research methods final semester 2
Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study? A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
A. 2
Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many main effects will Dr. Gavin need to examine? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6
A. 2
When conducting an experiment, what is provided by the independent variable? A. A comparison group B. Random assignment C. Proof of temporal precedence D. Confirmation of internal validity
A. A comparison group
The mathematical way to describe an interaction is: A. A difference in differences B. A caveat C. A qualified main effect D. A patterned pattern
A. A difference in differences
Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play for 7 minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect? A. A weak manipulation B. An insensitive measure C. A reverse confound D. Ceiling effect
A. A weak manipulation
Which of the following threats to internal validity would result in group differences prior to the start of the study? A. Design confound B. Selection effect C. Order effect D. Maturation effect
B. Selection effect
The ability for a study to reveal a statistically significant difference between the levels of an independent variable when one truly exists is known as: A. covariance. B. power. C. effect size. D. statistical validity.
B. power.
Ceiling effects can lead to: A. large variance within groups. B. large variance between groups. C. small variance between groups. D. all participants performing poorly.
C. small variance between groups.
To be a history threat, the external event must occur: A. constantly during the experiment. B. at the beginning of the experiment. C. systematically, affecting most members of the group. D. intentionally, induced by the experimenters.
C. systematically, affecting most members of the group.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample? Simple random sample. convenience sample. Systematic sample. Cluster sample.
Convenience sample
. When interrogating the construct validity of the dependent variable in an experiment, which of the following questions should be asked? A. "How well was this variable manipulated?" B. "How well was this variable controlled by the experimenter?" C. "How well was this variable explained to participants?" D. "How well was this variable measured?"
D. "How well was this variable measured?"
39. Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many cells are in his design? A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
D. 8
________________ is used to control order effects in an experiment. A. Random assignment B. A design confound C. Increasing demand characteristics D. Counterbalancing
D. Counterbalancing
Which of the following topics would be especially well suited to a quasi-experimental design? A. Does therapy improve coping skills following exposure to a natural disaster? B. Does watching violent movies cause increases in acceptability of aggression? C. Does parent-training therapy lead to better parenting skills? D. Do people diagnosed with a mental illness have poorer social abilities?
D. Do people diagnosed with a mental illness have poorer social abilities?
Which of the following is true of small-N experiments? A. Small-N designs determine whether a finding is replicable by doing a test of statistical significance. B. Data from small-N designs are presented as averages. C. Data from small-N designs are grouped together. D. Each person in a small-N design is treated as a separate experiment
D. Each person in a small-N design is treated as a separate experiment
External validity is most important for which of the following claims? Frequency claims. association claims. casual claims. external validity is equally important for all claims.
Frequency claims
A researcher in theory-testing mode focuses on ______ validity, while a researcher in generalization mode focuses on _______ validity. a.internal; external b.external; internal c.external; statistical d.statistical; external
a. internal; external
The text states that the first step in establishing a study's importance is to establish its . a.replicability b.external validity c.internal validity d.acceptance by scientists
a. replicability
According to the textbook, which of the following is a component of WEIRD people? a.Women b.Educated c.Interdependent d.Republican
b. Educated
Some studies may not replicate because the original study used questionable scientific practices. Which of the following is a way open science practices attempt to deal with this problem? a.Using larger sample sizes b.Requiring scientists to make their data and materials available for review c.Conducting direct replications d.Conducting conceptual replications
b. Requiring scientists to make their data and materials available for review
If a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exists, she is curious about which of the following? a. Moderation b. Mediation c. Third variables d. Controlling variables
b. Mediation
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is: a. modest. b. large. c. multiply determined. d. categorical.
b. large.
Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable? a. A scatterplot b. A line graph c. A bar graph d. A pie chart
c. A bar graph
Responsible journalists do which of the following as it pertains to discussing replicability? a.They report only on studies that have been directly replicated. b.They report findings only from meta-analyses. c.They provide readers with a sense of the entire literature as well as recent studies. d.They provide readers with statistical values from each study.
c. They provide readers with a sense of the entire literature as well as recent studies.
