's own. A. Possession B. Plagiarism C. Extortion D. Misconduct

B. Plagiarism

Angelica tells the participants of her research that they would receive painful electric shocks, which brings about fear and anxiety in the participants. However, the shocks were never delivered. Which of the following types of stress are the participants most likely to experience in this case? A. Physical B. Psychological C. Procedural D. Psychical

B. Psychological

A research experiment includes participants from various ethnicities and age groups. The researcher's assistant is racially biased toward a certain group. But the researcher, Clark, condones such prejudices and bases his work and findings in a fair manner. In this scenario, Clark is adhering to which of the following principles of the APA Ethics Code? A. Fidelity and Responsibility B. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity C. Integrity D. Justice

B. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Which of the following is a basic ethical principle included in the Belmont Report? A. The risks included in the research investigations should be high. B. The participants in the investigation are treated as autonomous decision makers. C. All information regarding their involvement need not be disclosed to the participants. D. There need not be any justification to bear the burden of accepting risks.

B. The participants in the investigation are treated as autonomous decision makers.

Which of the following is true about research with nonhuman animal subjects? A. Ethics is of little concern because animals have no feelings. B. There are explicit guidelines to protect animals used for research. C. Animals cannot be used to test the effects of drugs. D. Psychologists do not conduct research on animals.

B. There are explicit guidelines to protect animals used for research.

In the context of debriefing, evidence collected by Milgram indicated that: A. participants need not be debriefed after the completion of the study. B. debriefing was effective in removing any negative effects of participation. C. in all circumstances, the debriefing should be thorough in order to be effective. D. participants should be aware of the actual purpose of the study.

B. debriefing was effective in removing any negative effects of participation.

In Milgram's study on obedience, informing the participants that it was experiment on learning and memory is an example of _____. A. plagiarism B. deception C. informed consent D. debriefing

B. deception

The fabrication of data is known as _____. A. liaison B. fraud C. plagiarism D. assault

B. fraud

Before conducting the experiment, Helga explains to the participants the purpose of the study and tells them that participation is voluntary and they can withdraw if they want. This shows that the experiment involves _____. A. deception B. informed consent C. role-playing D. psychological withdrawal

B. informed consent

Research studying normal educational practices, such as evaluating instructional techniques, is considered by HHS regulations to be a _____ research. A. minimal risk B. no risk C. high risk D. moderate risk

B. no risk

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services defines "no risk" research as: A. research where the risks are not greater than those involved in taking routine tests. B. research involving public behavior and public records that does not identify participants. C. research in which participants give informed consent to the researcher. D. research in which the participants are deceived by not providing them any information.

B. research involving public behavior and public records that does not identify participants

The examination of potential problems and benefits that are likely to result from a research is known as a _____ analysis. A. cost-benefit B. risk-benefit C. SWOT D. life-cycle cost

B. risk-benefit

Current ethical guidelines for both behavioral and medical researchers have their origins in the: A. Greek myths. B. Red Data Book. C. Belmont Report. D. Institutional Review Board.

C. Belmont Report.

_____ becomes an important issue when studying topics such as family violence, drug use, divorce, or sexual behavior. A. Compensation B. Defensiveness C. Confidentiality D. Concealed observation

C. Confidentiality

Which principle of the Belmont Report would have prevented the doctors in the Tuskegee Syphilis study from selecting only African American males in their study? A. Responsibility B. Autonomy C. Justice D. Integrity

C. Justice -

_____ risk is a type of research activity which means that the risks of harm to participants are no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests. A. Minor B. Manageable C. Minimal D. Moderate

C. Minimal

Which of the following is a characteristic of a no risk assessment research? A. The research is not exempt from review. B. It requires a fully informed consent form. C. The surveys conducted are anonymous. D. Involves observations of sensitive public behaviors.

C. The surveys conducted are anonymous.

Which of the following precautions can scientists take to protect themselves against charges of fraud? A. They should only publish results that are significant. B. They should not conduct a public survey. C. They should keep careful, documented records of the research. D. They should always ensure that the findings support the hypothesis.

C. They should keep careful, documented records of the research.

One safeguard against scientific fraud is that: A. scientists are always ethical. B. the researcher's hypotheses are always supported. C. all research is subject to replication by other scientists. D. all scientific research has high external validity.

