Research Methods Chapter 4 Study Set

Which of the following is NOT an example of information researchers must be careful to protect to ensure research participants' confidentiality? participants' dates of birth photographs of participants handwriting samples from participants answers to a completely anonymous questionnaire

4

Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of ethical violations that occurred in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? The participants were harmed. The participants were not treated respectfully. A disadvantaged group was targeted. The investigators fabricated data.

4

Which principle from the Belmont Report and the APA's Ethical Principles do animal rights activists draw upon to argue against the use of animals in experiments? beneficence integrity respect for persons justice

4

Dr. Sanders conducted a study that investigated the happiness of people listening to different kinds of music. He predicted that people would report being happier when they were listening to rock music than when they were listening to country music. Dr. Sanders threw out the data from several participants who reported being very happy while listening to country music because he thought that they weren't being honest. Dr. Sanders has committed what kind of ethical violation? data falsification plagiarism data fabrication deception

1

Following a study using deception, how does the researcher attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant? by debriefing each participant in a structured conversation by apologizing to the participant and offering monetary compensation for any discomfort or stress by reassuring the participant that all names and identifiers will be removed from the data by giving each participant a copy of the Belmont report

1

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Some of the children assigned to play the violent video games begin acting out at school and get suspended. Which part of the Belmont Report and APA Ethical Standard 8 was violated when the researcher didn't consider this possible harm to participants in planning the study? beneficence and nonmaleficence justice respect for people's rights and dignity integrity

1

Professor Silva is a clinical psychologist who teaches a course in abnormal psychology at the university. He maintains a clinical practice and several of his current students are his clients. Which of the APA's Five General Principles does this violate? Fidelity and Responsibility Justice Integrity Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

1

Which of the following are two ethical issues raised by Milgram's studies of obedience? the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers targeting of a disadvantaged group and the disrespectful treatment of participants the pain of the electrical shocks experienced by the learners and the stress experienced by the teachers the distress felt by the experimenter who had to order the teacher to shock the learner and the pain of the electric shocks experienced by the learners

1

Which of the following groups is NOT recognized in the Belmont Report as entitled to special protection? veterans children people with intellectual or developmental disabilities prisoners

1

Which of the following pieces of information should be provided to potential research participants as part of the informed consent process? information about the risks and benefits of participating in the research study information about the researcher's hypotheses for the study information about where the researcher plans to publish the results of the study information about the other participants in the study

1

What are the five ethical principles outlined by the apa? which two are not included in the three principles of the Belmont report?

1. Beneficence and non-maleficence 2. fidelity and responsibility 3. integrity 4. Justice 5. Respect for persons not included: 2 and 3

Which two principles are include in to the ethical principles and not in the Belmont Report? Integrity; fidelity and responsibility Justice; beneficence and non maleficence justice; respect for persons rights and dignity respect for peoples rights and dignity beneficence and non maleficence

1. Integrity and fidelity and responsibility

What type of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as ones own?

1. Plagiarism

Research using animals must be approved by _______________. an Institutional Review Board (IRB) an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) the American Psychological Association (APA)

2

When an experimenter actively lies to a participant, this is considered which of the following? deception through omission deception through commission a violation of federal guidelines a clear violation of the APA principles

2

Principles of Beneficence

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to promote their well-being. See also principle of justice, principle of respect for persons.

A researcher suggests to potential study participants that if they do not participate they will suffer negative consequences. This undue influence is called ____________. debriefing coercion informed consent special protection

2

Deception in a psychology experiments ______________. is always acceptable is sometimes ethical if there is no other way to study a certain phenomenon, researchers minimize the potential for the participants to be distressed by the deception, and researchers fully debrief the participant after the study is sometimes ethical if the researcher thinks that deception will make the study more interesting is never ethical

2

Dr. Kim is researching treatments for childhood cancer. There is some risk that patients who undergo Dr. Kim's new therapy may be harmed by the procedure. However, based upon preliminary lab testing, the patients might benefit substantially from his treatment. If you were on the IRB evaluating Dr. Kim's research proposal to test his new treatment, what would make you more likely to approve the proposal? You decide that the potential risks of the study outweigh the potential benefits. You decide that the potential benefits of the study outweigh the potential risks. Dr. Kim is a very smart and well-respected scientist. There are few other treatments for this type of cancer.