If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as ____________. a. spurious data b. an outlier effect c. restriction of range d. null effect
c. restriction of range
the difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is?
cluster samples are probability samples; multistage samples are not.
The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:
cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata.
A cultural psychologist would be most interested in which of the following sets of participants? a.A sample of community college students b.A sample of 12-year-old children c.A sample of white males d.A sample of Taiwanese grandparents
d. A sample of Taiwanese grandparents
Dr. LaGuardia is a cognitive neuroscientist who is interested in the effect of brain concussions on the ability to recognize faces. He conducts a quasi-experimental study in which he examines football players before and after the regular season using the Benton Facial Recognition Test (a published, widely used measure of one's ability to recognize faces) to compare those who received concussions to those who did not. He finds that players who had concussions during the regular season performed worse on the Benton Facial Recognition Test than did players who did not experience concussions. In interrogating the construct validity of Dr. LaGuardia's study, which of the following statements is accurate? A. Because Dr. LaGuardia's participants actually experienced concussions, his independent variable appears to have construct validity. B. Because Dr. LaGuardia did not use a true experiment, it is impossible to determine if his independent variable has construct validity. C. Because Dr. LaGuardia studied real football players, his dependent variable appears to have construct validity. D. Because Dr. LaGuardia did not use a true experiment, it is impossible to determine if his dependent variable has construct validity.
A. Because Dr. LaGuardia's participants actually experienced concussions, his independent variable appears to have construct validity.
Which of the following is NOT true of control variables? A. Control variables help define the control group. B. Control variables help establish internal validity. C. Control variables are essential in experimental designs. D. Control variables are kept the same for all participants.
A. Control variables help define the control group.
Which of the following is NOT a small-N design? A. Interrupted time-series design B. Stable-baseline design C. Multiple-baseline design D. Reversal design
A. Interrupted time-series design
Which of the following is a within-groups quasi-experimental design? A. Interrupted time-series design B. Nonequivalent control group design C. Matched group factorial design D. Multiple regression design
A. Interrupted time-series design
According to the textbook, which of the following ethical questions might be posed specifically in reference to a reversal design? A. Is it ethical to remove an effective treatment? B. Is it ethical to treat only one person? C. Can confidentiality be assured? D. Can consent be given?
A. Is it ethical to remove an effective treatment?
Which of the following is a difference between true experiments and quasi-experiments? A. Quasi-experiments do not use random assignment. B. Quasi-experiments do not involve manipulated variables. C. Quasi-experiments cannot have comparison groups. D. Quasi-experiments cannot have pretest measures.
A. Quasi-experiments do not use random assignment.
What can researchers do to reduce the risk of measurement error? A. Select measures that have high reliability and validity B. Make conditions comparable in each experimental group C. Use large sample sizes D. Use a strong manipulation
A. Select measures that have high reliability and validity
Which of the following is an advantage of small-N designs over large-N designs? A. Small-N designs take advantage of unique cases. B. Small-N designs have better experimental control. C. Small-N designs generalize to larger groups of individuals. D. Small-N designs have fewer threats to internal validity
A. Small-N designs take advantage of unique cases.
You read an article that states, "How well you remember different types of information depends on the context in which you learned them." Based on this information, what else is true about this study? A. The influence of context on memory depends on the type of information presented. B. You remember information best only when it's presented in a specific context. C. There is no effect of context on memory. D. There is an effect of information type on memory.
A. The influence of context on memory depends on the type of information presented.
Which of the following can help prevent testing effects? A. Using a comparison group B. Establishing reliability of the measure C. Using a clear coding manual D. Employing a pretest-only design
A. Using a comparison group
Which of the following things can be done to reduce the effect of individual differences? A. Using a matched-groups design B. Decrease power C. Collecting measurements from diverse groups of people D. Using a between-groups design
A. Using a matched-groups design
An independent-groups design is also known as a _________ design. A. between-subjects B. matched-groups C. within-groups D. mixed
A. between-subjects
Unsystematic variability in a study is also known as: A. error variance. B. null effect. C. group inconsistency. D. situational variability.
