Retrieval Practice Chapter 7

With classical conditioning, we learn associations between events we __________________-(do/do not) control. With operant conditioning, we learn associations between our behavior and ____________(resulting/random) event

do not; resulting.

Fill in the blanks with one of the following terms: positive reinforcement (PR), negative reinforcement (NR), positive punishment (PP), or negative punishment (NP). We have provided the first answer (PR) for you. Type of Stimulus Give it Take it Away Desired teen use of car): 1. PR 2. Undesired/Aversive (insult) 3. 4.

1. PR (positive reinforcement); 2. NP (negative punishment); 3. PP (positive punishment); 4. NR (negative reinforcement).

Match the examples (i-v) to the appropriate underlying learning principle (a-e): 1 Knowing the way from your bed to the bathroom in the dark 2. Your little brother getting in a fight after watching a violent action movie 3. Salivating when you smell brownies in the oven 4. Disliking the taste of chili after becoming violently sick a few hours after eating chili 5.Your dog racing to greet you on your arrival home a.Classical conditioning b.Operant conditioning c.Latent learning d. Observational learning e.Biological predispositions

1. c, i2. d, 3. a, 4. e, 5. b.

"Sex sells!" is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product.

A sexual image is a US that triggers a UR of interest or arousal. Before the ad pairs a product with a sexual image, the product is an NS. Over time the product can become a CS that triggers the CR of interest or arousal.

A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, you will get a free appetizer. This is an example of a____________ - __________________schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval

A.

Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if a. their words and actions are consistent. b. they have outgoing personalities. c. one parent works and the other stays home to care for the children. d. they carefully explain why a behavior is acceptable in adults but not in children.

A.

After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a furry coat. This illustrates a. extinction. b. generalization. c. spontaneous recovery. d. discrimination between two stimuli.

B

Your dog is barking so loudly that it's making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, "I'll have to do that when he barks again." The end of the barking was for you a a. positive reinforcer. b. negative reinforcer. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

B

A medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a a. primary reinforcer. b. negative reinforcer. c. punisher. d.positive reinforcer.

C

Most experts agree that repeated viewing of media violence a. makes all viewers significantly more aggressive. b. has little effect on viewers. c. is a risk factor for viewers' increased aggression. d. makes viewers angry and frustrated.

C

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates _______________ , and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates _____________________ . a. two or more responses; a response and its consequence b. two or more stimuli; two or more responses c. two or more stimuli; a response and its consequence d. two or more responses; two or more stimuli

C

Emily's parents and older friends all drive over the speed limit, but they advise her not to. Hannah's parents and friends drive within the speed limit, but they say nothing to deter her from speeding. Will Emily or Hannah be more likely to speed?

Emily may be more likely to speed. Observational learning studies suggest that children tend to do as others do and say what they say.

How did Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies help disprove Gregory Kimble's early claim that "just about any activity of which the organism is capable can be conditioned ... to any stimulus that the organism can perceive"

Garcia and Koelling demonstrated that rats may learn an aversion to tastes, on which their survival depends, but not to sights or sounds.

Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee, so hard to break?

Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and, as a result, learn associations—often without our awareness. For example, we may have eaten a sweet pastry with a cup of coffee often enough to associate the flavor of the coffee with the treat, so that the cup of coffee alone just doesn't seem right anymore!

Joslyn constantly misbehaves at preschool even though her teacher scolds her repeatedly. Why does Joslyn's misbehavior continue, and what can her teacher do to stop it?

If Joslyn is seeking attention, the teacher's scolding may be reinforcing rather than punishing. To change Joslyn's behavior, her teacher could offer reinforcement (such as praise) each time she behaves well. The teacher might encourage Joslyn toward increasingly appropriate behavior through shaping, or by rephrasing rules as rewards instead of punishments. ("You can use the blocks if you play nicely with the other children" [reward] rather than "You may not use the blocks if you misbehave!" [punishment].)

Companies often pay to make their products visible in popular movies—such as when admired actors drink certain beverages. Based on classical conditioning principles, what might be an effect of this pairing?

If viewing an admired actor (a US) elicits a positive response (a UR), then pairing the US with a new NS (the beverage) could turn the beverage into a conditioned stimulus (CS) that also becomes positive, a conditioned response (CR).

Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of ______________

discrimination.

Some scientists believe that the brain has ______________neurons that enable empathy and imitation.

Mirror

An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff that causes your eye to blink. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?

NS = tone before conditioning; US = air puff; UR = blink to air puff; CS = tone after conditioning; CR = blink to tone.

One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as the organism gets closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called __________________

Shaping

Thorndike's law of effect was the basis for _____________ 's work on operant conditioning and behavior control.

Skinner.

People who send spam email are reinforced by which schedule? Home bakers checking the oven to see if the cookies are done are reinforced on which schedule? Sandwich shops that offer a free sandwich after every 10 purchased are using which reinforcement schedule?

Spammers are reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule (after sending a varying number of emails). Cookie checkers are reinforced on a fixed-interval schedule. Sandwich shop rewards programs use a fixed-ratio schedule.

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, "Little Albert" learned to fear a white rat after repeatedly experiencing a loud noise as the rat was presented. In these experiments, what was the US? The UR? The NS? The CS? The CR?

The US was the loud noise; the UR was the fear response to the noise; the NS was the rat before it was paired with the noise; the CS was the rat after pairing; the CR was fear of the rat.

How is operant conditioning at work in this cartoon?

The baby negatively reinforces her parents' behavior when she stops crying once they grant her wish. Her parents positively reinforce her cries by letting her sleep with them.

If the aroma of a baking cake sets your mouth to watering, what is the US? The CS? The CR?

The cake (including its taste) is the US. The associated aroma is the CS. Salivation to the aroma is the CR.

Instinctive drift and latent learning are examples of what important idea?

The success of operant conditioning is affected not just by environmental cues, but also by biological and cognitive factors.

Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. Which of Darwin's principles does this support?

This finding supports Darwin's principle that natural selection favors traits that aid survival.

How could your psychology instructor use negative reinforcement to encourage your attentive behavior during class

Your instructor could reinforce your attentive behavior by taking away something you dislike. For example, your instructor could offer to shorten the length of an assigned paper or replace standard lecture time with an interesting in-class activity. In both cases, the instructor would remove something aversive in order to negatively reinforce your focused attention.

The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called ________________ . When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called ________________

acquisition; extinction.

Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats running a maze develop a__________________ __________________ of the maze.

cognitive map

In Pavlov's experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n) _______________stimulus.

conditioned.

What conditioning principle is influencing the snail's affections?

generalization.

Learning is defined as "the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring _______________ or ________________________."

information; behaviors.

Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated ___________________ _____________________

latent learning

Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called _________________ _________________

observational learning

Reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called ____________________ reinforcement.

partial (intermittent).

Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a(n) _____________ behavior; pressing a bar to obtain food is a(n) _______________behavior.

respondent; operant.

Garcia and Koelling's ____________ -_______________ studies showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not immediately follow the neutral

taste-aversion

The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a_________________ -________________ schedule.

variable-interval.

According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience ___________________ reinforcement or _______________ punishment.

vicarious; vicarious