Research methods Exam 1

Research studies are better than personal experiences why?

-Empirical articles go through peer review to make sure the information is accurate -Went through IRB -Walks through their methods and resources

The 3 R's before conducting animal research is?

1. Replacement 2. Reduction 3. Refinement

What are the 3 principles of the Belmont report?

1. The principals of respect for persons 2. The principal of benefice 3. The principle of justice

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kushner is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics?

8

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

A description of study's hypotheses

confounds

A general term for a potential alternative explanation for a research finding; a threat to internal validity

What is the problem with being swayed by a good story

A good story may not be supported by data

The Harlow study described in the text is an example of basic research. It found that attachment to a caregiver is important in the early months of life. How might a researcher use this study as inspiration for an applied research study?

A researcher could use this research to apply it to how newborns attach to their caregivers.

Which section of the empirical article do you read first

Abstract

gives an overview of the article

Abstract

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic?

According to the Belmont report, prisoners are entitled to specific protection

the name of the participants is not collected

Anonymous data

What is the difference between advice from an authority and that from a researcher?

Authorities often base their advice on intuition, while researchers rely on facts

A study said that wine is associated with colon cancer. I drink wine but I don't have colon cancer. What is the problem with this reasoning?

Availability heuristic

Two biases of intuition discussed in the text are

Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind

when considering a research design, the principle of beneficence should cause us to ask if there is another way that we could obtain the same knowledge but with lower risks to participants

Beneficence

Scientific journals and magazines are similar in which of the following ways?

Both are trying to inform their readers

data is collected that included participants names but stored the names in a separate location that cannot be collected to his data

Confidential data

People believe that the earth is flat so they look for just info about that topic and ignore info that the earth is round

Confirmation bias

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following?

Confirmation bias

Different factors that could account for significant results are called

Confounds

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kushner with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following?

Data fabrication

Explaining to the participants the purpose and hypothesis of the study is?

Debrief

If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose?

Edited books

· conduct actual research

Empirical article

what is peer reviewed

Empirical articles

Sampling bias

Exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn. Some members of the intended population have a lower or higher sampling probability that others.

You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus. The speaker, Dr. Darian, is an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice?

His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation

In which of the following ways is an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) different from an institutional review board (IRB)?

IACUC monitors the care and treatment of animals throughout the study, IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study

What does IRB mean?

Institutional review board

What is a theory in science?

It is an organizing framework used to carefully think about our explanation for different phenomenon's. Think about the correlations between subjects.

Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study)?

It unduly influences people into participating

advocates fair treatment for all and a fair distribution of the risks and benefits of the research.

Justice

Ethical reason to use animal research

Keep animals dignity and safety in mind · Go through IRB

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study's hypotheses or research questions?

Last paragraph of the introduction

Institutional review board

Makes sure the research is ethical

Empiricism

Philosophy that knowledge must come from experience or data

We you are talking about a subject and then you see ads on that topic on your phone

Present/present bias

How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?

Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data

How does research overcome the problem of confounds?

Research systematically compares multiple conditions Looks at many reasons for the results

Your professor says that researchers do not ethical decisions alone. What does this mean?

Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers

· Don't collect actual data

Review article

Which of the following is a benefit of the peer-review process?

Reviewers names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article

A sample that will go in your favor, convenient

Sampling bias

Important difference in the empirical article is written then a piece written by a journalist?

The article by the journalist will have the persons bias while the empirical article consists of no bias and only science

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

The principle of respect for people

Confirmation bias

The tendency to look only at information that agrees with what we want to believe.

1. Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean?

The theory may need to be amended

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her iPod. She typically remembers to charge her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music?

Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him?

What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kushner would need to ask which of the following questions?

What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants

availability heuristic bias

What's in your brain is what you will believe.

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Dr. Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether to use deception?

Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

Empirical article

Written for science and has no bias

is it wrong to lie to participants and why?

Yes, Deception should only be used as a last resort. It's not ethical to lie to participants if you don't have to.

Confidential study

a research study in which identifying information is collected, but protected from discloser to other people then the researcher.

Anonymous study

a research study in which identifying information is not collected, thereby completely protecting the identity of participants.

plane crashes can make people afraid of flying

availability heuristic bias

sampling bias

occurs when some members of a population are systematically more likely to be selected in a sample than others

A research consumer _______ scientific results

reads

Animal care guidelines:

replacement, refinement, reduction

The principle of Beneficence

researchers must take precautions to protect research participants from harm and to ensure their well-being. Treat people in a way that benefits them and doesn't harm them.

The principle of justice

strive to treat all groups fairly

The principle of respect for people

subjects, to the degree that they are capable be given the opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them individuals have freedom to act on those considered judgments

Present/present bias

the tendency to rely only on evidence that is present and ignore evidence that is absent when evaluating the support for a conclusion

Review article

they are an overview/ summary of someone else's empirical article

How is psych info superior to other ways of searching the internet?

· Scholarly articles - Make sure the articles are not bias and have the correct info