A. error variance.
In conducting quasi-experimental designs, researchers tend to give up some __________ in exchange for _________. A. internal validity; external validity B. internal validity; statistical validity C. statistical validity; external validity D. construct validity; statistical validity
A. internal validity; external validity
In true experiments, ____________ is to dependent variable as ____________ is to independent variable. A. measuring; manipulating B. controlling; manipulating C. recording; measuring D. manipulating; measuring
A. measuring; manipulating
Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester_Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Kramer_s likely population of interest? all students at the university. all psychology majors and minors. All students he is currently teaching. all students in his introduction to neuroscience class.
All students he is currently teaching
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below. Which of the following is the correct factorial notation for Dr. Elder's new study? A. 1 × 2 × 4 B. 2 × 2 × 2 C. 2 × 2 D. 2 × 4
B. 2 × 2 × 2
If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following? A. A crossover interaction B. A spreading interaction C. A three-way interaction D. A difference interaction
B. A spreading interaction
If a researcher is concerned about external validity, which of the following would you recommend with regard to conducting small-N designs? A. Do not conduct small-N designs if you are concerned about external validity. B. Compare the results of a small-N design with other studies. C. Conduct only reversal designs. D. Use only one's own clients/patients/students.
B. Compare the results of a small-N design with other studies.
All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT: A. Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent. B. It is less time-consuming for the participants. C. It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions. D. They require fewer participants.
B. It is less time-consuming for the participants.
Researchers conducting an experiment can ensure temporal precedence by doing which of the following? A. Having a control group B. Manipulating the cause before measuring the effect C. Running a manipulation check D. Establishing covariance
B. Manipulating the cause before measuring the effect
Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following? A. Random selection B. Selection effects C. Carryover effects D. Demand characteristics
B. Selection effects
Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 x 2 x 4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence? A. The introduction B. The Method section C. The Results section D. The Discussion section
B. The Method section
. Dr. Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study. In describing this, which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable? A. Variable A cancels out Variable B. B. The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B. C. Variable A mainly affects Variable B. D. The effect of Variable A is mediated by Variable B.
B. The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B.
Which of the following is an advantage of using quasi-experimental designs? A. They allow researchers to capitalize on random assignment. B. They allow researchers to enhance external validity. C. They allow researchers to disregard internal validity. D. They are better suited to detect significant effects.
B. They allow researchers to enhance external validity.
In which of the following ways are correlational designs similar to quasi-experimental designs? A. They both use nonrandom samples. B. They both suffer from possible threats to internal validity. C. They both use random assignment. D. They both use small numbers of participants.
B. They both suffer from possible threats to internal validity.
Why do quasi-experiments tend to have very good construct validity for the independent variable? A. The manipulations have been previously validated in the lab. B. They use real-world manipulations/experiences. C. They tend to use more participants. D. They also have good construct validity for the dependent variable.
B. They use real-world manipulations/experiences.
Which of the following is a reason why a researcher might choose to conduct a double-blind placebo control group study? A. To eliminate testing effects B. To control for observer bias C. To prevent attrition D. To control for regression to the mean
B. To control for observer bias
Which of the following things can be done to reduce measurement error? A. Using less precise measurements B. Using more reliable measurements C. Using a pretest/posttest design D. Increasing unsystematic variance
B. Using more reliable measurements
Regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations? A. When the experimental and comparison groups are equal at posttest B. When one group has an extremely high score at pretest C. When the experimental and comparison groups are equal at pretest D. When one group has an extremely low score at posttest
B. When one group has an extremely high score at pretest
Dr. Sanderson is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a(n): A. weak manipulation. B. ceiling effect. C. floor effect. D. outlier.
B. ceiling effect
A variable that the researcher controls is a ________ variable. A. measured B. manipulated C. dependent D. selection
B. manipulated
Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular media article that indicates an interaction? A. "Statistically significant" B. "Mixed factorial design" C. "It depends" D. "Mediator variables"
C. "It depends"
. Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit? A. 100 B. 150 C. 200 D. 250
C. 200
Which of the following cannot be found in a one-group, pretest/posttest design? A. A random sample B. A valid measure C. A comparison group D. A manipulation
C. A comparison group
Which of the following people would be of most interest for a small-N design? A. A college student B. A person suffering from a cold C. A person diagnosed with schizophrenia D. A psychology student
C. A person diagnosed with schizophrenia
Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Dr. Dormeur was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following? A. Order effects B. Selection effects C. Demand characteristics D. Counterbalancing effects
C. Demand characteristics
In the case of a factorial design, another term for independent variable is: A. Main effect B. Cell C. Factor D. Moderator
C. Factor
Dr. Hoff is curious as to whether children in a kindergarten classroom will be friendlier after talking about friendship. Immediately before and after the discussion, she has several undergraduate research assistants code the "friendliness" of a group of kindergarteners. Which of the following threats should Dr. Hoff be most concerned about? A. History B. Maturation C. Instrumentation D. Testing
C. Instrumentation
Which of the following is a difference between small-N and large-N designs? A. Large-N designs have the power to detect large effect sizes, while small-N designs can only detect small effects. B. Statistical validity is stronger in large-N designs, while generalizability is more important in small-N designs. C. Large-N studies typically gather less information about participants than small-N designs. D. It is not possible to maintain experimental control in small-N studies, whereas it is in large-N studies.
C. Large-N studies typically gather less information about participants than small-N designs.
. Which of the following is NOT true of selection effects? A. Selection effects are a type of confound. B. Selection effects can occur when experimenters allow participants to choose their own treatment group. C. Selection effects are unimportant for interrogating internal validity. D. Selection effects can occur when researchers assign one type of person to one treatment group and another type of person to another treatment group.
C. Selection effects are unimportant for interrogating internal validity.
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below. Based on the graphs above, Dr. Elder should conclude which of the following? A. There is a main effect for participants' age. B. The three-way interaction does not look significant. C. The interaction between activity focus and activity type depends on participants' age. D. Participants' age appears to mediate the relationship between activity focus and activity type.
C. The interaction between activity focus and activity type depends on participants' age.
. Dr. LaGuardia is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, he has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-olds. Which of the following would you recommend to him to decrease the threat of instrumentation? A. Asking the same research assistants to code the same children at pretest and posttest B. Establishing different coding manuals for pretest and posttest C. Using clear coding manuals D. Using only one research assistant to code all the videos
C. Using clear coding manuals
Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She collects a random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories they eat during lunch using a bomb calorimeter. She then gives this additive to the same 63 participants to use at dinner and measures how many calories they eat (again using the bomb calorimeter). Imagine that Dr. Bloedorn finds no difference between the calories consumed with the drink additive and without. This is known as: A. observer bias. B. a maturation effect. C. a null effect. D. the placebo effect
C. a null effect.
Studies with one independent variable can show: A. a difference in differences. B. an interaction effect. C. a simple difference. D. a factorial effect.
C. a simple difference.
Which of the following is a difference between participants in small-N designs compared to large-N designs? A. Large-N designs only generalize to the population from which participants are drawn, whereas small-N designs generalize to the larger population. B. Large-N designs benefit from having diverse populations, while small-N designs typically use normative samples. C. Large-N designs prioritize having a large sample over sampling procedures, while small-N designs focus on sampling procedures. D. Large-N designs are more concerned with selecting representative participants, while small-N designs focus on unique cases.
D. Large-N designs are more concerned with selecting representative participants, while small-N designs focus on unique cases.
Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs? A. Selection effects B. Design confounds C. Demand characteristics D. Practice effects
D. Practice effects
The figure above depicts which type of research design? A. Repeated-measures design B. Concurrent-measures design C. Posttest-only design D. Pretest/posttest design
D. Pretest/posttest design
Which of the following is an advantage of within-groups designs? A. These designs avoid order effects. B. These designs avoid demand characteristics. C. These designs are always possible. D. These designs rely on fewer participants.
D. These designs rely on fewer participants.
What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study? A. To increase internal validity and to establish external validity B. To compare participant variables and to establish covariance C. To find moderators and to find mediators D. To test limits and to test theories
D. To test limits and to test theories
. A simple difference is also called: A. a factorial design. B. a marginal means difference. C. an interaction effect. D. a main effect.
D. a main effect.
In small-N designs, each participant is treated: A. with multiple interventions. B. by a clinical psychologist. C. as a data point. D. as a separate experiment.
D. as a separate experiment.
Random selection enhances __________ validity and random assignment enhances __________ validity. A. internal; internal B. external; external C. internal; external D. external; internal
D. external; internal
Researchers may be interested in how a variable changes over the course of a major event that is scheduled outside of experimental control. This is called: A. nonequivalent control group design. B. wait-list design. C. reversal design. D. interrupted time-series design.
D. interrupted time-series design.
A small-N design that involves providing treatment and then removing treatment is known as a(n): A. interrupted time-series design. B. stable-baseline design. C. multiple-baseline design. D. reversal design.
D. reversal design.
45. If a study has a difference in the differences, you know the study definitely has a: A. crossover interaction. B. significant main effect. C. spreading interaction. D. significant interaction.
D. significant interaction.
Which of the following is an independent-groups quasi-experimental design? A. Interrupted time-series design B. Nonequivalent control group design C. Nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design D. Stable-baseline design
Nonequivalent control group design
Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling? Purposive sampling. Snowball Sampling. Convenience Sampling. Self-Selection sampling.
Snowball Sampling.
Convenience sampling relies on which of the following? Studying people who are easy to find. Studying people who are willing to participate. studying people who are typical. Studying people who are colleagues to researcher.
Studying people who are easy to find
Which of the following does NOT result in a biased sample? Systematic sample. Convenience sample. Purposive sample Snowball Sample
Systematic sample
Preregistration occurs at which point in the scientific process? a.Before data collection b.Before developing hypotheses c.After publication d.After replication
a. Before data collection
According to the textbook, what is the problem with WEIRD samples? a.They are not very representative of the world's population. b.They are not good for theory-testing mode. c.They are not used frequently enough. d.They are not very easy to measure.
a. They are not very representative of the world's population.
When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following? a. A difference in the height between the bars b. The number of bars in the graph c. The number of observations that make each bar d. The direction of the bars
a. A difference in the height between the bars
Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What is another term for the 4% value? a. Margin of error b. Sampling bias c. Probability value d. Statistical significance
a. Margin of error
Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta (b) Significance (r) Income .69 .03 Number of arguments -.73 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 Which of the following is NOT a predictor variable in Dr. Finkel's study? a. Marital satisfaction b. Life satisfaction c. Income d. Number of arguments
a. Marital satisfaction
Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design? a. Measuring the same variables at two points in time b. Measuring at least four variables at one time c. Measuring different age groups at two different times d. Manipulating a variable at two points in time
a. Measuring the same variables at two points in time
Dr. Cheong is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being occurs because people receive different levels of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by Hurricane Sandy (2012) to report on how their well-being was affected by the hurricane, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Cheong finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. Dr. Cheong's finding that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women suggests which of the following? a. Participant sex is a moderating variable. b. Participant sex is a mediating variable. c. Emotional well-being is a moderating variable. d. Emotional well-being is a mediating variable.
a. Participant sex is a moderating variable.
Which of the following sampling techniques would you recommend to a researcher interested in studying rare individuals, like people who have been struck by lightning? a. Snowball sampling b. Purposive sampling c. Quota sampling d. Convenience sampling
a. Snowball sampling
Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) 20. Matt, Dr. Guidry's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet? a. The covariance of cause and effect b. Temporal precedence c. Internal validity d. External validity
a. The covariance of cause and effect
r. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry's study to consider? a. The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants b. The number of people in the sample c. The use of three measured variables d. The number of significant findings
a. The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants
For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? a. The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association. b. The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. c. The third variable must be a categorical variable. d. The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association.
a. The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association.
When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider? a. The way the sample was selected from the population b. The size of the sample c. The number of subgroups d. The size of the original population
a. The way the sample was selected from the population
If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, ________ is being interrogated. a. construct validity b. external validity c. internal validity d. statistical validity
a. construct validity
In a multiple regression design, __________ variable is to dependent variable as _________ variable is to independent variable. a. criterion; predictor b. manipulated; measured c. control; mediator d. bivariate; multivariate
a. criterion; predictor
Replicability helps interrogate which of the four big validities? a.Construct validity b.External validity c.Internal validity d.Statistical validity
b. External validity
Psychologists use which of the following strategies to determine a study's replicability? a.Internal validity b.Repeating the study c.Generalizing d.Study reframing
b. Repeating the study
Another word for replicable is: a.valid. b.reproducible. c.reliable. d.scientific.
b. reproducible.
Which of the following is true of multiple regression? a. It can control for all third variables, including those that are not measured. b. Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables. c. There is a limit to the number of predictors that can be statistically significant. d. There is a limit to the number of predictors that can be included in a regression.
b. Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables.
Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. 38. Which of the correlations is an autocorrelation? a. Correlation 1 b. Correlation 2 c. Correlation 4 d.Correlation 6
b. Correlation 2
. What is the relationship between moderators and external validity? a. Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious. b. Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. c. Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. d. Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable.
b. Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people.
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. This number gives you information about which of the following? a. Statistical significance and effect size b. Strength and direction of the relationship c. Statistical validity and external validity d. Type of relationship and importance
b. Strength and direction of the relationship
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p value indicates which of the following? a. The correlation is negative. b. The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population. c. The correlation is not statistically significant. d. The effect size is large.
b. The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population.
Why would a researcher interested in making a causal claim NOT do an experiment? a. Experiments are very expensive and the researcher might not have grant funding. b. There may be ethical limitations of manipulating a variable. c. Laboratory space is required for experiments and the researcher might not have a lab. d. Experiments take longer to do than other types of studies.
b. There may be ethical limitations of manipulating a variable.
Which of the following is a dependent variable? a. one that is manipulated b. one that is measured c. one that is kept constant d. one that has one level
b. one that is measured
Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)? a. Curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores. b. r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data. c. r always assumes a zero association. d. r always assumes a negative relationship.
b. r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data.
Which of the following MUST be done before meta-analyses can occur? a.Only direct replications b.Cultural psychology replications done on the topic c.Collection of the scientific literature on a topic d.Publication of the topic in the popular media
c. Collection of the scientific literature on a topic
When generalizing the results of a sample to a population, which of the following is the most important question to ask? a.Where were the participants tested? b.How many participants were in the sample? c.How were the participants sampled? d.Do the participants come from the "real world"?
c. How were the participants sampled?
Which of the following can direct replication studies change? a.The dependent variable b.The study procedures c.The participants d.The independent variable
c. The participants
Which of the following is an advantage of studies that are conducted in real-world settings? a.They have a high degree of internal validity. b.They are more important than studies conducted in laboratories. c.They are high in ecological validity. d.They automatically generalize to other situations.
c. They are high in ecological validity.
Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Which of the following correlations is a cross-lag correlation? a. Both Correlations 1 and 6 b. Both Correlations 2 and 5 c. Both Correlations 3 and 4 d. Both Correlations 3 and 5
c. Both Correlations 3 and 4
Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design? a. Dr. Finn's study in which he measured job commitment in a group of Japanese factory workers and in a group of Mexican factory workers b. Dr. Stabler's study in which he measured people's frequency of playing video games in ninth grade and their aggressive behaviors in 12th grade c. Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes d. Dr. Tutola's study in which he measured the daily stress of a group of married men and the daily happiness of their spouses
c. Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes
). Dr. Cheong is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being occurs because people receive different levels of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by Hurricane Sandy (2012) to report on how their well-being was affected by the hurricane, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Cheong finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. 44. Which of the following is the mediating variable in Dr. Cheong's hypothesis? a. Emotional well-being b. PTSD symptoms c. Social support d.Participant sex
c. Social support
Which of the following may lead to a biased sample? a. Using people who accept compensation (e.g., money) to participate b. Using people who agree to participate c. Using people who are readily available to the researcher d. Using people who have participated in other research studies
c. Using people who are readily available to the researcher
r. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a(n): a. outlier. b. cause. c. moderator. d. spurious variable.
c. moderator.
r. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Dr. Guidry should probably consider these scores . a. random b. moderators c. outliers d. curvilinear scores
c. outliers
If researchers measure every member of a population, they have: conducted a census. collected a sample. increased internal validity. biased the study.
conducted a census.
Which of the following participant samples would most likely generalize to the population of teenage American girls? a.All 500 of the girls at a single high school b.200 girls recruited from Girl Scout troops across the country c.50 after-school female volunteers who were available to participate in the research easily d. 75 girls aged 13-18, randomly sampled from multiple sites across the country
d. 75 girls aged 13-18, randomly sampled from multiple sites across the country
Which of the following studies would be least likely to be influenced by cultural differences? a.A study of the association between depression and cultural beliefs about mental health b.A study examining rates of divorce across different cultures c.A study examining the effect of parent education on child socialization d.A study examining motor responses of newborns
d. A study examining motor responses of newborns
Which of the following types of replications investigate the same research question but use different procedures? a.Statistical replication b.Direct replication c.Replication-plus-extension d.Conceptual replication
d. Conceptual replication
__________ psychology is a subdiscipline of psychology that works primarily in the generalization mode. a.Clinical b.Experimental c.Social d.Cultural
d. Cultural
Which of the following is true of cultural psychology? a.Its researchers function only in theory-testing mode. b.Its main focus is to disprove theories. c.It typically finds support for a theory across different cultural contexts. d.It starts with the question whether theories apply to all humans, regardless of culture.
d. It starts with the question whether theories apply to all humans, regardless of culture.
Why is the statistical validity of a multiple regression design more complicated to interrogate than a bivariate design? a. Statistical significance of associations cannot be determined. b. Betas and rs share no similarities. c. These designs require more participants. d. It is harder to detect outliers.
d. It is harder to detect outliers.
If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true? a. The association should be rejected as inconclusive. b. The study must be done again using the same participants. c. The effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not. d. The findings should be replicated in another population.
d. The findings should be replicated in another population.
Research articles that use terms such as "unbiased sample," "random samples," or "representative sample" allow for readers to ______________. a. skip interrogating statistical validity b. make a frequency claim c. reject the conclusions made by the researcher(s) d. be confident in a study's external validity
d. be confident in a study's external validity
Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that _________ cannot be ________. a. covariance; established b. construct validity; interrogated c. hypotheses; tested d. causal inferences; made
d. causal inferences; made
A criterion variable is also known as a(n) ________ variable. a. predictor b. independent c. control d. dependent
d. dependent
The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the ________ problem. a. third variable b. covariance c. association d. directionality
d. directionality
The figure above is an example of a _________. a. bar graph b. line graph c. data plot d. scatterplot
d. scatterplot
Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Which of the following correlations is a cross-sectional correlation? a. Correlation 3 b. Correlation 4 c. Correlation 5 d.Correlation 6
d.Correlation 6
What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common? a. They are considered ethical sampling options. b. They are all probability sampling techniques. c. They produce large samples. d.They result in samples where some people are systematically left out
d.They result in samples where some people are systematically left out
Which of the following does NOT result in a representative sample? Systematic sample. simple random sample. snowball sample. stratified random sample.
snowball sample
Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims? Their accuracy can usually be determined. The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique. The most important thing to consider is the size of the sample. Frequency claims cannot be interrogated.
the chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique.