Respiratory System A&P 9
The percentage of oxygen dissolved in plasma is _____________ the percentage of oxygen transported as oxyhemoglobin. a. Greater than b. Less than c. The same as
. Less than
If ventilation decreases, plasma Pco2 will:
. increase
The _______________ forms the Adam's apple.
Thyroid cartilage
During exercise, hemoglobin in systemic venous blood is likely to be ___ with oxygen. a. 25% saturated b. 75% saturated c. 100% saturated d. 150% saturated
a. 25% saturated
During inspiration, pressure will be lowest in which of the following? a. Alveolar duct b. Trachea c. Secondary bronchus d. Laryngopharynx e. Nasal cavity
a. Alveolar duct
During hyperventilation, which of the following would be expected to happen? a. An increase in the Po2 of arterial blood b. An increase in the PCO2 of arterial blood c. An increase in the acidity of arterial blood d. An increase in the bicarbonate concentration of arterial blood e. All of the above
a. An increase in the Po2 of arterial blood
Why is it more difficult to breathe in when the stomach is full? a. Because the full stomach impedes the downward motion of the contracting diaphragm. b. Because the full stomach impedes the downward motion of the relaxing diaphragm. c. Because the full stomach prompts a decrease in gastric juice secretion. d. Because the full stomach prompts an increase in gastric juice secretion. e. Because the full stomach stimulates increased activity in the ventral respiratory group.
a. Because the full stomach impedes the downward motion of the contracting diaphragm.
Histamine will __________ bronchioles causing resistance to ________ and airflow to _____________. a. Constrict - increase - decrease b. Constrict - decrease - increase c. Dilate - increase - decrease d. Dilate - decrease - increase
a. Constrict - increase - decrease
Epinephrine will __________ bronchioles causing resistance to ________ and airflow to _____________. a. Dilate - decrease - increase b. Constrict - increase - decrease c. Dilate - increase - decrease d. Constrict - decrease - increase
a. Dilate - decrease - increase
All of the following occur in the conducting zone EXCEPT: a. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide b. Filtration of particles from inspired air c. Filtration of pathogens from inspired air d. Humidification of inspired air
a. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
The rate at which O2 detaches from hemoglobin when temperature is high is ____________ the rate at which O2 detaches from hemoglobin when temperature is low. a. Faster than b. Slower than c. The same as
a. Faster than
What test measures the amount of gas expelled when one takes a deep breath and exhales maximally and rapidly? a. Forced expiratory volume test b. Forced vital capacity test c. Forced residual capacity test d. Forced internal thoracic volume assessment
a. Forced expiratory volume test
Type I alveolar cells are sites of: a. Gas exchange b. Surfactant production c. CCK production d. All of the above
a. Gas exchange
A person that is hyperventilating will have a plasma pH that is ___________ the plasma pH of a person who is hypoventilating. a. Greater than b. Less than c. The same as
a. Greater than
In order for inspiration to occur, atmospheric pressure must be _____________ intrapulmonary pressure. a. Greater than b. Less than c. The same as
a. Greater than
The diameter of a bronchus is ________________ the diameter of a bronchiole. a. Greater than b. Less than c. The same as
a. Greater than
The number of lobes in the right lung is ______________ the number of lobes in the left lung. a. Greater than b. Less than c. The same as
a. Greater than
The percentage of atmospheric gas composed of nitrogen is ____________ the percentage of atmospheric gas composed of oxygen. a. Greater than b. Less than c. The same as
a. Greater than
Forced inspiration would require the involvement of the: I. Phrenic nerve II. Diaphragm III. Ventral respiratory group a. I, II, and III b. I and II c. I and III d. II and III e. I only
a. I, II, and III
As a result of the movement of air into the alveoli, alveolar pressure will: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change
a. Increase
As blood travels from the right ventricle all the way to the left atrium, the saturation levels of hemoglobin will: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Stay the same
a. Increase
Asthma can be characterized by mucous plugs that cause the lumens of bronchi to narrow. This narrowing would cause the resistance in those bronchi to: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change