2

In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug? informed consent beneficence justice respect for persons

2

In order to study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report? special protection justice beneficence respect for persons

2

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. To assure good participation, the participants are offered a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. Which of the APA's Five General Principles is violated by this incentive? beneficence and nonmaleficence respect for people's rights and dignity justice fidelity and responsibility

2

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She waits for interesting results before writing a proposal for the IRB. Which standard of Ethical Standard 8 of the APA does waiting to propose the study violate? Debriefing Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research Institutional Approval Offering Inducements for Research Participation

3

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. The students are not aware that they were participating in the study until the end of the quarter. What standard of Ethical Standard 8 does this violate? Institutional Approval Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants Informed Consent to Research Offering Inducements for Research Participation

3

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Data analysis shows no effect of game type, but Professor Kwan knows that several children didn't follow the procedure so he makes up data for them and then shows a significant effect. Which part of APA Ethical Standard 8 did the data violate? Sharing Research Data for Verification Deception In Research Reporting of Research Results Plagiarism

3

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Which of the Belmont Report Principles is violated by the choice of participants? Principle of Respect for Persons Principle of Justice Principle of Integrity Principle of Beneficence

3

Which of the following is NOT one of the "three R's" provided by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals? refinement replacement restoration reduction

3

Which of the following is NOT a required member of an institutional review board (IRB)? a scientist someone with academic interests outside the sciences the researcher whose study is under review a community member with no ties to the institution

3.

Which of the following is not one of the three R's provided by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory animals? Reduction replacement restoration refinement

3. Restoration

What type of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as one's own? deception data fabrication data falsification plagiarism

4

Which of the following is not one of the three principles of the belmont report? Respect for persons justice beneficence fidelity

4. Fidelity

In order to study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevelant in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle of the Belmont report? Respect for persons beneficence special protection justice

4. Justice

Institutional Review Board

A committee responsible for ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically.

Data falsification

A form of research misconduct in which a researcher influences a study's results, perhaps by deleting observations from a data set or by influencing participants to act in the hypothesized way.

Data fabrication

A form of research misconduct in which a researcher invents data that fit the hypothesis.

Principles of respect for persons

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that research participants should be treated as autonomous agents and that certain groups deserve special protection. See also principle of beneficence, principle of justice.

Principle of Justice

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report calling for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it. See also principle of beneficence, principle of respect for persons.

Following a study using deception, how does the researchers attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant? 1. By apologizing to the participant and offering money for any discomfort or distress 2. by debriefing each participant in a structured converstation 3. by reassuring the participant that all the names and identifiers will be removed from the data 4. by giving each participant a written description of the studys goals and hypotheses, along with references for further reading.

B. debriefing

In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group, whose is receiving the drug is doing much better than the group receiving the placebo. Which principle of the Belmont report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug? Informed consent justice beneficence respect for persons

Beneficence

Each principle in the Belmont report has its applications in the informed consent process. what are the applications for?

Beneficence; that they receive treatment and no harm Justice; that they're treated fairly

What three categories of ethics violations are illustrated by the tuskegee study?

Justice, beneficence, respect for persons

Name and describe the three main principles of the Belmont Report?

Principle of Respect for Persons- being able to choose if they want to be in the study. Informed consent; learn about the project, know risks and benefits. Coersion would violate this or having people do the study against their will. Principle of Beneficence- cannot with hold treatments Principle of Justice- You can't target a certain ethnic group unless signed off for beneficial reasons

Plagiarism

Representing the ideas or words of others as one's own; a form of research misconduct.

What are the two primary concerns that have been raised against the Milgram obedience studies? How did Milgram and his supporters counter these concerns?

Stress experience to the teachers and participants Lasting effects of the study Counter: that his participants had learned something value about themselves

Informed Consent

The right of research participants to learn about a research project, know its risks and benefits, and decide whether to participate.

Deception

The withholding of some details of a study from participants (deception through omission) or the act of actively lying to them (deception through commission).

Debrief

To inform participants afterward about a study's true nature, details, and hypotheses.

The apa has 10 ethical standards. Ethical standard 8 outlines ethical practices in research for psychologists. Name and define each of the separate points included in ethical standard 8.

institutional approval informed consent to research informed consent for recording voices and images in research client/patient, student and subordinate research participants dispensing with informed consent for research offering inducements for research participants deception in research debriefing