Review Chapter Management

72. Randall wants to put more variety into his assistant's job by combining specialized tasks of about the same level of difficulty. This is

C. job enlargement.

21. ______ is not a content theory of motivation.

D. Expectancy theory

49. Pat and Chris are both computer programmers, but Pat earns more money than Chris. However, Chris perceives an equitable relationship because Pat

A. has more education and experience.

47. Brian has a Master's degree in electrical engineering and brings 10 years of experience to his current job. He puts in long hours of hard work. Brian receives a salary of $75,000, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks of paid vacation every year. From Brian's perspective, which of the following is an input in the individual-organization exchange relationship?

A. his Master's degree in electrical engineering

62. Otto wants to develop a program to increase employee productivity. He suggests doubling each employee's production quota and providing a 2 percent bonus for meeting these expectations. According to expectancy theory, what result can Otto expect?

B. Employee efforts will probably decrease.

18. _____________ results when an individual gains satisfaction and self-praise from an assignment

B. Intrinsic motivation

31. Gerry, one of your subordinates, seems to care so much about being liked that he rarely states strong opinions in meetings of your department. Based on this, Gerry probably has a

C. strong need for affiliation.

76. Ellen has worked on a project to market a new medication from beginning to end—advertising, packaging, etc. The design program wins an award. Ellen's _____ is high.

C. task identity

78. The idea behind the job characteristics model is that

E. core job characteristics lead to critical psychological states.

39. Nathan plans on applying Herzberg's theory to motivate employees. As such, the first step should be to

E. eliminate sources of dissatisfaction.

70. Of the approaches to job design, _______ is the most recently evolved and attempts to merge earlier perspectives. A. job enlargement

E. i-deals

. Mari has been out of work for eight months and is worried about providing for her family. She takes a job at a fast-food restaurant, even though the position is a step down from her previous job. According to Maslow's theory, Mari is motivated by ____ needs.

E. physiological

25. In Maslow's needs hierarchy theory, _______ is the lowest level and __________ is the highest level

E. physiological; self-actualization

37. Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor?

E. recognition

30. In McClelland's acquired needs theory,

E. we learn needs as we live our lives.

42. A(n) ______ theory attempts to describe how various person and environmental factors affect motivation.

B. process

22. At Cornet Company, employees and teams had higher performance, greater job satisfaction, and increased organizational commitment when their managers showed ________ behaviors.

B. Theory Y

Marion will receive a promotion and a raise if she completes a difficult assignment. This is an example of

A. extrinsic motivation.

56. Of the following, ______ is the most closely aligned with employees' perceptions of procedural justice.

A. job performance

74. Job enrichment is based on the _________ theory of job satisfaction.

A. motivator-hygiene

61. "How much do I value the rewards I receive?" This question addresses A. our valance.

A. our valance.

32. Victor seems to want to control others and often manipulates people for his own gratification. He exhibits the need for

A. personal power.

71. In _________ job design, managers change employees' tasks with the intent of increasing motivation and productivity.

A. top-down

79. __________ is defined as the physical and cognitive changes individuals make in the task or relational boundaries of their work

B. Job crafting

77. Fiona was telling her friend about the freedom and discretion given to her in scheduling and deciding the procedures used to complete the tasks assigned to her. Which of the following job characteristics was she talking about?

B. autonomy

58. __________ are the three elements of expectancy theory.

C. Expectancy, instrumentality, and valence

68. Which of the following statements about goals and goal setting is not true?

C. Goals should be set at a level just beyond reachable "stretch" goals

60. __________ is how an individual perceives the movement from performance to outcome. A. An expectancy

C. Instrumentality

54. Professor Jones learns that faculty members in another college with the same degree, years of teaching experience, and publication record are making significantly more money than he is. He considers this unfair. He is reacting to ______ justice.

C. distributive

63. An expectancy of zero means that the person

C. does not feel confident in his or her ability to do the job.

36. Inez was content with her job at Pieces Packaging until the company added two levels of supervision, lowered bonuses, and decreased breaks. Her current dissatisfaction reflects ______ factors.

C. hygiene

34. _________ theory assumes that competency, autonomy, and relatedness influence our behavior and well-being.

B. Self-determination

33. Manuel wanted friendly and close interpersonal relationships with his colleagues. According to McClelland's need theory, this desire is known as a need for

C. affiliation.

45. The three key elements of equity theory are outputs, inputs, and a(n)

C. comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs.

50. Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn't put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour for lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Chuck has decided to

B. decrease his inputs.

27. The need for prestige and reputation is part of the need for A. love.

B. esteem.

40. Ted was dissatisfied with his job. He said that the company policy, supervision, and working conditions were responsible for his dissatisfaction. According to Frederick Herzberg's theory, ________ are the extrinsic factors that create job dissatisfaction.

