Respiratory System
The paranasal sinuses are named for bones where they are loacted. what are they? superior to inferior.
- Frontal - Ethmoid - Maxilla
What drugs are useful in treating asthma?
- allergy shots - oral steroids - inhaled steroids
What are the functions of respiratory system?
- allows air passage - exchange of O2 and CO2 - detection of odors - sound production
What events are associated with inhalation?
- diaphragm contracts -sternum moves anteriorly - external intercostals contract
What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
- frontal bone - cribriform plate - nasal bones - sphenoid bone
What activities are associated w/ exhalation?
- internal intercostal contract - sternum moves posteriorly - diaphragm relaxes
The pharynx is made of three separated regions. what are they
- nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx
The nasal septum is formed by which structures?
- perpendicular plate - septal nasal cartilage - vomer
What are functions of larynx?
- produce sound - blocks food and drink from entering airway - serves as passageway for air
What are among the four continuous and simultaneous process of respiration?
- pulmonary ventilation - pulmonary (avelolar )gas exchange - gas transport - (systemic) tissue gas exchange
What anatomic structures aid sound production?
- tongue - paranasal sinuses - lips - nasal cavity - teeth
The respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar type _____ cell
1
In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is ______ mm Hg, while the PO2 in the blood is ______ mm Hg.
104; 40
A normal breathing rate is ______ to ______ breaths per minute
12,20
Restful breathing has a typical rate of ______ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of ______ ml.
12-15; 500
There are several ways to measure pressure. The standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. What is this in pounds per square inch?
14.7
The left lung has ___ secondary bronchi since it has ___ lobes, the right lung has ___ lobes, and ____ has secondary bronchi.
2,2 3,3
How many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?
3
The lungs contain approximately ___________ alveoli.
300-400 million
During external respiration, the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from _____mm Hg to 40 mm Hg.
45
What is the tidal volume of a typical adult?
500 mL
During normal circulation, hemoglobin is ______ saturated in blood entering the lungs?
75%
During normal conditions, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries is released to the tissues?
75%
The right lung has __ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ______ tertiary bronchi.
8, 10
The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called _____ _____.
Alveolar ducts
Respiration affects all conditions except ______.
Blood K+ levels
The movement of gases into and out of the respiratory system follows ________ law.
Boyles
Which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood.
Which chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?
Changes in blood pH Changes in blood PCO2 Changes in CSF pH
The flared components of the nose are composed of ______.
Dense irregular connective tissue
True or false: Hyperpnea is another name for hyperventilation.
False
True or false: Hyperventilation can substantially increase oxygen saturation in the blood.
False
True or false: The ventral respiratory group is located in the posterior part of the medulla oblongata
False
True or false: The ventral respiratory group is located in the posterior part of the medulla oblongata.
False
How does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temperatures.
A breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand is called ______.
Hyperventilation
The nasal cavity extends from the ______ to the _______.
Nostrils, choanae
How does oxygen binding to one site on hemoglobin affect the binding of oxygen to the remaining sites?
Oxygen can bind more easily.
Which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood.
Which describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting conditions?
PCO2 of 45 mm Hg PO2 of 40 mm Hg relatively constant partial pressures
Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called ______ ________ that help to lighten the heavy load of the head.
Paranasal, sinuses
Which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?
Respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients.
What is the effect of the oxygen reserve on the body's ability to undergo vigorous exercise?
The oxygen reserve is used when PO2 falls very low in exercising tissue.
Which is a similarity between peripheral and central chemoreceptors?
They both monitor pH changes
Which is true of central chemoreceptors?
They directly detect changes in hydrogen ions concentrations.
superior to the larynx is the laryngopharynx. Inferior to the larynx is the _______ and posterior to the larynx is the ______.
Trachea, esophagus
True or false: Central chemoreceptors can only monitor pH changes produced by changes in PCO2.
True
True or false: Contraction of the internal intercostals is not necessary during exhalation at rest.
True
True or false: Central chemoreceptors can only monitor pH changes produced by changes in PCO2.
True
True or false: Contraction of the internal intercostals is not necessary during exhalation at rest.
True
True or false: During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original shape.
True
True/False The pneumotaxic center is located in the pons.
True
True/False The vestibular folds that attach to the corniculate cartilage protect the vocal folds.
True
The closing of the epiglottis over the larynx along with the simultaneous contraction of abdominal muscles, known as the ___ maneuver, results in an increase in abdominal pressure.
