respiratory system ch 22
A person with ankyloglossia would likely have difficulty pronouncing the word ______.
"yes" "no" "biology" All of the listed responses are correct All of the listed responses are correct
The deciduous dentition consists of __________ teeth.
20
How many total permanent teeth should an adult have, assuming none have been lost or removed?
32
According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male?
4800 milliliters
Calculate the actual intrapleural pressure if atmospheric pressure is 765 millimeters of mercury, assuming that the subject is at rest (not inhaling or exhaling).
761 millimeters of mercury
Calculate the intrapleural pressure if atmospheric pressure is 765 millimeters of mercury, assuming that the subject is at rest (not inhaling or exhaling).
761 millimeters of mercury
Emphysema can result in an ______.
A) increased level of carbaminohemoglobin B) increased level of deoxyhemoglobin C) increased likelihood of the skin of Caucasians developing a slightly blue coloration D) All of the listed responses are correct. Answer (D) All of the listed responses are correct.
Normally, the lungs function in a fairly high state of compliance. Which of the following could cause lung compliance to be abnormally high or low?
All of the above are correct.
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
Alveoli
_______ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the _______.
CO2; alveoli
Which of the following best describes the chloride shift as seen in the figure?
Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate.
Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2CO2, why is there as much CO2CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2O2, ?
CÓ2 is much more soluble in blood than Ó2
Which statement is correct?
During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2O2 when the partial pressure for O2O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.
Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen in order to prevent acid erosion inside of the chief cells.
F
If Ms. Burton's current problem is related to obstruction of the biliary ducts, which other signs or symptoms would you expect her to develop?
Fatty and gray stools.
What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration?
H+ (hydrogen ions)
Which statement is correct?
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
Which way would O2O2 and CO2CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?
O2O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.
Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur?
Ppul < Patm
To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
T
Which of the following correctly interprets these results?
The location of the gallstone is a problem because it blocks bile from entering the duodenum and forces bile up into the pancreas.
How would the partial pressures of O2O2 and CO2CO2 change in an exercising muscle?
The partial pressure of O2O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2CO2 would increase.
Which of the following statements about the pleurae is NOT true?
The pleurae create one continuous cavity for both lungs.
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law?
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach?
The stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydrates.
What is the benefit of having tonsils at the oral entry to the pharynx?
The tonsils gather and remove many of the pathogens entering the pharynx in food or liquid.
Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement relating to the behavior of gases?
The volume of a gas and the pressure on it are directly proportional. As pressure increases, volume increases.
__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.
Transpulmonary
Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood?
a drop in blood pH
Which of the following would NOT be helpful in identifying the left lung?
a horizontal fissure
Which major process involves the removal of water from intestinal contents?
absorption
Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the respiratory rate?
acidosis
Which of these cells would be most effective in the disposal of inspired microorganisms that may enter the alveoli?
alveolar macrophages
Which of these cells would be most effective in the ingestion and disposal of microorganisms that may enter the alveoli?
alveolar macrophages
Which of the following is/are part(s) of the respiratory zone structures?
alveoli
Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.
an active process; a passive process
Which of these structures is found in the stomach but nowhere else in the alimentary canal?
an oblique muscle layer
Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin?
anemic hypoxia
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?
arterial blood carbon dioxide level
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
Which of the following inhibits salivation?
being stressed or frightened
Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue?
bronchial arteries
Where are the enzymes for digestion of disaccharides and small polypeptides located?
brush border
Which of the following is a source of dietary fiber and promotes timely movement through the colon?
cellulose
What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?
circular folds
Which of the following structures would be the LEAST vulnerable to damage caused by oxygen toxicity?
costal cartilages
Which of these structures forms a complete ring around the airway?
cricoid cartilage
As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) and pH?
decreased pCO2 and increased pH
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?
diaphragm and external intercostals
Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?
dissolved in plasma
In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.
due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells
Chronic bronchitis is a component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, in smokers. What is the other main component of this disease?
emphysema
Which of the following is the innermost layer of the heart?
endocardium
Pancreatic juice does NOT contain __________.
enteropeptidase
What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?
epiglottis
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?
epinephrine
Which of the following processes is NOT properly matched with its description?
external respiration: CO2 diffuses into the blood stream
The breakdown products of which of the following are absorbed into lacteals?
fat
Unitary smooth muscle is found in all hollow organs except for the heart. What structure do both heart muscle and unitary smooth muscle share that allows them to contract as a functional group?