B. hygiene factors

75. The goal of the job characteristics model is to

B. increase intrinsic motivation in jobs.

80. In XYZ hospital, members of the cleaning staff have begun to actively care for patients and their families. This is an example of

B. job crafting.

73. A firm trained its customer service representatives who handled telephone inquiries to handle walk-in customers as well. The firm engaged in

B. job enlargement.

65. Tamara has been putting in a lot of overtime. Her supervisor keeps telling her that she will be rewarded. To date, Tamara has seen no change in her status or pay. This reflects a A. high valance.

B. low instrumentality.

55. Of the following, which is the most closely aligned with employees' perceptions of distributive justice? A. organizational citizenship behavior

B. organizational commitment

46. Bettina will experience _______ if her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant comparison person.

B. positive inequity

52. The perceived fairness of the processes used to make allocation decisions is called ______ justice.

B. procedural

57. __________ theory holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes. A. Equity

C. Expectancy

__________ states that motivation is a function of five basic needs that are met sequentially

C. Maslow's need hierarchy theory

38. ________ theory focuses on the needs that drive intrinsic motivation, which is longer lasting and has a more positive impact on task performance than extrinsic motivation.

C. Self-determination

23. According to _________, the typical perspective held by managers is that employees dislike work, must be monitored, and can be motivated only with rewards and punishment ("carrots and sticks").

C. Theory X

19. The two general categories of motivation theories are

C. content and process.

______ refers to the amount of effort that we invest in an activity.

D. Intensity

35. ABC Company recently held a company picnic. _________ theory would suggest that this kind of event is good because it increases employees' ________.

D. Self-determination; relatedness

69. Carol is a recent high-school graduate with an excellent grade point average. After much thought, she decides to pursue a graduate degree in physics after she finishes her undergraduate degree and eventually become a professor. To attain this goal, she realizes that she must first study hard and do well in her undergraduate classes, then take the graduate entrance exam and apply to the best graduate programs in her field. Along the way, she wants to obtain an internship, as this will help her get into a quality graduate program. Which motivational mechanism of the goal-setting process does this scenario demonstrate?

D. fostering strategies and action plans

66. To enhance a worker's expectancy, a manager could

D. give feedback and coach the employee.

51. Pam is attempting to reduce her inequity at work by attending night school for further job training. In other words, she is trying to

D. increase her inputs.

29. As the mother of two small children, Jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum-wage job. After paying rent and child care expenses, there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the month to pay the heating bill. More than once the family has gone without warmth on cold nights, and she and the kids have gone to bed hungry. Which of the five basic needs is Jen struggling to meet?

D. physiological

53. Interactional justice is defined as the perceived fairness of

D. the quality of interpersonal treatment received.

41. Which of the following is not a process theory of motivation?

A. acquired needs

64. A low valence means that the person

A. does not value the outcomes.

59. Don believes that if he works hard and attends every class, he will get an A in his OB course. This belief is called a(n) A. expectancy.

A. expectancy.

Peter offers his manager some suggestions for a new holiday display. His manager shrugs his shoulders and tells Peter that the display is all set. Then Sarah approaches the manager with an idea for the display, and the manager tells her that it's a great idea. ______ theory is the model of motivation that explains how Peter is striving for fairness and justice.

A. Equity

26. Marcy left a large Fortune 500 company to go to a small start-up technology firm. Earlier in her career, Marcy wanted a high salary and corporate position, but now she wants something different. She wants to be part of something that will grow and she enjoys the flexibility a small firm offers. In addition, she is involved in decision making, so she almost feels like it's her own company. These differing needs represent steps in

A. Maslow's need hierarchy.

20. "What are the different needs that activate motivation's direction, intensity, and persistence?" This statement reflects which theories of motivation?

A. content

67. Ken recently completed his MBA degree. He has received two job offers. Which of the following theories is most useful in predicting the choice that Ken will make?

A. expectancy theory

48. Claire has a law degree and brings five years of experience to her current job. She bills more client hours than any other associate. Claire receives a salary of $125,000, a bonus, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks paid vacation per year. From Claire's perspective, which of the following is an output of the individual-organization exchange relationship?

C. two weeks paid vacation

44. Wayne is on the production line for Medical Services Inc. He has been there for five years and has won Employee of the Month more than anyone else. Zander, his coworker, who has only been at Medical Services three years and hasn't even been nominated for Employee of the Month, just received a promotion. Wayne perceives a

E. negative inequity.