a. Increase
When the diaphragm contracts, the pressure in the abdominal cavity will: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change
a. Increase
Resistance to airflow in a bronchiole is ________________ resistance to airflow in the trachea. a. More than b. Less than c. The same as
a. More than
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. a. Secrete surfactant b. Trap dust and other debris c. Replace mucus in the alveoli d. Protect the lungs from bacterial invasion e. None of the above
a. Secrete surfactant
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of metabolic acidosis? a. Severe vomiting b. Severe diarrhea c. Starvation d. Diabetic crisis e. Kidney disease
a. Severe vomiting
The formation of reduced hemoglobin is most likely to occur in which of the following locations? a. Systemic capillaries b. Alveoli c. Pulmonary capillaries d. Pulmonary arteries
a. Systemic capillaries
Which of the following is TRUE? a. The elastic recoil of the lungs assists quiet expiration. b. Plasma levels of chloride will be higher in systemic veins than in systemic arteries. c. Approximately 20% of the oxygen in the bloodstream is dissolved in plasma. d. Approximately 80% of the carbon dioxide in the bloodstream is bound to hemoglobin and referred to as carbaminohemoglobin. e. An inability to generate carbonic anhydrase is the cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome.
a. The elastic recoil of the lungs assists quiet expiration.
Which of the following is TRUE? a. The last tracheal cartilage is referred to as the carina. b. There are more secondary bronchi on the left than on the right. c. The last bronchioles without alveoli are known as respiratory bronchioles. d. The anterior portion of the hard palate is composed of the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. e. The inferior portion of the nasal septum is referred to as the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
a. The last tracheal cartilage is referred to as the carina.
Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange. a. True b. False
a. True
The number of cilia in the respiratory zone is less than the number of cilia in the conducting zone. a. True b. False
a. True
The parietal pleura covers the superior surface of the diaphragm. a. True b. False
a. True
Which of the following exerts the most control of respiratory rate? a. Ventral medulla oblongata b. Dorsal medulla oblongata c. Pons d. Midbrain e. Tectum
a. Ventral medulla oblongata
Of which of the following is the respiratory membrane composed? 1. Pulmonary capillary endothelium 2. Type 1 alveolar cell membrane 3. Respiratory epithelium a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 1 and 2 c. 2 and 3 d. 1 and 3 e. 3 only
b. 1 and 2
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. a. Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts b. Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes c. Atria and alveolar sacs d. Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs e. None of the above
b. Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
Which of the following is NOT a GROSS structure of the lung? a. Apex b. Alveolus c. Base d. Root e. Hilus
b. Alveolus
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? a. Chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells b. As the bicarbonate ion in the plasma c. As carbonic acid in the plasma d. Chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin e. None of the above
b. As the bicarbonate ion in the plasma
Planet Pneumo has a total atmospheric pressure of 900 mmHg. Oxygen and carbon dioxide each constitute 30% of the atmosphere. Which gas would be found in higher concentration in the blood? a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide
b. Carbon dioxide
The alveolar Po2 and Pco2 were each 100mmHg. The plasma Po2 and Pco2 were each 10mmHg. Which gas would dissolve in the plasma in greater amounts? a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide
b. Carbon dioxide
All of the following is NOT TRUE? a. The left primary bronchus is longer and more horizontal than the right primary bronchus. b. Central chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch. c. The inflation reflex refers to the phenomenon seen in infants where over stretching the lungs results in expiration. d. The formation of carbonic acid is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. e. PO2 is higher in systemic arteries than in systemic veins.
b. Central chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch.
As blood travels from a pulmonary artery to a pulmonary vein, its plasma levels of bicarbonate will: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change
b. Decrease
In respiratory acidosis, plasma pH will: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change
b. Decrease
Kartagener syndrome is a rare genetic disorder in which cilia are unable to move. This would cause one's ability to move mucus thru the trachea to: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change
b. Decrease
Relaxation of the diaphragm causes thoracic volume to: a. Increase b. Decrease c. Not change
b. Decrease
Mr. Maravich blew out the candle from 5 feet away. Which of the following muscles was not used to extinguish the flame? a. Internal intercostals b. Diaphragm c. Rectus abdominis d. Transverse abdominis e. External obliques
b. Diaphragm
Which of the following is NOT TRUE? a. The Eustachian tubes link the nasopharynx and the middle ear cavities. b. During swallowing the uvula and soft palate prevent food and drink from entering the oropharynx. c. The number of alveolar ducts in the lungs is less than the number of alveoli in the lungs. d. The apex of the right lung is deep to the right clavicle. e. The lungs are lined by the visceral pleura.
b. During swallowing the uvula and soft palate prevent food and drink from entering the oropharynx.
Which of the following factors decreases airway resistance? a. Increased parasympathetic nervous activity b. Epinephrine c. Histamine d. Accumulation of mucus within bronchioles e. None of the above
b. Epinephrine
A large rise in lung compliance will make it difficult to: a. Inhale b. Exhale
b. Exhale
All structures of the conducting zone are superior to all structures of the respiratory zone. a. True b. False
b. False
Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and its products include O2, CO2, and ATP. a. True b. False
b. False
During inspiration the diaphragm relaxes and moves inferiorly. a. True b. False
b. False
Gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood is referred to as internal respiration. a. True b. False
b. False
High levels of O2 promote the formation of reduced hemoglobin. a. True b. False
b. False
In order for inspiration to occur, atmospheric pressure must be less than intrapulmonary pressure. a. True b. False
b. False
Stimulation of the phrenic nerve will cause the diaphragm to relax. a. True b. False
b. False
During which of the following activities would the stomach experience the greatest downward force? a. Quiet inspiration b. Forced inspiration c. Quiet expiration d. Forced expiration
b. Forced inspiration
Intrapleural pressure is normally ______________ intrapulmonary pressure. a. More than b. Less than c. The same as
b. Less than
Which of the following muscles is LEAST involved in respiration? a. Diaphragm b. Pectoralis major c. External intercostals d. Internal intercostals e. Sternocleidomastoids
b. Pectoralis major
During expiration, pressure would be greatest in which of the following? a. Terminal bronchiole b. Respiratory bronchiole c. Trachea d. Larynx
b. Respiratory bronchiole
The "chloride shift" refers to the: a. The exchange of chloride and hydrogen ions that occurs within the alveoli. b. The exchange of chloride and bicarbonate ions between erythrocytes and plasma c. An abnormal situation where chloride ions stimulate the ventral respiratory group. d. None of the above
b. The exchange of chloride and bicarbonate ions between erythrocytes and plasma
The respiratory membrane is composed of all of the following EXCEPT: a. Type I alveolar cells b. Type II alveolar cells c. Pulmonary endothelial cells d. Basement membranes
b. Type II alveolar cells
Surfactant is produced by __________________ and acts to ________________ alveolar surface tension. a. Type I alveolar cells - increase b. Type II alveolar cells - decrease c. Dust cells - increase d. Hepatic cells - decrease e. Carbonic anhydrase - decrease
b. Type II alveolar cells - decrease
All of the following are causes of metabolic acidosis EXCEPT: a. Diarrhea b. Vomiting c. Diabetes mellitus d. Starvation e. Renal disease
b. Vomiting
Which of the following is TRUE? a. Anaerobic respiration involves the production of CO2 and utilization of O2 b. Alveoli are found in both the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. c. 4 of the nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone. d. The maxillary sinuses are superior to the frontal sinus. e. The entire pharynx is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
c. 4 of the nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone.
Carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin to form: a. Deoxyhemoglobin b. Reduced hemoglobin c. Carbaminohemoglobin d. Carboxyhemoglobin e. None of the above
c. Carbaminohemoglobin
Which of the following is a component of pulmonary gas exchange? a. Ventilation b. O2 transport c. Diffusion of N2 from alveoli to blood d. Diffusion of CO2 from tissues to blood e. Production of ATP within cellular mitochondria
c. Diffusion of N2 from alveoli to blood
The transverse thoracis is a muscle that depresses ribs 2-6 when it contracts. Thus this muscle will most likely contract during: a. Forced inspiration b. Quiet inspiration c. Forced expiration d. Quiet expiration
c. Forced expiration
Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? a. Humidifying air b. Warming air c. Gas exchange d. Mucus secretion e. Filtration
c. Gas exchange
Contraction of the diaphragm causes thoracic volume to ____________ and intrapulmonary pressure to _____________. a. Increase - increase b. Decrease - decrease c. Increase - decrease d. Decrease - increase
c. Increase - decrease
Which of the following refers to the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between systemic tissues and systemic capillaries? a. Pulmonary ventilation b. External respiration c. Internal respiration d. Cellular respiration e. Acellular respiration
c. Internal respiration
Which of the following is ALWAYS TRUE? a. Intrapulmonary pressure > Atmospheric pressure b. Atmospheric pressure > Intrapulmonary pressure c. Intrapulmonary pressure > Intrapleural pressure d. Intrapleural pressure > Intrapulmonary pressure
c. Intrapulmonary pressure > Intrapleural pressure
All of the following are TRUE of the trachea EXCEPT: a. It's lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. b. It contains a muscle known as the trachealis. c. It's posterior to the esophagus and anterior to the vertebral column. d. It divides into the 2 main bronchi in the mediastinum. e. It is inferior to the hyoid bone.
c. It's posterior to the esophagus and anterior to the vertebral column.
Which of the following is the most potent respiratory stimulus? a. Low plasma pH b. High plasma pH c. Low CSF pH d. Low CSF PO2 e. High plasma PCO2
c. Low CSF pH
Which statement about CO2 is INCORRECT? a. Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. b. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. c. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. d. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood. e. All of the above are incorrect.
c. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
Which of the following muscles would contract most vigorously if you tried to blow out a candle? a. Diaphragm b. External intercostals c. Rectus abdominus d. Serratus anterior
c. Rectus abdominus
Which of the following is NOT composed of hyaline cartilage? a. Thyroid portion of the larynx b. Cricoid portion of the larynx c. Vestibular fold of the larynx d. Anterior nasal septum e. C-shaped rings of the trachea
c. Vestibular fold of the larynx
During exercise, the % saturation of hemoglobin in the systemic veins is probably: a. 100% b. 90% c. 75% d. 25%
d. 25%
Which of the following could cause an increase in respiratory rate? a. Increased plasma PO2 b. Increased plasma pH c. Increased plasma [H+] d. All of the above e. 2 of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a component of the respiratory membrane? a. Plasma membrane of the alveolar cell b. Plasma membrane of the capillary endothelial cell c. Fused basement membranes of the alveolar and the capillary endothelial cell d. All of the above are members of the respiratory membrane
d. All of the above are members of the respiratory membrane
The greatest surface area for gas exchange occurs within the a. Larynx b. Bronchioles c. Trachea d. Alveoli e. Bronchi
d. Alveoli
Which of the following would have the highest PO2? a. Blood in a systemic vein b. Muscle tissue c. Blood in a pulmonary artery d. Blood in a pulmonary vein
d. Blood in a pulmonary vein
If John's vital capacity is 4.5L and his tidal volume is 525cc, then what is his inspiratory reserve volume? a. 3975mL b. 2075mL c. 1050mL d. Cannot be determined from the information given
d. Cannot be determined from the information given
Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the __________ and respond to ___________. a. Abdominal aorta - plasma pH b. Ventral medulla - CSF pH c. Bronchioles - oxygen tension d. Carotid sinus - plasma H+
d. Carotid sinus - plasma H+
The ancient Greeks referred to the trachea as the trachea arteria, which translates as "rough airpipe." The roughness is due to the ___________ which function(s) by ___________________. a. Serosa; increasing the surface area for exchange b. Adventitia; increasing the surface area for exchange c. Trachealis; producing mucus d. Cartilaginous rings; preventing collapse. e. Goblet cells; phagocytosing bacteria
d. Cartilaginous rings; preventing collapse.
In which of the following will the partial pressure of oxygen be the highest? a. Right atrium b. Inferior vena cava c. Pulmonary artery d. Femoral artery e. Mitochondria
d. Femoral artery
Which of the following bones does NOT contain a paranasal sinus? a. Sphenoid b. Maxillary c. Ethmoid d. Nasal e. Frontal
d. Nasal
61. Which of the following is produced in greater amounts in the pulmonary capillaries than in systemic capillaries? a. Reduced hemoglobin b. Bicarbonate c. Carbaminohemoglobin d. Oxyhemoglobin e. Deoxyhemoglobin
d. Oxyhemoglobin
Which of the following nerves stimulates the diaphragm to contract? a. Glossopharyngeal nerve b. Intercostal nerve c. Inferior diaphragmatic nerve d. Phrenic nerve e. Sciatic nerve
d. Phrenic nerve
All of the following are TRUE EXCEPT: a. The left lung contains 1 fissure whereas the right lung contains 2. b. Type II alveolar cells produce the lung's surfactant. c. The relaxed diaphragm assumes a dome-shaped position. d. Terminal bronchioles contain alveoli. e. The root of the lung is adjacent to the lung's hilus
d. Terminal bronchioles contain alveoli.
All of the following are TRUE EXCEPT: a. The posterior nasal septum is composed of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer. b. The maxillary sinuses produce mucus. c. The conchae increase the turbulence of airflow. d. The auditory tubes connect the nasal cavity to the inner ear cavities. e. The nasopharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsil.
d. The auditory tubes connect the nasal cavity to the inner ear cavities.
Which of the following is TRUE? a. The trachea is reinforced by 60-80 C-shaped rings of cartilage b. The trachealis is the ligament that connects the anterior open portion of the tracheal cartiliginous rings c. The trachea is part of the respiratory zone d. The trachea is part of the conducting zone
d. The trachea is part of the conducting zone
Which of the following is the primary respiratory control center? a. Dorsal respiratory group b. Pontine respiratory group c. Apneustic center d. Ventral respiratory group e. Basal ganglia
d. Ventral respiratory group
A hole in the wall of an alveolar sac in the left lung would cause the size of the left lung to:
decrease
An autoimmune disease that resulted in the destruction of Type II alveolar cells would cause lung compliance to:
decrease
An inability to produce surfactant will cause lung compliance to:
decrease
An increase in Pco2 will cause hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen to:
decrease
An increase in tissue lactic acid production will cause hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen to:
decrease
As a red blood cell travels from pulmonary arterioles to pulmonary venules, the amount of Cl- within it will:
decrease
As a red blood cell travels from the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary veins, its chloride content will:
decrease
As air travels from the alveoli to the nares during expiration, its water content will:
decrease
As anatomical dead space increases, efficiency of ventilation will:
decrease
As blood flows from the abdominal aorta eventually to the inferior vena cava, its PO2 will:
decrease
As blood flows from the inferior vena cava all the way to the ascending aorta, its bicarbonate levels will:
decrease
As blood flows from the radial artery to the radial vein, the partial pressure of oxygen in that blood will:
decrease
As blood moves from the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary veins, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in that blood will:
decrease
As blood travels from a pulmonary artery to a pulmonary vein, its plasma levels of bicarbonate will:
decrease
As blood travels from the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary veins, its [HCO3-] will:
decrease
As body temperature increases, hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen will:
decrease
As carbon monoxide intake increases, cellular ATP production will:
decrease
As exercise proceeds, the saturation of hemoglobin in the venous blood will:
decrease
As lung fibrosis increases, the efficiency of ventilation will:
decrease
As plasma PCO2 increases, plasma pH will:
decrease
As plasma [epinephrine] increases, resistance to airflow in the bronchioles will:
decrease
As plasma [histamine] increases, bronchiole diameter will:
decrease
As plasma partial pressure of CO2 increases, hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen will:
decrease
As the thickness of the respiratory membrane increases, the rate at which O2 molecules diffuse from alveolar air into capillary blood will:
decrease
As volume increases, pressure will:
decrease
As you travel from the large bronchi to the bronchioles, the number of goblet cells will:
decrease
Breathing in carbon monoxide will cause the body's ability to transport oxygen to:
decrease
Contraction of the diaphragm will cause intrapleural pressure to:
decrease
Decreased compliance will cause tidal volume to:
decrease
During aerobic exercise the saturation of hemoglobin in venous blood will:
decrease
Epinephrine causes resistance in the bronchioles to:
decrease
Forced inhalation will cause the pressure in the thoracic venae cavae to:
decrease
Hypercapnia will cause plasma pH to:
decrease
If ventilation decreases, plasma pH will:
decrease
If ventilation increases, plasma H+ will:
decrease
If ventilation increases, plasma HCO3- will:
decrease
In emphysema, the total surface area of the respiratory membrane will:
decrease
Relaxation of the diaphragm causes thoracic volume to:
decrease
The massive histamine release during anaphylactic shock will result in a(n) _____________ in the alveolar PO2.
decrease
The serratus posterior superior is a muscle that attaches to ribs 2-5 and elevates them when it contracts. Thus, contraction of the serratus posterior superior will cause intrathoracic pressure to...
decrease
To compensate for a rise in plasma pH, respiratory rate will:
decrease
Being an intrepid and intelligent scientist, you've embarked on a series of experiments to determine the physiology of respiration. You've hooked your assistant, Otto, to a machine that monitors respiration rate, PCO2, PO2, and pH. Your first experiment was to inject lactic acid into Otto's bloodstream. You would expect his plasma pH to ________________ and his respiration rate to ________________.In your second experiment, you forced Otto to breathe in pure carbon dioxide. You noticed that his tissue PO2 _________________________ and his plasma pH _______________________. n your final experiment, you gave Otto a chemical (Acetazolamide) that prevented carbonic anhydrase from working. You noticed that in response to this, his plasma PCO2 _______________________.
decrease increase decrease decrease increase
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately a. 40 mmHg b. 45 mmHg c. 50 mmHg d. 70 mmHg e. 100 mmHg
e. 100 mmHg
Pulmonary surfactant: a. Prevents alveolar collapse b. Reduces alveolar surface tension c. Increases lung compliance d. Is secreted by type II alveolar cells e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Which of the following is TRUE? a. Pneumothorax can result in atalectasis b. Hemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen c. The majority of CO2 in the blood is in the form of HCO3 - d. The chloride shift refers to the exchange of HCO3 - and Cl- between an RBC and the plasma e. All of the above
e. All of the above
A rise in blood PCO2 causes all of the following EXCEPT: a. An increase in the H+ concentration b. A rise in bicarbonate concentration c. A rise in the concentration of carbaminohemoglobin d. A decrease in pH e. An increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
e. An increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
The majority of CO2 is transported in the blood stream... a. As carbon monoxide b. Attached to the outer surface of RBCs c. Attached to the inner surface of RBCs d. Attached to hemog
e. As bicarbonate
Infant respiratory distress syndrome is a common disorder affecting 10% of premature infants. In this disorder, alveoli are unable to expand and remain open after inspiration. A deficiency of __________________ could cause this to occur. a. Surfactant b. Mature functional type II alveolar cells c. Mature functional type I alveolar cells d. Alveolar macrophages e. Both A and B
e. Both A and B
. Which of the following is the most SUPERIOR? a. Lung hilus b. Sigmoid colon c. Esophageal hiatus d. Gastric pits e. Carina
e. Carina
All of the following muscles would contract while trying to blow out a candle EXCEPT: a. Internal intercostals b. Rectus abdominus c. Transverse abdominus d. Latissimus dorsi e. Diaphragm
e. Diaphragm
All of the following are functions of the respiratory system EXCEPT: a. Regulation of plasma pH b. Regulation of plasma [H+] c. Regulation of plasma Pco2 d. Regulation of plasma Po2 e. None of the above
e. None of the above
Which of the following is TRUE? a. The space just superior to the epiglottis is known as the glottis. b. The anterior portion of the hard palate is made of the horizontal plates of the ethmoid bone. c. The entire pharynx is lined by respiratory epithelium d. The nasopharynx contains the palatine tonsil. e. None of the above
e. None of the above
Which of the following muscles contracts during quiet expiration? a. Diaphragm b. Internal intercostals c. External intercostals d. Pectoralis minor e. None of the above
e. None of the above
The nasal cavity is lined by: a. Simple stratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. b. Pseudostratified cuboidal epithelium without goblet cells. c. Pseudociliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells d. Semistratified columnar epithelium with cilia. e. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
e. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
John breathed in a molecule of helium gas. As it traveled towards his alveoli, which of the following would it pass LAST? a. Lobar bronchus b. Segmental bronchus c. Trachea d. Glottis e. Terminal bronchiole
e. Terminal bronchiole
The smallest airways in the conducting zone are the: a. Pharynxes b. Alveolar ducts c. Pulmonary capillaries d. Bronchi e. Terminal bronchioles
e. Terminal bronchioles
Consider the following statement: All laryngeal cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage. Which of the following is correct? a. The statement is true b. The statement is false because the thyroid cartilage is elastic cartilage c. The statement is false because the cricoid cartilage is fibrocartilage d. The statement is false because the glottis is elastic cartilage e. The statement is false because the epiglottis is elastic
e. The statement is false because the epiglottis is elastic
Which of the following is the most INFERIOR? a. Epiglottis b. Cricoid cartilage c. Glottis d. False vocal cords e. True vocal cords
e. True vocal cords
The ____________ covers the glottis during swallowing and is made up of elastic cartilage.
epiglottis
A decrease in blood pressure will cause the rate of respiration to:
increase
A lack of functioning type II alveolar cells would cause alveolar surface tension to:
increase
An increase in plasma PCO2 will cause the activity of pH receptors in the medulla to:
increase
As CSF pH decreases, the rate and depth of breathing will:
increase
As blood flows from the inferior vena cava all the way to the ascending aorta, its bicarbonate levels will:
increase
As blood travels from the right ventricle all the way to the left atrium, the saturation level of hemoglobin will:
increase
As core body temperature decreases, hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen will:
increase
As lung compliance decreases, the plasma [HCO3-] of the pulmonary veins will:
increase
As lung volume decreases, lung pressure will:
increase
As plasma pH increases, hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen will:
increase
As surfactant production decreases, alveolar surface tension will:
increase
As the activity of the ventral respiratory group in the medulla oblongata increases, the amount of air inspired and expired per unit time will:
increase
As the diaphragm and external intercostals relax, intrapulmonary pressure will:
increase
As you travel from the large bronchi to the bronchioles, the percentage of the airway wall that contains smooth muscle will:
increase
At the beginning of expiration, intrapulmonary pressure will:
increase
During an asthma attack, airway resistance will:
increase
In response to metabolic acidosis, respiratory rate will:
increase
Severe constipation will cause plasma pH to:
increase
The serratus posterior inferior is a muscle that attaches to ribs 8-12 and depresses them when it contracts. Thus, contraction of the serratus posterior inferior will cause intrapulmonary pressure to:
increase
When hemoglobin binds a second molecule of oxygen, its affinity for oxygen will:
increase
True vocal chords are necessary for___________.
sound production