Research Methods Exam 1 (ch3-8)

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports 95% CI [.37, .67]. The 95% CI indicates which of the following? a. The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population. b. The correlation is not statistically significant. c. The correlation is negative. d. The effect size is large

a. The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? a. The study included a manipulated variable and a measured variable. b. The study investigated a theory of emotion on memory. c. The study was conducted at a university by a psychologist. d. The study included a distractor task.

a. The study included a manipulated variable and a measured variable.

Which of the following is a poll likely to measure? a. a person's attitude toward their doctor b. a person's thoughts about whether they prefer Advil or Tylenol c. a person's feelings about people diagnosed with cancer d. a person's opinions about a healthcare law

d. a person's opinions about a healthcare law

Research articles that use terms such as unbiased sample, random samples, or representative sample allow for readers to a. make a frequency claim. b. reject the conclusions made by the researcher(s). c. skip interrogating statistical validity. d. be confident in a study's external validity.

d. be confident in a study's external validity.

How did the Tuskegee Syphillis and Milgram Obedience studies contribute to conversations on ethics?

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, which took place in the United States during the 1930s through the 1970s, illustrates the ethics violations of harming people, not asking for consent, and targeting a particular group in research. The Milgram obedience studies illustrate the gray areas in ethical research, including how researchers define harm to participants and how they balance the importance of a study with the harm it might do.

Masked or blind study designs are designed to deal with a. faking good. b. observer bias. c. bystander effect. d. yea-saying biases.

b. observer bias.

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? a. recycling b. refinement c. replacement d. reduction

c. replacement

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following? a. nay-saying b. observer effects c. observer bias d. reactivity

d. reactivity

In what situations does external validity matter the most and why? When does it matter less?

when making frequency claims about a population, the amount of generalizability matters because it is supposed to be about the population on the other hand, association claims matter less and researchers should be honest about the limitations. It is not stating something about the population but more that variables are associated with each other. (construct and stat valid matter more)

How would you describe and differentiate between the 3 core principles of the Belmont Report?

1. respect for all persons (informed consent, no coercion through monetary means or to avoid suffering, protect people who are less autonomous like children, people with cognitive disabilities, and prisoners. Sometimes these people may be unable to give informed consent (e.g., children), so informed consent will be obtained from a parent or guardian.) 2. beneficence (i.e. "doing good") - researchers take measures to protect participants from harm (weigh risks and benefits) 3. Justice- making sure those who participate are the ones that reap the benefits - fidelity (professionalism in all areas of work) - integrity (honest and accurate)

*When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable? a. a negative correlation coefficient b. it depends on the type of reliability being evaluated. c. a strong correlation coefficient d. a correlation coefficient close to 1

a. a negative correlation coefficient

Which of the following is a dependent variable? a. one that is manipulated b. one that is measured c. one that has one level d. one that is kept constant

b. one that is measured

What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common? a. They are all probability sampling techniques. b. They produce large samples. c. They result in samples where some people are systematically left out. d. They are considered ethical sampling options

c. They result in samples where some people are systematically left out

When your scale does not correlate with other, unrelated procedures or scales, it has ________ validity. a. face b. criterion c. discriminant d. convergent

c. discriminant

*What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? a. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable. b. Reliability and validity are the same concept. c. If a measure is reliable, it is also valid. d. Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts.

a. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease? a. tuberculosis b. syphilis c. smallpox d. HIV

b. syphilis

Which of the following is a good reason a researcher may give for using observational methods as opposed to self-report methods? a. "I do not want to have to worry about the construct validity of my conceptual variable." b. "I do not want to have to worry about ethics." c. "I want to make a causal claim." d. "I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it."

d. "I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it."

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? a. whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem b. the time spent solving a math problem c. the report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver d. the type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle)

b. the time spent solving a math problem

Which of the following is true of interrater reliability? a. If interrater reliability is established, it means the observations are also valid. b. It is necessary to calculate only if you have four or more raters. c. It is measured with an ICC. d. It does not need to be calculated if your research assistants are well trained.

c. It is measured with an ICC.

