Research Methods in Psychology chapter 2
Hilda is studying the effects of a major natural disaster on people living nearby. She finds that many of the victims are depressed and show stress-related symptoms. Why can't Hilda conclude that the natural disaster caused the depression and stress-related symptoms? Question 1 options: because she doesn't have a comparison group?? because she doesn't have a theory because she hasn't done enough background research because she is relying on intuition
a
In a developmental psychology class, Trina learned about Baumarind's (1971, 1991) work on parenting styles. She recognized that her parents used an authoritarian style of parenting, as did all her relatives. Since that was the style of parenting she planned to use, she researched the advantages to that style, while ignoring any studies that support the use of another parenting style. What is the term for what she was doing? Question 10 options: cherry-picking the evidence confirmatory hypothesis testing showing a self-serving bias creating a good story
a
In research, a confound is ____________. Question 2 options: an alternative explanation for an outcome that comes about because more than one thing changed at the same time. when the outcome of a study contradicts the researcher's hypothesis. an instance when the actual outcome is contrary to the probabilistic prediction. the difficulty we experience in thinking of counter-examples to our beliefs.
a
Which of the following is a reason to trust the advice of authorities? Question 12 options: They systematically and objectively compare different conditions. They cherry-pick the evidence to support their own position. They base their advice on their own experience and intuition. The research cited by the authority may be unreliable.
a
Which of the following is considered among psychologists to be the best, most comprehensive place to find psychological research articles? Question 24 options: PsycINFO Wikis the popular press Google
a
As part of an assignment for his Introduction to Psychology class, Gilbert has to read a journal article, summarize it, and compare it to what is reported in his textbook. Gilbert selects the article "Effects of Severe Daily Events on Mood," Stone & Neale (1984). If Gilbert wanted to repeat the study, which section would he consult to find the details of the study's design? Question 17 options: Introduction Method Results Discussion
b
Carolyn sometimes taps on the basketball before shooting a free throw. She has noticed the times when she taps and makes the free throw more than she notices the times she makes the free throw without tapping the ball. Carolyn is experiencing the __________. Question 22 options: bias blind spot present/present bias confound bias cherry-picking
b
Dr. Friedman suspects that women who work outside of the home might be frustrated with the balance of responsibilities in their household. She devises a survey to give to married women employed outside the home that includes the question "Does your spouse bother to help you around the house?" What is the problem with Dr. Friedman's approach? Question 11 options: It is an example of faulty thinking. It is an example of confirmatory hypothesis testing. It reflects the present/present bias. It is cherry-picking the evidence.
b
Even when people are aware that people generally think in a biased way, they tend to think that they are unlikely to fall prey to those biases. This kind of bias is called ___________. Question 25 options: present / present bias bias blind spot availability heuristic confirmatory hypothesis testing
b
Pavlina believes that people in red cars are much more likely to speed than people in cars of other colors. She is probably the victim of what tendency? Question 7 options: the availability heuristic the present/present bias cherry-picking evidence the bias blind spot
b
Which of the following is NOT a format in which psychological scientists typically publish their research? Question 13 options: empirical journal articles popular magazine articles chapters in edited books review journal articles
b
Which of the following is the term used in psychology to describe a person who is an actor playing a specific role as part of an experiment? Question 4 options: imposter confederate stooge accomplice
b
As part of an assignment for his Introduction to Psychology class, Gilbert has to read a journal article, summarize it, and compare it to what is reported in his textbook. Gilbert selects the article "Effects of Severe Daily Events on Mood," Stone & Neale (1984). Assuming that the article is written in accordance with APA style guidelines, what is the correct order of sections Gilbert should expect to find in this article? Question 16 options: Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, Abstract, Reference list Abstract, Introduction, Results, Method, Discussion, Reference list Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, Reference list Abstract, Method, Results, Introduction, Discussion, Reference list
c
Research suggests that the time a student spends studying for an exam is positively related to the grade that student receives on the exam. However, last week you took an exam without studying and got an A on the exam. What should you conclude about the relationship between study time and exam scores? Question 19 options: You should ignore the research and base your conclusions on your own experience. You should conclude that the research findings were probably wrong. Although your experience with one exam is an exception, the research findings explain a certain proportion of the many possible cases. Since your experience was different than the research, you should conclude that there is no relationship between study time and exam scores.
c
What does it mean to say that research is probabilistic? Question 5 options: There is a high likelihood that the research is valid. The research predicts all possible results. Conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases. You must reject the conclusions if you are able to find a case that is an exception.
c
Which of the following is a quantitative technique used in some review articles that combines the results of many studies and gives a number that summarizes the magnitude of a relationship? Question 14 options: macro-analytical procedure analysis of variance meta-analysis empiricism
c
A school district decides to compare a new math textbook to the textbook that has been in use for the past few years. Each of the fourth graders in one school is assigned to be in one of two classes, one in which a teacher continues using the old book and another in which a new teacher uses the new book. The school administrators compare the average scores of the two classes on a mathematics standardized test at the end of the year to determine which book is better. Which of the following is a potential confound in this study? Question 6 options: There are different children in fourth grade this year than there were last year. Both classes have children who report that they do not like math. The standardized test is graded incorrectly. The teachers have different amounts of experience using the books.
d
After two students from his school commit suicide, Marcelino thinks that the most likely cause of death in teenagers is suicide. What type of bias is affecting in his thinking? Question 8 options: the present/present bias confirmatory hypothesis testing cherry-picking evidence the availability heuristic
d
As part of an assignment for his Introduction to Psychology class, Gilbert has to read a journal article, summarize it, and compare it to what is reported in his textbook. Gilbert selects the article "Effects of Severe Daily Events on Mood," Stone & Neale (1984). If Gilbert wanted to read about the study's contributions and significance, he should look at which section of the article? Question 21 options: Introduction Method Results Discussion
d
The idea that things that easily come to mind tend to guide our thinking is known as which of the following? Question 9 options: representativeness heuristic the confirmation bias the present/present bias the availability heuristic
d
Which of the following is NOT a reason why basing one's conclusions on research is superior to basing one's conclusions on intuition? Question 20 options: Intuition may lead you to a conclusion that makes logical sense but is incorrect. Intuition may lead you to a conclusion that comes to mind easily but is incorrect. Intuition may lead you to a conclusion that fits with what you already believed but is incorrect. Intuition is always wrong.
d
Which of the following is NOT a reason why basing one's conclusions on research is superior to basing one's conclusions on personal experience? Question 18 options: Experience is confounded. Experience has no comparison group. Research involves systematically and objectively comparing conditions. Research definitively proves theories.
d
Which of the following is NOT an example of faulty thinking that might occur when relying on intuition? Question 3 options: coming to a conclusion just because it "makes sense" noticing the instances that occur when we expect them to focusing on the instances that come to mind quickly testing your hunches through systematic, empirical observations
d
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of an edited book? Question 15 options: It is a collection of chapters on a common topic. Each chapter is written by a different contributor. Chapters typically are summaries of sets of research. The peer-review process for edited books is more rigorous than for that of a journal.
d
______________ by Cartwright-Hatton and his colleagues (2010) summarizes 10 studies on the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as a treatment for anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence. Question 23 options: An empirical journal article A popular press article An encyclopedia article A review journal article
d