Valsalva
Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?
abdominal muscles internal intercostals serratus posterior inferior
The v-shape anterior projection of the throid cartilage is commonly called the _____ in males.
adam's apple
Normally, only ______ passes through the nasopharynx.
air
The larynx serves as a passageway for _____.
air only
The condition that is directly related to the magnitude of a pressure gradient and inversely related to airway resistance is _________.
airflow
The distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated _____ ______.
alveolar sacs
Bronchioles and _______ form the terminal ends of the respiratory passageway.
alveoli
The respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called________.
alveoli
The trachea is _____ to the esophagus, ______ to the larynx, and _______ to the primary bronchi.
anterior, inferior, superior
In pulmonary ventilation, the movement of gases is between the ______ and the ______.
atmosphere, alveoli
In the study of respiration, the pressure of the outside air measured at sea level is known as the ______ pressure
atmospheric
The wide _____ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm
base
The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the ______.
blood
Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the ______ through the medulla oblongata and the pons.
brainstem
The involuntary, rhythmic activities that control breathing are located in which part of the CNS?
brainstem
The abdominal muscles and serratus posterior inferior muscles help with forced _______.
breathing
The _____ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles.
bronchial tree
Contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles results in _______.
bronchoconstriction
The main function of the sympathetic innervation on the lungs is _____.
bronchodilation
The widening or a bronchiole diameter is _____.
bronchodilation
The alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote the diffusion of gasses b/w the alveolus and the ________.
capillaries
Hemoglobin binds not only to oxygen but also protons and _______ ______.
carbon dioxide
The apex of the lung projects superiorly to the point that is slightly superior to the bone called the _______.
clavicle
Bony projections along lateral wall of nasal cavity are called ______.
conchae
Between the superior and middle ________is the ______ meatus.
conchae, superior
Under normal, resting conditions, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide remain _____.
constant
During inhalation, the diaphragm ______ and ______.
contracts; flattens
In hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the ________ _______ effect.
cooperative binding
the ring shaped _________ cartilage of the inferior portion of the larynx connects to the trachea inferiorly
cricoid
Depression of the ribs ______ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
decreases
Contraction of the internal intercostals ______ the ribs
depresses
Contraction of the internal intercostals ______ the ribs.
depresses
The large, spoon or leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the larynx is the ______.
epiglottis
When successful swallowing occurs, the _____ closes over the opening to the larynx to prevent materials from entering the larynx.
epiglottis
The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is composed of ________ and is ciliated in most portions of the conducting zone.
epithelial tissue
The thoracic cavity dimensions return their original size during ______.
exhalation
Which events are associated with inhalation?
external intercostals contract diaphragm contracts sternum moves anteriorly
The vestibular folds are also called the ____ vocal cords.
false
True or false: A person breathing fast during a foot race is most likely hyperventilating.
false
True/False lobar bronchi further divide into primary bronchi.
false
The movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues is ______ ______.
gas exchange
Hydrogen ions bind to the ______ portion of a hemoglobin molecule.
globin
A partial pressure _______ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.
gradient
A pressure _________ exists when two interconnected regions have gases at different pressures.
gradient
The exchange of respiratory gases depends on partial pressure ______.
gradient
The ability of blood to transport oxygen is dependent on the solubility coefficient of oxygen and the presence of ______.
hemoglobin
alveoli have a unique shape, best described as _______________
hexagonal
A partial pressure gradient exists when the partial pressure for one gas is ______ the pressure of the gas in a different region.
higher than
The parietal pleura meets the visceral pleura at the ___ of each lung
hilum
The _____ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the ______ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe.
horizontal, oblique
Incomplete rings of _______ cartilage support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.
hyaline
Which substances can be carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin?
hydrogen ions (protons) carbon dioxide oxygen
Hyperventilation may cause a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide, also known as _______.
hypercapnia
Exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing known as ______.
hyperpnea
Lower than normal oxygen levels in tissues are called ______.
hypoxia
Hypoventilation can cause oxygen levels to fall too low, a condition called ______. Carbon dioxide levels may rise too high, a condition called _____.
hypoxia, hypercapnia
Hyperventilation is a(n) ______ in breathing rate and depth.
increase
The scalene muscles help to ______ the thoracic cavity dimensions.
increase
As blood flows through lung capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood ______ and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ______.
increase, decrease
Which are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes?
increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2; increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF
During inhalation, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity ______.
increases
Elevation of the ribs ______ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
increases
The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container _______.
increases
The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container ___________.
increases
The cricoid cartilage is ______ to the thyroid cartilage.
inferior
The vocal folds are the ______ set of ligaments, in the larynx, that produce sound.
inferior
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls ______.
inhalation
When the diaphragm contracts and the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase, _________ occurs.
inhalation
When you ______, the inferior portion of the sternum moves anteriorly, slightly increasing the anterior-posterior dimensions of the thorax.
inhale
The superior opening of the larynx is called the laryngeal _______.
inlet
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of forced ______.
inspiration
Which brings air into the alveoli?
inspiration
The ventral respiratory group of the respiratory center controls ______.
inspiration and expiration
The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the ______ pressure
intrapleural
What is always higher, intrapulomary pressure or intrapleural pressure?
intrapulmonary pressure
The right lung is _____ to the left lung.
larger
Air is forced out of lungs and moves through the _____ the sound is produced
larynx
As air is forced out of the lungs and moves through the ______, sound is produced.
larynx
Reparatory system, sympathetic fibers innervate the lungs, bronchial tree, the trachea, and the _______.
larynx
The sides of the nose are formed in part by a single pair of ________ cartilages and two pairs of _______ cartilages.
lateral, alar
the ______ lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior
left
The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called _____ bronchi.
lobar
If two regions are interconnected, then gases will tend to move to the region of ______ pressure
lower
The partial pressure of oxygen is ______ in the pulmonary arteries than in the pulmonary veins.
lower
The trachea is part of the ________ respiratory system.
lower
The oxygen saturation curve is steeper at ______ partial pressures of oxygen. This means that ______ oxygen unbinds from hemoglobin when blood flows into the systemic tissues.
lower; more
Which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?
lowered temperature elevated pH lowered PCO2
Central chemoreceptors are found in the ventrolateral surface of the
medulla
Central chemoreceptors are found in the ventrolateral surface of the ________.
medulla
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve ______ oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at a higher PO2
more
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls the ______ neurons that stimulate the muscles of ______.
motor; inspiration
The mucosa in the respiratory system is also known as the _____ membrane
mucous
The nose is supported superiorly by paired ______ bones that form the bridge of the nose.
nasal
The structure that divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions is the ______ septum
nasal
The structure that "initial" conducting airway for inhaled air is ________.
nose
The fissure that separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung is the _____ fissure.
oblique
The fissure that separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung is the ______ fissure.
oblique
The oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is known as the ______ ______.
oxygen reserve
The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the _______ _______.
partial pressure
The symbol "PO2" is used to indicate the ______.
partial pressure of oxygen
Where is the pneumotaxic center located?
pons
The movement of gases between blood in pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs is called ______ gas exchange.
pulmonary
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called __________ ventilation. The same term may also refer to the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute.
pulmonary
The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the ____ and returns to the _____.
pulmonary veins, left atrium
Aspiration foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ___ Primary bronchus.
right
If a change in blood chemistry (pH, temperature, etc.) causes less oxygen to be bound to hemoglobin at a specific PO2, then the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve is said to be shifted to the ______.
right
The ______ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one.
right
The _______ lung is divided into superior, middle, and inferior lobes.
right
Deoxygenated blood is pumped form the ____ through the pulmonary trunk into _____, which enters the lungs.
right ventricle, pulmonary arteries
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the ______ through the pulmonary trunk into ______, which enters the lungs.
right ventricle, pulmonary arteries
If all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% ________ .
saturated
The muscles that increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation are the _________ muscles.
scalene
What are the symptoms of asthma?
shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing
If proper swallowing occurs, materials from the oral cavity and oropharynx will be blocked from entering the nasopharynx by the ______, which elevates during swallowing.
soft palate
The thyroid cartilage enlarges at puberty due to the increase of ______.
testosterone
Which affects the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
the presence of hemoglobin the solubility coefficient of oxygen
The growth of the __________ cartilage is stimulated by testosterone: thus, Adams apple is usually prominent and larger in males after puberty.
thyroid
The larges cartilage of the larynx is the ______ cartilage, which forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx.
thyroid
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing is known as the _____ volume
tidal
Pulmonary ventilation can be calculated using the following formula: Pulmonary ventilation = respiration rate x ______
tidal volume
The structure that is also known as the windpipe is the ____.
trachea
The vocal folds of the larynx are called the ______.
true vocal cords
breathing is more formally known as pulmonary _______.
ventilaiton
During exercise, when one is breathing deeply and forcibly, the ______ is activated.
ventral respiratory group
During normal quiet breathing, the ______ is inactive and exhalation is a passive event that does not require nervous stimulation.
ventral respiratory group
The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by ______.
visceral pleura