Which of the following indicates that an article's causal claims are based on research? a. The article includes a direct quote from an expert in the field. b. The author describes their creative solution to a scientific problem. c. The article compares two groups of individuals. d. The article describes how manipulated variables were operationalized.

d. The article describes how manipulated variables were operationalized

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following criteria of causation? a. the criterion of covariance b. the third-variable criterion c. the criterion of temporal precedence d. the criterion of external validity

b. the third-variable criterion

*Dr. Pierre is interested in studying levels of anxiety in children who have lived through a major natural disaster. As she plans her study, she is considering various operational definitions of anxiety. Which of the following is an example of an operational definition for anxiety that she could consider? a. changes in heart rate while viewing images of the aftereffect of a natural disaster b. state of being uneasy c. feeling worried d. level of apprehension

d. level of apprehension

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? a. negative association b. causal association c. positive association d. zero association

d. zero association

How would you differentiate between a Moderator and a 3rd variable problem?

moderator= are there certain groups or situations for which the 2 variables are more strongly related? - A is related to B for one type of C(situation/ group) but not for the other type of C (situation/group) 3rd variable problem= 2 variables are correlated, but only because they are both linked to a 3rd variable - A is related to B but only because C is related to A and B

What should an individual consider when investigating the statistical validity of an association claim?

Effect size= magnitude or strength of the relationship between 2 or more var (r) - larger can indicate importance of result Conf interval 95%= estimate of the true r small sample size= less stable large= more narrow and precise stat sig when CI does not include 0 no stat sig when CI includes 0 Outliers? curvilinear assoc (compute one var and the square of another)? Restrict of Range?

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. In Introduction to Neuroscience, 43 of 50 students complete the survey, and in Psychology and Law, 46 of 48 students complete the survey. Based on this information, which of the following can Dr. Kramer say? a. His sample came from his population of interest. b. His sample is representative. c. His sample is biased. d. His sample is larger than his population.

a. His sample came from his population of interest.

When researchers conduct an experiment comparing two different treatment conditions, they are likely to be more concerned with ________ validity than ________ validity. a. internal; external b. statistical; construct c. external; statistical d. construct; internal

a. internal; external

Studies that use nonprobability samples have ________ external validity. a. unknown b. zero c. guaranteed d. enhanced

a. unknown

An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT a.an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed. b. a confidential study examining eating patterns in newborns. c. an anonymous study looking at gang behavior in recent parolees. d. a confidential survey examining sexual behavior in people with mental disabilities.

a.an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed.

What makes simple random, systematic, cluster, multistage, stratified random sample, and oversampling count as a probability sample?

all members in the pop have = chances, uses random sampling simple random- sample chosen at random from pop of interest systematic- get random number and count off participants from that cluster- find clusters (classrooms) in pop and collect data from entire pop in cluster multistage- random sample of cluster then random sample in cluster (not all taken) stratified- identified meaningful strata in pop and randomly selects individuals in that strata; reflects their proportion in the population oversampling- researcher oversampled 1 pop (but still equal chance in that one pop)

Which of the following questions is necessary to ask when interrogating statistical validity? a. Is there a potential moderator? b. Is there a restriction of range? c. Are the variables measured in a reliable way? d. Is random assignment affecting the findings?

b. Is there a restriction of range?

What makes certain constructs harder to operationalize? a. When different definitions don't correlate. b. Some constructs are difficult to observe. c. Some constructs cannot be manipulated. d. When there are only two levels of the variable.

b. Some constructs are difficult to observe.

**In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed? a. a study of first-time homeowners b. a study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military c. a study of high school students d. a study of people who have been to the doctor in the past year

b. a study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military

What information should you consider to examine the external validity of the claim, "Two-thirds of American college students sleep less than six hours a day"? a. if random assignment was used in the study b. if the study used probability sampling c. if the sample includes non-American participants d. if the sample size is large enough

b. if the study used probability sampling

A helpful tool for visualizing test-retest reliability and interrater reliability is a a. bar graph. b. scatterplot. c. Cronbach's alpha. d. correlation coefficient.

b. scatterplot.

*RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity? a. that his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of alcohol addiction b. that his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity c. that his measure is not strongly correlated with the number of friends people have d. that his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of self-esteem

b. that his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to positive moods. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). If Dr. Reyes wants to present her data on a figure, which of the following figures should she use? a. A scatterplot with exercise on the X-axis and mood on the Y-axis b. A bar graph with mood on the X-axis and exercise on the Y-axis c. A bar graph with exercise on the X-axis and mood on the Y-axis d. A scatterplot with mood on the X-axis and exercise on the Y-axis

c. A bar graph with exercise on the X-axis and mood on the Y-axis

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? a. An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not. b.A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (e.g., Phillip is twice as fast). c.A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not. d.An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements.

c. A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not.

A question that suggests a particular viewpoint to respondents is known as a(n) a. ordered question. b. negatively worded question. c. leading question. d. double-barreled question

c. leading question

Which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim? a. one that is measured b. one that is kept constant c. one that is manipulated d. one that has one level

c. one that is manipulated

Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling? a. purposive sampling b. self-selection sampling c. snowball sampling d. convenience sampling

c. snowball sampling

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study? a. the number of words remembered b. the length of the distractor task c. the content of the words d. the number of words on the list

c. the content of the words

How would you differentiate between the 4 big validates?

construct refers to how well the variable is being measured (question types/wording, observer effects/ bias) external refers to how generalizable the results are (sampling technique) internal refers to the extent that we know a variable causes an outcome (covariance, temporal precedence, 3rd var) statistical refers to how precise the estimate is (confidence interval

**For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study bird owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique? a. He asks bird owners to give him the names of other bird owners. b. His participants are all the people who have purchased birds at his local pet store in the past six months. c. He contacts the Twitter followers of Dr. Oiseau, a famous biologist who studies birds. d.He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants.

d. He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants.

*Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible? a. The researchers have the same operational definitions. b. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions and operational definitions. c. The researchers do not have the same conceptual definitions or the same operational definitions. d. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions.

d. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions.

Ethical decision making is a. as easy as a yes-no decision. b. based only on what is good for society. c. determined by legal experts. d. based on a balance of priorities.

d. based on a balance of priorities.

RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the ________ of their measures. a. face validity b. convergent validity c. test-retest reliability d. interrater reliability

d. interrater reliability

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study? a. the number of researchers b. the gender of the participant c. effort put into playing the game d. the type of game

d. the type of game

What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? a. to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were randomly selected b. to review a study after its completion to determine if participants experienced any risk c. to assess scientific fraud d. to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants will be treated ethically

d. to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants will be treated ethically

**Which of the following is an advantage of polling organizations using Internet panels over landline panels? a. Internet panels are always representative of the population of Americans. b. It is easier to follow up with Internet panels and track how their opinions change over time. c. Internet panels give more accurate responses than samples obtained through landlines. d. Landline panels are biased through self-selection, while Internet panels are not.

b. It is easier to follow up with Internet panels and track how their opinions change over time.

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients ( r)? a. r always assumes a zero association. b. r always assumes a negative relationship. c. Curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores. d. r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data

d. r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data.

Which of the following increases accurate responding? a. nay-saying response sets b. fence sitting c. acquiescence d. reverse-worded questions

d. reverse-worded questions

Which of the following may lead to a biased sample? a. using people who agree to participate b. using people who accept compensation (e.g., money) to participate c. using people who have participated in other research studies d. using people who are readily available to the researcher

d. using people who are readily available to the researcher

Which of the following is most likely to be part of a debriefing? a. having participants review and sign an informed consent form b. fully informing participants about all aspects of the study c.asking participants to summarize the data they provided as one strategy for checking their understanding of the study hypotheses d. an explicit warning about any potential risks

b. fully informing participants about all aspects of the study

**RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57, 95% CI [ −.77, −.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [ −.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements is true? a. These scores strengthen, but not weaken, the correlation between these two variables. b. These scores are less likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. c. These scores are considered a type of effect size. d. These scores are mainly problematic when they are extreme on one of the variables.

b. These scores are less likely to have an effect because of the large sample size.

Why would behavioral observation be a good research method for studying a high-frequency behavior (e.g., number of words spoken in a day or number of steps taken in a week)? a. It is cheaper to collect data than it is to self-report data. b. Participants would not be able to accurately keep track of so much data. c. Researchers do not need to obtain participant consent for behavioral observation. d. It will take less time to collect the data.

b. Participants would not be able to accurately keep track of so much data.

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). Which of the following questions should Dr. Reyes ask if she is interrogating the construct validity of her study? a. Was there good test-retest reliability for mood in the study? b. Was the manipulation of exercise conducted in a valid way? c. Does the measurement of mood correlate with other measures of mood? d. Was there good internal reliability for mood in the study?

c. Does the measurement of mood correlate with other measures of mood?

Which of the following is a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study? a.It gives participants an opportunity to sign a waiver releasing the researcher from any liability. b. It prevents researchers from being sued. c. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study. d.It allows researchers to get feedback from participants about how to design follow-up studies.

c. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.

Zariah placed five identical pairs of black socks on a table and asked passersby to rate which pair of socks were their favorites. Although the socks were exactly the same, people rated the last pair of socks as having the highest quality. How should Zariah interpret this result? a. People were giving socially desirable responses and not being honest. b. Zariah needs to consider the accuracy of flashbulb memories. c. People are not always able to accurately explain their responses. d. Zariah was mistaken, and the socks actually did differ in quality.

c. People are not always able to accurately explain their responses

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies? a. Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception. b. Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing. c.Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing. d. Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception.

c. Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing.

*Dr. Smitherman conducted a study 5 years ago, and his graduate student now recommends that they conduct the study again to see if the effect still occurs. Dr. Smitherman says, "No, I cannot do that study now; I think it is unethical." Which of the following is NOT a reasonable explanation for Dr. Smitherman's response? a. He might have changed his thinking due to a bad experience with some of the participants from the original study. b. Public opinion about that type of research has changed. c. There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now. d. New findings have made such research less beneficial.

c. There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57, 95% CI [ −.77, −.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [ −.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. Why might Dr. Guidry have looked for this difference? a. to determine whether the association was spurious b. to determine whether the association was curvilinear c. to examine her study's external validity d. to examine her study's internal validity

c. to examine her study's external validity

A correlation coefficient and a scatterplot both provide which of the following pieces of information? a. the path and significance of the relationship between two measurements b. the validity and reliability of two measurements c. the outliers present in the two measurements d. the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

d. the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). Her results show that students who exercised in the last week also reported happier moods. Can Dr. Reyes make a causal inference from her study? Select the best explanation for the response. a. Yes, Dr. Reyes' study meets all three of the causal criteria. b. No, Dr. Reyes's study meets only one the three causal criteria: covariance. c. No, Dr. Reyes's study meets only two of the three causal criteria: covariance and temporal precedence. d. No, Dr. Reyes' study meets only one the three causal criteria: temporal precedence.

b. No, Dr. Reyes's study meets only one the three causal criteria: covariance

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, " I tend not to think about otherpeople as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, " I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, " I think other peoplethink I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following? a. construct reliability b. internal reliability c. test-retest reliability d. interrater reliability

c. test-retest reliability

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have a. collected a sample. b. biased the study. c. increased internal validity. d. conducted a census

d. conducted a census

How would you differentiate between Validity and Reliability?

Reliability has to do with how consistent the scores are. - test-retest (consist between score 1 and 2) - inter-rater (consist with raters) - internal - split-half r= see consistency on odd # and even # measures when all Q in questionnaire are about construct - cronbach's alpha= find avg correlation of each item with each other Validity has to do with how well the results represent the variable or construct they are trying to measure - face (degree to which items on measure appear to be reasonable) - content (if items on measure contain all items/dimensions for construct) - criterion (how well a measure can predict or estimate a criterion- give survey a yr later) -convergent (if depression matches other depression inventory) discriminant (if depression does not correlate with political stance)

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57, 95% CI [ −.77, −.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [ −.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] In evaluating Dr. Guidry's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking? a. How reliable is the measure of daily stress? b. Which statistic did Dr. Guidry compute? c. Does the number of friends cause people to experience less stress? d. How did Dr. Guidry recruit her participants

a. How reliable is the measure of daily stress?

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kushner recruit for his study? a. employees from a local daycare center b. patients from Dr. Kushner's clinical psychology practice c. people with a history of insomnia d. students from a community college

d. students from a community college

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study? a. Participants were not treated respectfully. b. Participants were harmed. c. Participants were not given monetary payments for their time. d. Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.

c. Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

What makes the Purposive, Snowball, Quota, and Convenience samples all count as non probability samples?

they all systematically leave people out and do not use random selection purposive- only certain group (smokers) in clued and not randomly selected (flyer at tobacco shop) snowball- participants asked to recommend acquaintances for the study quota- identifies subsets of pop and sets target # for each category and then non randomly selects them convenience- people easiest to access