Revel Ch. 6

Drug dealers, thieves, and loan sharks are examples of individuals who use __________ to gain success. illegitimate opportunity structures strain theory control theory white-collar crime structures

illegitimate opportunity structures

Juan is a Mexican citizen who, with a large group of men, has begun to fight back against the drug cartels because the police have become ineffective. He and the rest of his group are known as what? heroes villains criminals vigilantes

vigilantes

Social changes have provided women with __________. fewer institutional means of success greater boundaries to overcome more opportunities to commit crimes anomie

more opportunities to commit crimes

A group's system of formal and informal means of enforcing norms is called __________. neutralization social control social order deviance

social control

What is the term used to describe a group's customary social arrangements? social order sanctions differential association social control

social order

Emile Durkheim said that deviance contributes to social order in which way? Deviance allows for the use of neutralization techniques. Deviance explains the associations we make in order to conform. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms. Deviance places labels on subcultures.

Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

Three-strikes laws were enacted to keep repeat offenders off the streets and in prison. What was an unintended consequence of these laws? Drug use among teenagers decreased because of the possibility of receiving a life sentence. Nonviolent offenders were given extreme sentences for minor crimes. The laws were disproportionately applied to minorities and women. Violent crime rates soared in reaction to the changes.

Nonviolent offenders were given extreme sentences for minor crimes.

The United States has only 5% of the world's population, but __________ of the world's prison population. 25% 30% 20% 15%

25%

What caused the U.S. Supreme Court to determine the death penalty to be unconstitutional in 1972? Current methods of execution were causing severe pain to the men before their deaths. The U.S.Supreme Court was under pressure from the president to make capital punishment illegal. Women were being executed at a much higher rate than men. African American men were being executed at a higher rate than white men because of ethnic-racial biases.

African American men were being executed at a higher rate than white men because of ethnic-racial biases.

Which of the following identifies the relationship between society and deviance? We prefer to live in a society where people behave in individual ways. Deviance must always be challenged by bureaucracy. Society is unaffected by deviance. Because we rely on the stability of social arrangements, deviance is penalized and resisted.

Because we rely on the stability of social arrangements, deviance is penalized and resisted.

In the United States, taking something that does not belong to you is considered __________ behavior. conforming acceptable deviant useful

Deviant

What is done in order to keep the status quo for the privileged classes? Small crimes committed by the underclass are often not prosecuted. Individuals with documented mental illnesses are not punished. The working class is punished for the crimes of the privileged classes. Flagrant crimes committed by the privileged classes are occasionally prosecuted.

Flagrant crimes committed by the privileged classes are occasionally prosecuted.

Sociobiologists would agree with which of the following statements? People with certain characteristics have been more likely to survive than people with different characteristics. There are distinct personality types and disorders that encourage a person to engage in deviant behaviors. Our genetic programming completely determines whether or not we are destined to be deviant. The social location of an individual has a huge impact on whether or not a person will be deviant.

People with certain characteristics have been more likely to survive than people with different characteristics.

What do conflict theorists conclude about the criminal justice system? The criminal justice system is biased against the power elite. The criminal justice system sets harsh penalties for crimes committed by the poor and underclass so that the elite can stay in power. The criminal justice system sets harsher penalties for white-collar and corporate crime. The criminal justice system provides impartial justice to everyone in society, regardless of class.

The criminal justice system sets harsh penalties for crimes committed by the poor and underclass so that the elite can stay in power.

Why are some neighborhoods ambivalent toward gangs? While residents fear the violence, some gangs provide better protection than the police. Gangs produce anomie, allowing gang members to improve themselves. The presence of gangs allows children who are not gang members to stand out and become successful. Gangs offer institutionalized means of success.

While residents fear the violence, some gangs provide better protection than the police.

What is a major difference between street crimes and white-collar crimes? White-collar criminals are sentenced to longer prison sentences. White-collar crime has no victims. Street crime is decreasing while white-collar crime is increasing. White-collar crime is taken less seriously.

White-collar crime is taken less seriously.

According to strain theory, individuals who are not able to reach their goals experience __________. labeling anomie conformity a lack of control

anomie

Which of the following is an example of a stigma? driving over the speed limit working as a teacher in a prison being confined to a wheelchair stealing a woman's purse

being confined to a wheelchair

Which of the following may reduce the likelihood of receiving the death penalty? being of a higher social class being older being male being shorter

being of a higher social class

What theory is a researcher interested in if she is hoping to learn more about the balance between the pressures to conform and to deviate? social learning theory control theory differential association theory labeling theory

control theory

Because of police discretion __________. the likelihood of vigilante justice decreases middle- and upper-class teenagers are arrested more often than lower-class teenagers the likelihood of vigilante justice increases crime rates will appear lower because fewer reports are filed

crime rates will appear lower because fewer reports are filed

Eddie threw eggs at his neighbor's window. After getting caught, he stated that the neighbor deserved it for not allowing Eddie to use her swimming pool. This is an example of which technique of neutralization? condemnation of condemners denial of responsibility denial of a victim appeal to higher loyalties

denial of a victim

What is considered deviant in one culture may not be considered deviant in another culture because __________. social control affects individuals differently deviance is a legal definition, and deviant behaviors are only those that are illegal in that culture some cultures refuse to label individuals different cultures have different norms

different cultures have different norms

According to __________ theory, people base their behaviors in regard to deviance and conformity on the groups they interact with. conflict theory functionalism differential association control

differential association

African American men are ___________. less likely to be in jail or prison than white men just as likely to be in jail or prison as Latinos disproportionately imprisoned less likely to be in jail than Latinos

disproportionately imprisoned

Outlaw bikers are an example of a subculture that __________. uses neutralization techniques to hide their deviance embraces the deviant labels placed on them employs control theory to get others to do what they want has worked hard to eliminate the negative labels associated with motorcycle ownership

embraces the deviant labels placed on them

What is one group that has a large impact on people, according to differential association theory? family elected officials celebrities coworkers

family

What are the two control systems that work against our motivations to deviance, according to control theory? inner controls and outer controls deviance and conformity private controls and public controls labels and stigmas

inner controls and outer controls

Dana learned at an early age that money is everything. She now runs a successful money-laundering business. What deviant path is Dana following? rebellion retreatism ritualism innovation

innovation

After being released from prison, individuals often have a hard time finding __________, and return to a life of crime. anomie cultural goals to success differential associations institutionalized means to success

institutionalized means to success

According to Thomas Szasz, a person who commits crimes does so because of __________. mental illness learned behaviors anomie peer pressure

learned behaviors

According to psychologists, deviant behaviors are a result of __________. physical problems recidivism problem behaviors mental problems

mental problems

Examples of street crimes include __________. mugging and rape embezzling investors' finances polluting the rivers educators faking SAT scores for a school

mugging and rape

Moviegoers will frown at and give dirty looks to loud children and their parents. This is an example of a __________. positive sanction social controller norm negative sanction

negative sanction

In contrast to other approaches to explaining deviance, psychologists focus their explanations for deviance on ___________. genetic mutations group influences socialization patterns personality disorders

personality disorders

Which of these are the major components of the criminal justice system? subgroups and countercultures mental hospitals and prisons police and criminals police, courts, and prisons

police, courts, and prisons

The majority of prison inmates come from which social class? elite middle class working class poor and underclass

poor and underclass

Which of the following is an example of shaming? requiring a woman to write a public apology after defaming her husband and post it on the Internet ordering a traffic violator to pay a fine sending a man convicted of domestic violence to anger management counseling revoking the license of a repeat DUI offender

requiring a woman to write a public apology after defaming her husband and post it on the Internet

What does labeling theory focus on? use of shaming to strengthen internal controls effects of group membership on decision making denial of responsibility significance of reputations

significance of reputations

Rogan believes that people have a predetermined disposition for violence. He most likely favors which type of explanation for deviance? psychological sociological sociobiological anthropological

sociobiological

Which of the following are most likely to look for social influences that "recruit" people to break norms? sociobiologists sociologists economists psychologists

sociologists

Powerful elites who commit crimes are most likely to appear before agencies such as ____________. a civil court the Federal Trade Commission The FBI the Supreme Court

the Federal Trade Commission

According to conflict theorists, __________ is a tool used by the powerful members of society to preserve their power and privilege. illegitimate opportunity structure the probation system the criminal justice system innovation

the criminal justice system

The level of a negative sanction you might give to someone will depend on ___________. the group's social order the norm being broken and your perspective the norm being broken your matching norms and sanctions correctly

the norm being broken and your perspective

Researchers use __________ to determine whether programs are effective at reducing repeat offending. strain theory capital punishment the institutionalized means the recidivism rate

the recidivism rate