gap junctions
In the small intestine, which of the following enzymes breaks down oligosaccharides?
glucoamylase
Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus?
goblet cell
The __________ circulation drains all of the organs of the digestive system.
hepatic portal
Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?
hepatic portal vein
The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the __________.
hilum
Once released, renin functions to enzymatically split (cleave) circulating angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Where is angiotensinogen made?
in the liver
Which of the following factors benefits pulmonary ventilation by making inspiration easier?
increased secretion of surfactant
An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______.
inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus
During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______.
interstitial fluid
Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?
intrapleural pressure
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?
intrapleural pressure
In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______.
intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?
intrapulmonary pressure
Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment?
intrapulmonary pressure
Hemoglobin
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
The tissue(s) and/or cells that may be affected during laryngitis ______.
is epithelial tissue is connective tissue are ciliated cells All of the listed responses are correct. All of the listed responses are correct.
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
Tracheal obstruction by a large piece of food typically involves obstruction of the ______.
larynx
Which of the following helps to protect against tracheal obstruction.
larynx
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?
lungs will collapse
The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain ______.
lymphocytes
Which of the following is the major process or function that occurs in the stomach?
mechanical breakdown
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
medulla and pons
Which layer of the heart wall contracts and is composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue?
myocardium
Which of the following regions contains the opening of a canal that equalizes pressure in the middle ear?
nasopharynx
Which of the following creates an adhesive force that prevents separation of the parietal and visceral pleurae during ventilation?
negative intrapleural pressure
The palatine tonsils are found in which of the following regions?
oropharynx
Which of the following enzymes is important for the digestion of fat?
pancreatic lipase
Which of these structures is/are NOT properly matched with one of its/their functions?
paranasal sinuses: house olfactory receptors
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?
partial pressure of oxygen
Which of the following enzymes is important for breaking down protein?
pepsin
What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium?
pericardial cavity
What event triggers the opening of the gastroesophageal sphincter?
peristalsis in the esophagus
Viral sinusitis may be caused by a direct extension of an upper respiratory infection involving the __________.
pharynx
Which of the following is an organ shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system?
pharynx
Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve?
phrenic nerve
Which of the following cavities surround(s) the lungs alone?
pleural cavities
Which of the following modifies and smoothes the respiratory pattern?
pontine respiratory centers
The pancreas secretes __________.
procarboxypeptidase
Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine?
production of intrinsic factor
Enzymatic breakdown of which of the following compounds doesn't begin until it reaches the stomach?
proteins
Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs?
pulmonary stretch receptors
Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system?
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
Which area of the stomach adjoins the small intestine?
pylorus
A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration. What acts as the effector(s) in this system?
respiratory muscles
Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?
rising CO2 levels
Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?
rising carbon dioxide levels
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae?
routing air and food into proper channels
What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise?
sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, and other factors
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium
In what portion of the gastrointestinal tract does most salt and water absorption occur?
small intestine
Where does the process of segmentation occur?
small intestine
Which of the following inhibits/reduces the respiratory rate?
stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity?
submucosa
Nasal conchae heat and moisten inhaled air, and reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation.
t
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
t
What serves as the origin for the phrenic nerve?
the cervical plexus
During inhalation,
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
Which force acts against the other two forces?
the elasticity of the chest wall
Which muscles are activated during forced expiration?
the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles
If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased, ______.
the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation
Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange?
the molecular weight of the gas
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breathing through the nose?
the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae
As wastes navigate the large intestine, which features do they pass through, in order?
the right colic, left colic, and sigmoid flexures
After root canal therapy, a tooth may become infected again due to poor dental hygiene. The patient might not seek treatment for this newly infected tooth because ______.
the tooth lacks a nerve that would make the patient perceive pain
What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath?
tidal volume
Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?
tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
During inspiration, the external intercostal muscles can work to increase the volume changes that drive ventilation.
true
Henry's law of partial pressures states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.
true
If your core temperature becomes colder, it is more difficult for oxygen to dissociate with hemoglobin at any PO2.
true
What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm?
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Which of the following initiate(s) inspiration?
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
The _____ is the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs.
visceral peritoneum
The __________ is the serous membrane that covers most digestive organs.
visceral peritoneum
During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed ______.
visceral pleura of the same lung
Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?
water absorption and feces elimination
