Research Test 3

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Results composition

Findings of research in logical sequence without bias Includes graphs, tables, charts, figures, diagrams, maps and photographs For every result there must be a method No discussion of results

APA Citation Method

In-text citation Author-date method (Jones, 1999)

Methods/Materials and Methods composition

Statistical methods Define key exposures and key outcomes Ethical considerations How required size was estimated Citations for methods previously used Set of instructions for reproducible results

Components of a Title Page

Title Author(s) Keywords Corresponding author Financial and Equipment support Conflicts of interest

Theory

Well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven facts

Who's awesome?

You're awesome! :)

Directional hypothesis

prediction made by research regarding a positive or negative change, relationship or difference between two variables of a population

Two-tailed Non-directional hypothesis

predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable but the direction of the effect is not specified

Medical Decision Making (MDM)

prescriptive endeavor seeks to develop tools that can guide physicians, their patients and health care policymakers to make good decisions in practice

Academic Publishing

process of contributing the results of one's research into the scientific literature

Basic research

provides fundamental understanding of molecules and mechanisms that involve identifying cellular processes

Secondary literature

publications that rely on primary sources for information purpose is to summarize and synthesize knowledge Review journals, monographic books, textbooks, handbooks and manuals

Tertiary literature

published works that are based on primary or secondary sources and aimed at scientists who work in different areas from the subject matter of the publication Written in popular rather than scientific style Science magazines, newsletters, science articles in newspapers Almost never peer reviewed

Referees

recognized experts in the area of the study addressed by the paper

Full-Sentence outlines

same as alphanumeric outline but uses full sentences for each point throughout the outline

Alternative hypothesis

sample observations are influence by some non-random cause Contrary to the null hypothesis Usually the one you are actively trying to prove

Scientific literature

scholarly publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in natural and social sciences

Relational and causal hypothesis

statement that predicts the relationship between a set of variables

Relational Research

study that investigates the connection between two or more variables

Abstract (definition)

summary of an article, book or other published item

Impact Factor

systems that grade the importance of journals on basis of how often papers carried by the journal are cited in other scientific papers Measure of frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year

EMBASE/Excerpta Medica

tracking and retrieving international journal and conference coverage

Hypothesis test in statistics

used to determine whether there is enough evidence in a sample of data to infer that a certain condition is true for the entire population

Incidence Prevalence Mortality Lethality Hospital admission rate

Areas of interest in an epidemiological study

PsycINFO

Abstracting and indexing database for peer-reviewed literature in multidisciplinary behavioral sciences and mental health research to deliver to APA

APA

American Psychological Association

P value

Calculated probability Probability of finding the observed or more extreme results when the null hypothesis of a study question is true

Reasons to Publish Research

Career building Funding and formal requirements Improving skills Become recognized expert Help develop or improve existing policy or information Inner satisfaction

Biological Abstracts

Collection of bibliographic references to life science and biomedical research

BIOSIS Previews

Combines life sciences journal content from Biological Abstracts with supplemental coverage

Statistical hypothesis

Concerns parameters or probability distribution for a designated population probabilistic mechanism which is supposed to generate the observations

Key Words

List of related words that help to aim focus of research question 4-7 usually included in the final paper

Cross-sectional surveys

Data collected at a defined time Prevalence of acute or chronic conditions Causes of disease or results of intervention Prove and/or disprove assumptions Not costly to perform

Type II Error

Decide not to reject the null hypothesis when it is false False Negative

Type I Error

Decide to reject the null hypothesis when it is true False Positive

Steps in making an Outline

Define the topic Define the target audience 3-5 main points Subdivide Repeat for each section

Original Research

Detailed account of research activity written by the scientists who did the research Primary resource

Crossref and STM publishing

Developed CrossCheck

Primary Source

Documents that provide full description of the original research Carried out personally by an individual scientist or a collaboration of scientists Published in peer-reviewed scientific journal

Division

Each heading should be divided into two or more parts If there is an A there needs to be a B

Bibliography

List of the books referred to in a scholarly work NOT a literature cited section

Plagiarism Consequences

Expulsion from course Destroyed work Legal action End career Loss of lives

F I N E R

Feasible Interesting Novel/New Ethical Relevant

Other Items in a paper

Footnotes Acknowledgements Disclosures Date received and date published Correspondence and request information Contacting author information How to cite research article

PubMed Central

Free open-access files in digital archives

Commentary articles

Goal is to advance research field by providing a forum of varying perspectives on a certain topic Draw attention to current advances and speculate on future directions

Alphanumeric Outline

Identifies main ideas, defines subordinating ideas and helps discipline your writing and avoid tangential excursions Helps writers map the order of the ideas and links between them

Factors in selecting a journal

Impact factor level Fast publishing time Specific target audience

Scientific hypothesis

Initial building block in the scientific method Idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation

Discussion composition

Interpret and describe significance of your findings in light of what is already known Any opinion should be supported by outside sources Describes patterns, principles and relationships Defend statements Evaluate conflicting explanations Unexpected findings Potential limitations or weaknesses Provide recommendations

Introduction composition

Introduces specific vocab, concepts, important literature, important past critical and pivotal events Provide essential background information State objectives/hypothesis Identify study design Describe source population Specific aims

IMRAD Format

Introduction Methods Results Discussion

Experimental study

Investigator actively manipulates which groups receive the agent or exposure under study Less susceptible to confounding factors Ethical constraints

Intentional plagiarism

Knowingly lifting text directly from other authors without giving appropriate credit

Common knowledge

Known by everyone or nearly everyone usually with reference to the community in which the term is used Ex. Normal blood pressure range

PubMed

Most popular public health science database

Karl Popper

Philosopher of science Stated that a scientific hypothesis must be testable

Qualitative Research

Primarily exploratory research Used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons Most common method is interview - structure, semi-structure or unstructured

Medical case study report

Published document in which clinicians document and share their experiences treating patients so that other doctors can learn from them Earliest means of medical communication Signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of a disease

Systematic reviews

Qualitative review of existing studies Predetermined and comprehensive searching and screening method to identify relevant articles Identification of an appropriate narrow study Selection of a well-defined and valid search strategy Screening of all potentially relevant articles to determine predefined eligibility criteria Extraction of relevant information from all eligible articles Summarization of findings of these articles

Meta-analysis

Quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess results of previous research Combines data from multiple studies

Conclusion composition

Restate hypothesis summarize main points of evidence Provides closure for the paper Usually 2-3 sentences

Outline formatting order

Roman Numerals Capitalized letters Arabic numerals Lowercase letters

Crosscheck/Turnitin

Service that helps editors to verify originality of papers Powered by Ithenticate from iParadigms

US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Services PubMed Provides more than 25 million abstracts

Brainstorming sessions

Starting point for identifying a research topic

Four steps to hypothesis testing

State the hypothesis Set the criteria for a decision Compute the test statistic Make a decision

Non-directional alternative hypothesis

States that the null hypothesis is wrong Does not predict whether the parameter of interest is larger or smaller

Abstract Composition

Summary of a research paper Never contains citations Should include all aspects of the paper Does not include: new information, undefined abbreviations or group names, discussion of previous literature, unnecessary details

Self plagarism

Text recycling author copies large parts of one of his or her previous papers

APA PsycNET

Used by APA with controlled vocabulary of the Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms

Cohort study

Used to investigate causes of disease Establish links between risk factors and health outcomes Usually forward-looking or planned in advance Cohorts can differ with respect to certain factors under study

Causal hypothesis

aim to determine if one variable cause changes in another

Relational hypothesis

aim to determine if relationships exist between a set of variables

Coordination

all information contained in the first heading should have the same importance as information or subtopic in the secondary heading

Abstract databases

allow researchers to search thousands of abstracts for key words or other items

Clinical research

applies itself directly to improving the human condition usually of a particular disease or condition

General knowledge

aspect of ability related to intelligence Ex. IQ testing

Parametric test

assume that the variables being examined have particular distributions and that the variances for the variables being examined be similar in population groups being compared Typically used for ratio and interval variables with relatively normal distributions of responses

Translational research

bench-to-bedside study that accelerates discovery of new treatments directed at the basic mechanisms of disorder and disease

Grey literature

not published or distributed in the usual manner which makes them difficult to obtain Theses, dissertations Sometimes rigorously peer-reviewed

Longitudinal study

observational Researcher conduct several observations of the same subjects over a period of time

Causal studies

confirm or reject any given causal hypothesis that one thing causes another thing to happen

Peer Review Process

papers submitted to journal editor who asks experts in the area to give an opinion and report merits/deficiencies of the work

Target audience

person or group of people a piece of writing is intended to reach

Retrospective study

disease status of a cohort of people is known

Nonparametric tests

do not make assumptions about the distributions of responses Used for ranked variables, categorical variables and when the distribution of a ratio or interval is non-normal

Descriptive study

do not seek to measure the effect of a variable only seek to describe

Google Scholar Metrics

easy way for authors to quickly gauge visibility and influence of recent articles in publications

Google Scholar

freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of formats and disciplines Citations are 6-10 years old

Null hypothesis

hypothesis that sample observations result purely from chance Usually the default hypothesis and the one you are trying to disprove

Subordination

information in the headings should be more general and information in the subheadings should be more specific

Biostatistics

innovative field that involves the design, analysis and interpretation of data for studies in medicine and public health

SCOPUS

large abstract and citation database of peer-review literature with tools to track, analyze and visualize research Global, interdisciplinary and collaborative research output for many fields

Falsification

manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record


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