Research methods
which of the following phrases would not indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim?
"is at higher risk of"
Which of the following is the correct ordering of the sections of an empirical journal article?
Abstract, method, Results, Discussion, References
Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following?
An abstract concept
After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing?
Bias blind spot
your friend Alanna says that when examining validity, you always want to see positive correlations. Why is she wrong?
Both strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity
Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following?
Confirmation Bias
A correlation-based statistic called ________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability.
Cronbach's alpha
which of the following questions assesses internal validity when evaluating causal claims?
Does the study establish temporal precedence?
All of the following are true of institutional review boards in the United States EXCEPT:
IRBS must have a psychologist as a member
What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"?
If a measure is valid, it is also reliable
Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information?
Method
which of the following is not a research claim?
Teens spend too much time texting and driving.
In addition to the three principles derived from the forth by the American Psychological Association?
The principal of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
Two researchers tell you stud y the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible?
The researchers have the same conceptual definitions
In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic?
They impede scientific progress
What makes certain constructs harder to operationalize?
When different definitions don't correlate
Falsifiability
a feature of a scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will prove the theory wrong
translational research
a scientific approach that focuses on communication between basic science and applied clinical research
which of the following is the first section f an empirical journal article?
abstract
A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as
an IACUC
confederate
an actor playing a specific role for the experimenter
An in-person institutional review board meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT:
an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed
Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question?
asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"
Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together?
both involved collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest
What is the term for researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level?
conceptual definition
producer of research
conducting research that leads to new procedures useful in practice
Confounds
confused; obscures
comparison group
enables us to compare what would happen both with and without the thing we are interested in
Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him?
how many people have you met an befriended?
Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study's hypotheses or research questions?
last paragraph of the introduction
which of the following is not an example of physiological measurements?
number of panic attacks a patient reports
For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how teachers treat children in their classrooms who have ADHD. He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated. This is an example of what type of measurement?
observational measurement
which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim?
one that is manipulated
James is asked about what is the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made A's. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made A's and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of:
present/present bias
Advice that is based on ______________ is most likely to be correct.
research
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
which of the following is true of operational definitions?
some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others
which of the following is true of variables?
some variables can be either manipulated or measured
availability heuristic
states that things that pop up easily in our minds tend guide our thinking. When events or memories are vivid, recent, memorable, they come to mind more easily, leading us to overestimate he often things happen
Which of the following is true of students views of deception and harm in research studies?
students can find deception to be stressful
The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease?
syphilis
Javier wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Javier have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article?
the abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion
consumer of research
the people who would benefit from the research
Ethical decision making done by research can change in response to all of the following EXCEPT:
the possibility of additional grant funding
The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?
the principle of beneficence
The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?
the principle of justice
Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study?
the researcher
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following criteria of causation?
the third-variable criterion
Empiricism
the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
parsimony
theories are supposed to be simple
evidence-based treatments
therapies that are supported by research
basic research
visual system
Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption?
whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study