C. all research is subject to replication by other scientists

Participants volunteered for a study on "Attitudes toward television violence." However, they completed a survey on their own aggressive behavior. After the completion of the study, the researcher failed to inform the participants about the true purpose of the study. In this case, the researcher has failed to conduct a(n) _____. A. cost-benefit analysis B. simulation study C. debriefing session D. evaluative study

C. debriefing session

Researches involving physical stress, psychological stress, invasion of privacy, measures of sensitive information where participants may be identified are known as _____ researches. A. exempt B. minimal risk C. greater than minimal risk D. low risk

C. greater than minimal risk

Matt wants to conduct an experiment on people's perceptions of tattoos. He plans to manipulate the experimental conditions by having participants receive tattoos on their arms. The tattoos will vary in size and color. An ethical review board would most likely be concerned about the: A. size and color of the tattoo. B. various perceptions of tattoos. C. physical risk to the participants. D. monetary cost of the tattoo.

C. physical risk to the participants.

Carlos, a student of psychology, included the data and findings of the renowned thinker, Erik Erikson, in his research. But he failed to paraphrase the data or cite and credit the actual author. The board of reviewers rejected Carlos's research paper on account of _____. A. perjury B. extortion C. plagiarism D. manslaughter

C. plagiarism

A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent if: A. animals were used while conducting experiments for the research. B. participants were not debriefed after the completion of the study. C. the data has been changed in order to support the hypotheses. D. the researcher has used any form of survey to collect the data

C. the data has been changed in order to support the hypotheses

The Belmont Report's ethical principle of justice requires that: A. researchers limit studies only to those of legal age. B. participants make deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research. C. there must be fairness in receiving the benefits of research. D. potential participants in a research project should be provided with all information.

C. there must be fairness in receiving the benefits of research

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)? A. IRBs are national review agencies composed of at least three individuals. B. All members of the IRB must be from outside the institution. C. IRBs review studies conducted within and outside the institution. D. Every institution that receives federal funds must have an IRB.

D. Every institution that receives federal funds must have an IRB.

Adam promises his participants that they would receive extra course credits for their participation in his experiment. But he forgets to inform their instructor about this, and thus the students are not marked with the promised extra credit points. Which principle of the APA Ethics Code has Adam violated? A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence B. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity C. Justice D. Fidelity and Responsibility

D. Fidelity and Responsibility

Which of the following is true of the Tuskegee Syphilis study? A. It was an isolated incident brought to light in 1998. B. It took place for only one year. C. It focused on treating individuals with syphilis using penicillin. D. It spurred scientists to overhaul ethical regulations.

D. It spurred scientists to overhaul ethical regulations.

In which of the following areas is fraud considered to be most serious? A. Psychology and biology B. Math and chemistry C. Advertising and engineering D. Science and journalism

D. Science and journalism

In a research experiment, _____ is an issue when the researcher has assured subjects that the collected data are only accessible to people with permission, generally only the researcher. A. informed consent B. nonmaleficence C. integrity D. confidentiality

D. confidentiality

The real purpose of the Milgram study was to study: A. the effects of electric shock. B. memory and learning. C. the effects of punishment. D. obedience to authority.

D. obedience to authority.

Brent has agreed to take part in a study on "Preferences for different fast foods." When he arrives for the study, he is asked to read an account of a sexual assault and indicate the guilt and punishment he would assign to the assailant. This procedure best illustrates _____. A. informed consent B. the importance of autonomy C. obedience to authority D. the use of deception

D. the use of deception

_____ variance is the deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means. A. Error B. Systematic C. Inferential D. Alpha

Error

A student is interested in the effect of environmental conditions on task performance. She makes participants complete a series of math problems under different conditions of temperature—cold, warm, and hot, and different noise conditions—quiet and noisy. The most appropriate test to analyze the data would be a(n) _____. A. t-test B. Pearson r C. chi-square D. F-test

F-test

Sean wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean amount of sales dollars will vary between Oak Ridge, Oak Wood, and Oak Park shopping malls. The appropriate statistical test would be the _____. A. Mann-Whitney U B. t-test C. F-test D. Pearson r

F-test

Alistair has obtained statistical significance in his study that examines the relationship between gender and voter preference. Which statement would Alistair NOT make? A. Male candidates receive more votes than female candidates. B. The null hypothesis is rejected. C. The research hypothesis is accepted. D. Female candidates are just as likely to receive votes as male candidates.

Female candidates are just as likely to receive votes as male candidates.

Which of the following is used to determine whether the results held up if an experiment was conducted repeatedly, each time with a new sample? A. Descriptive statistics B. Inferential statistics C. The research hypothesis D. The null hypothesis

Inferential statistics

The appropriate statistical test for interval or ratio level data is the _____. A. t test B. Pearson correlation C. chi-square test D. F test

Pearson correlation

Which statistical test would be most appropriate for examining the relationship between temperature and the number of ice cream cones sold? A. Chi-square test B. Analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

Pearson correlation

evy reports that individuals who follow her diet plan lose more weight than individuals who follow Jake's diet plan. In actuality, there is no difference in weight loss between those following Tevy's diet plan and those following Jake's diet plan. In this case, Tevy's claim illustrates a _____ error. A. Type IV B. Type III C. Type II D. Type I

Type I

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a _____ error, whereas not rejecting a false null hypothesis when it is false is called a(n) _____ error. A. beta; alpha B. Type I; Type II C. minor; major D. significant; insignificant

Type I; Type II

Ethan concludes that there is no difference in the driving ability of drivers who have consumed one can of beer and those who have consumed three cans of beer. However, there actually is a difference in the driving ability of the drivers. In this case, Ethan has made a(n) _____ error. A. null B. alpha C. Type I D. Type II

Type II

Adrian found no significant difference in the amount of money spent on entertainment on those students who live on campus versus those who live off campus. Based on this finding, Adrian would: A. accept the null hypotheses. B. reject the null hypotheses. C. accept a Type I error. D. reject a Type I error.

accept the null hypotheses.

A Type II error occurs when one: A. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false. B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. C. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true. D. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

. Before employing inferential statistics, Alberto selects the probability level required for statistical significance. This level is referred to as the _____ of the test. A. null hypothesis B. research hypothesis C. intuitive level D. alpha level

alpha level

. Inferential statistics _____. A. are used to generally describe the data B. are used to make conclusions about the data C. focus mainly on scales of measurement D. focus mainly on standard deviations

are used to make conclusions about the data

When a researcher _____ the probability of making a Type I error, he or she _____ the probability of making a Type II error. A. increases; increases B. decreases; increases C. decreases; decreases D. decreases; does not affect

decreases; increases

When comparing two group means, the _____ refers to the number of scores free to vary once the means are known. A. null hypothesis B. research hypothesis C. statistical significance D. degree of freedom

degree of freedom

Single-case experiments were developed from a need to: A. have a design that examines a measurement at only one point in time. B. measure only a single dependent variable. C. determine whether a manipulation has an effect on a single research participant. D. overcome selection differences that occur in nonequivalent control group design.

determine whether a manipulation has an effect on a single research participant.

Dr. Afzal finds that students who work less than 10 hours a week have significantly higher test scores than students who work more than 10 hours a week. In order to determine the magnitude of the effect of work hours on test scores, he should calculate an estimate of the _____. A. critical value B. effect size C. null effect D. halo effect

effect size

The probability of making a Type II error increases when the: A. significance level is set very high. B. effect size is small. C. sample size is large. D. probability of a Type I error is high.

effect size is small.

When examining the strength of the relationship between study time and test score, the null hypothesis would suggest that the true population correlation is: A. greater than 0.00. B. less than 0.00. C. equal to 0.00. D. 1.00.

equal to 0.00

The expected value of t under the null hypothesis _____. A. equals 1 B. equals 0 C. depends on the degrees of freedom D. varies depending on the alpha level

equals 0

Which of the following statements is true of a null hypothesis? A. The population means are not equal. B. The difference in means is not due to random error. C. The mean of the experimental group is not equal to the mean of the control group. D. The mean of the placebo treatment is equal to the mean of the experimental treatment group.

he mean of the placebo treatment is equal to the mean of the experimental treatment group.

The research hypothesis states that the: A. independent variable has no effect. B. independent variable has an effect. C. dependent variable has no effect . D. dependent variable has an effect.

independent variable has an effect.

A researcher employs inferential statistics to examine the difference in mean scores obtained by fourth grade boys and girls in a standardized math test. In this case, inferential statistics: A. summarize and describe the important characteristics of the data. B. test the research hypothesis. C. indicate the strength of the relationship between the math scores of boys and girls. D. indicate the probability that the difference between means reflect random error.

indicate the probability that the difference between means reflect random error.

Aden finds that, on an average, men have higher starting salaries than women. In order to conclude that the differences in starting salaries are true differences and not a result of random error, Aden would employ the use of _____ statistics. A. qualitative B. descriptive C. inferential D. ordinal

inferential

Arafa has collected data on the relationship between physical attractiveness and judgments of personality characteristics. In order to determine if the results obtained from the sample are representative of the population, Arafa will need to employ _____ statistics. A. qualitative B. descriptive C. inferential D. ordinal

inferential

The null hypothesis: A. is used because it is a very precise statement. B. is rejected when there is a high probability that the obtained results are due to random error. C. does not allow one to know the probability of the outcome of the study occurring. D. states that the independent variable did have an effect.

is used because it is a very precise statement.

A researcher studying the gender-based differences in the use of disciplinary practices predicted that men use power-oriented practices more frequently than women. In this case, the research hypothesis would suggest that: A. women use power-oriented practices more than men. B. men use power-oriented practices more than women. C. there is no difference between men and women in the use of disciplinary techniques. D. gender does not influence the kind of disciplinary practice used.

men use power-oriented practices more than women.

A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the comfort of the ride for two brands of all-terrain tires—Trail Cushion and Mud Handler. Trail Cushion is rated more comfortable with a mean of 5.5 than Mud Handler, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type I error would be to conclude that Trail Cushion is: A. more comfortable than Mud Handler when a true difference in comfort exists. B. no more comfortable than Mud Handler when Trail Cushion is actually more comfortable. C. no more comfortable than Mud Handler when no difference in comfort exists. D. more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.

more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.

A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the health benefits of two health drinks—EnerG and Supreme. EnerG is rated more nutritive with a mean of 5.5 than Supreme, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type II error would be to conclude that EnerG is: A. more nutritious than Supreme when a true difference in health benefits exists. B. no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits. C. no more nutritious than Supreme when no difference in health benefits exists. D. more nutritious than Supreme when the two brands provide similar health benefits.

no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits.

According to the _____ hypothesis, the independent variable has no effect. A. null B. research C. practical D. significant

null

The sampling distribution is based on the assumption that the _____ hypothesis is _____. A. null; true B. null; false C. research; true D. research; confounded

null; true

A researcher wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean rating of guilt will be higher for unattractive defendants than for attractive defendants. The appropriate statistical test would be the _____. A. Pearson r B. two-tailed t-test C. one-tailed t-test D. chi-square

one-tailed t-test

With three independent variables and a single dependent variable, the most appropriate statistical test for analyzing the data would be the _____. A. chi-square test B. one-way analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

one-way analysis of variance

A desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is the _____. A. Type I error B. Type II error C. effect size of the test D. power of the test

power of the test

. The likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome is referred to as: A. reactivity. B. reliability. C. variability. D. probability.

probability.

When testing the differences between means, the null hypothesis suggests that any observed difference is due to _____. A. manipulation B. systematic variance C. error variance D. random error

random error

According to her statistical analysis, an investigator found that significantly more men than women used punishment to discipline their children. Thus, the investigator would: A. accept the null hypothesis. B. reject the null hypothesis. C. make a Type II error. D. make a Type I error.

reject the null hypothesis.

A Type I error occurs when one: A. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false. B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. C. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true. D. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

rejects the null hypothesis when it is true.

When testing the differences between means, the _____ hypothesis suggests that population means are not equal. A. null B. research C. practical D. significant

research

If a researcher proposes that there is a difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and nonveterans, such a situation represents the _____ hypothesis. If the researcher proposes that there is no difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and non-veterans, such a situation represents the _____ hypothesis. A. null; research B. research; null C. inferential; descriptive D. descriptive; inferential

research; null

ll statistical techniques rely on _____ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis. A. Type I errors B. Type II errors C. sampling distributions D. statistical significance

sampling distributions

A _____ result is one that has a very low probability of occurring if the population means are equal. A. simplistic B. significant C. specifiable D. systematic

significant

The larger the F ratio, the more likely the results are _____. A. significant B. invalid C. dissimilar D. manipulated

significant

. In a _____ design, a subject's behavior is measured over time during a baseline control period. A. single-case B. control series C. propensity score D. nonequivalent control group

single-case

All statistical techniques rely on _____ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis. A. Type I errors B. Type II errors C. sampling distributions D. statistical significance

statistical significance

A researcher wants to know if cholesterol levels are lower in vegetarians or nonvegetarians. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for this data? A. Chi-square test B. Analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

t test

The _____ is commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other. A. t test B. Mann-Whitney U test C. Chi-square test D. r test

t test

The null hypothesis is rejected whenever: A. past studies prove it wrong. B. there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error. C. the independent variable fails to have an effect on the dependent variable. D. the researcher is convinced that the variable is ineffective in causing changes in behavior.

there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error.

A one-tailed statistical test is used when: A. the data are from a ratio scale. B. the data are from an ordinal scale. C. there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups. D. there is no prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups

there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.

A researcher assesses the length of the prison sentence for physically attractive and physically unattractive defendants. He believes that attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than unattractive defendants. The null hypothesis would suggest that: A. there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants. B. physically attractive defendants will receive longer prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants. C. physically attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants. D. some other variable such as gender is responsible for the difference in the length of prison sentence.

there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants.

When comparing the differences in the ratings of responsibility for an automobile accident between male and female drivers, the null hypothesis would suggest that: A. women are more responsible drivers than men. B. there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers. C. men are more responsible drivers than women. D. there is a difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers.

there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers