REVIEW FOR RELIGION CHAPTER 6/7

What is the name of the Church council that established many reforms shaping the Catholic Church for 500 years. A) Vatican II B) Trent C) Lepanto D) Rome

B)Trent

Pilgrimage of Grace

Catholic uprising in England in 1569 that tried to restore the Catholic religion, drive Protestant leadership from London, and acknowledge Mary Stuart as England's rightful heir

Tilma

Cloak worn by Indians in Mexico. It was on his tilma that Our Lady of Guadalupe left her image to St. Juan Diego

De Propaganda Fide

Congregation founded by Pope Gregory XV to promote and establish apostolic missions

Which Protestant leader was named "Defender of the Faith" by the Pope before his rejection of the Church? A) Luther B) Calvin C) Zwingli D) Henry VIII

D) Henry VIII

This text written by John Calvin established Protestant theology and clarified some of the solae. A) De propaganda Fide B) Sola Scriptura C) 39 Articles D) Institutes of the Christian Religion

D) Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvinism DIFFERS from Lutheran theology in which respect? A) Equality of all believers B) Sola Fide C) Sola Scriptura D) Irresistible Grace

D) Irresistible Grace

Which Dominican Friar angered many in the Holy Roman Empire by selling indulgences to raise money. A) Von Eck B) Cardinal Cajetan C) Frederick III D) Johann Tetzel

D) Johann Tetzel

Which Text of the New Testament did Luther reject after his translation of the works from Greek to German A) Letter of Paul to the Romans B) Letter of Paul to Philemon C) Letter of Paul to the Corinthians D) Letter of James

D) Letter of James

A doctrine suggesting salvation depended solely on God's decision; those who are saved (the elect) are chosen by God through no effort of their own. God also chooses others to be damned. A) Sola Fide B) Sola Scriptura C) Consubstantiation D) Predestination E) None of the above

D) Predestination

Habit of imagining a sin when there is not or is not grave A) Bonzes B) Stadtholder C) Tilma D) Scrupulosity

D) Scrupulosity

This english chancellor defied his former student, Henry VIII, and refused to acknowledge his claim to be head of the Church in England, insisting instead on one holy, Catholic, and apostolic Church. A) Ignatius of Loyola B) Edmund Campion C) Phillip Neri D) Thomas More

D) Thomas More

The chance of the substance of the bread and wine into the Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity of Christ with only the accidents of bread and wine remaining. A) Consubstantiation B) Symbolic Literalism C) Alchemy D) Transubstantiation E) Agape Meal

D) Transubstantiation

This council, a product of the Catholic counter-reformation, instituted many of the reforms to purify the Church and shape its formation for centuries. A) Vatican I B) Vatican II C) Chalcedon D) Trent E) None of the above

D) Trent

Catholic reform led to which change in lifestyle for new priests A) literacy B) care for the poor and sick C) live in parish D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Lutheran theology rejects which element of Catholic theology? A) Good works B) Sacraments C) Hierarchy D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Which reform did the council of Trent NOT institute A) Outlawed sale of Indulgences B) established seminaries C) affirmed 7 sacraments D) declared the Guttenberg Bible the only acceptable Biblical text

D) declared the Guttenberg Bible the only acceptable Biblical text

What delayed the spread of the Faith in Africa?

Disease, reprisals over slave trade, hostile Muslims, and jealous pagan priests delayed the spread of the faith in Africa.

First Covenant

Document drawn up and signed by Scottish lords that adopted a Calvinist profession of faith and abolished the power of the pope, establishing Presbyterianism in Scotland

Spiritual Exercises

During a year of intense prayer, St. Ignatius was inspired to write this guide for spiritual perfection, which is divided into reflections and meditations meant to help the believer emulate Christ.

Spanish Fury

During the occupation of the Low Countries by Phillip II's forces, the Spanish army mutinied after not having received pay. During the subsequent rampage, these Spanish troops pillaged and murdered over six thousand people in Antwerp.

Act of Succession

Made Catherine's child, Mary, ineligible for the throne

Act of supremacy

Made the English monarch the head of the Church of England

What was the direct result of Mary's appearance?

Mary's image appeared on his cloak and this convinced the priest to allow the building of a Church in Mary's honor.

Who carried on evangelization in India, and how did he do it?

Robert de Nobil carried on evangelization in India. He did this by studying the caste system to show Christians they could understand.

Describe the distinctive approach of scientific rationalism to the pursuit of knowledge. Demonstrate how even faithful thinkers like Descartes, Bacon, or Galileo differ from Augustine and Aquinas. Specifically highlight the inductive and deductive approaches of human reason to the truth.

Scientific rationalism: -the view that regards human reason as the main reason in discovering knowledge and determining what is correct. -took precedence over faith -reason became the guiding principle of this new philosophy Pursuit of knowledge: -achieving knowledge -could help correct all problems in society Thomas Aquinas: -believes we should use faith and reason to go about life -believes there is an ultimate good -cosmological proofs-study of the universe -he believes that no matter what we do we won't understand who God is Descartes: -wants to find out of there is a God or who it is **ADD MORE**

Sola Scriptura

"Scripture alone." It is the belief that all man needs for salvation is the Bible. This is a tenet for most Protestants.

Society of Jesus

- Founded by St. Ignacius Loyola - Wrote Spiritual Exercises laying out his ideas on faith - received papal approval to begin the new order Three key aspects: - Militaristic metaphors: they were the crusaders against the reformation - Missionary zeal: they were the missionaries who brought the gospel to Asia and the New world - Great educators: first to educate Jesuits then everyone else

Sola gratia

- Grace alone - held that every good action is a direct result of God's saving grace since it is beyond human capacity to do good. - Luther abandoned the idea the idea that people can freely choose to do good

Martin Luther and his 95 theses

- He made a breakthrough while writing it and it was "salvation through faith, not by works" - did not believe that grace could be achieved through acts or works, but was a gift freely given - ignores free will and our choice to choose the gift God gives - Nailed his 95 theses that talked about issues with the church in Wittenberg in 1517.

Reformed clergy

- Influenced by the new piety all clergy were encouraged to: - Be spiritual leaders - reside in the parish/diocese - care for the poor and sick - be literate

Luthers 3 tenants

- Justification by faith alone: your goodness is from faith alone. From God's goodness, not your good works - The faith in God's mercy that one needed to achieve salvation came only through the study of Scripture: real point of faith comes from the Bible and not from the pope - Equality of all believers: all who achieved saving were equal.

Protestant Reformation

- Luther genuinely aimed to reform the Catholic Church and was considered first generation protester - Zwingli and everyone following him were the second generation protesters THEIR GOALS: - Creating new churches and doctrine - how to govern a church system without a hierarchy - How to institute discipline - how to navigate the relationship between believers and civil authorities

New piety

- Preached living a simple Christian life of asceticism - important clergy affected by the new piety and person spirituality: Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros and Bishop Gian Matteo Giberti

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

- The Church's response Major reforms: - Change in piety - New and reformed spiritual orders - reformed clergy - baroque art

New spiritual orders

- Theatines - Capuchins - Oratorians - Mystics: St. Theresa of Avila and St. John of the Cross - Ursulines - Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

Some challenges to the Church

- They used schools to train clergymen - the central idea that Christians must live the perfect life led to much anxiety and spiritual hardship in figuring out who would be going to heaven.

CALVIN'S TULIP

- Total Depravity- Everyone is a sinner - Unconditional election- no matter what you do, it won't affect anything. Being in the elect is based on God's will - Limited atonement- those who are not in the elect will not be saved - Irresistible grace- you can't deny/reject what you have been elected - Perseverance of the Saints- you can't be unelected, so if you make a mistake it is okay

John Calvin in Geneva

- did not believe God was all-knowing because if he was, he would know what someone would say or do. - he wrote the institutes of the Christian Religion - Ruled in a theocracy in Geneva and led the reformation there. - created calvinism

Why are people attracted to Lutheranism?

- princes were because they now had authority since the pope was kicked out. Money from taxes were now sent to the princes - city dwellers because Lutheranism established the primacy of civil officials over the clergy. - Women were because they it spreads the message of equality.

Zwingli's beliefs

- the Church had to recover its original purity which he saw as corrupted by the clergy and papacy. - Equality of all believers !! - justification by faith alone (sola fide) - the Gospel suffices as authority for all church practice - Denied transubstantiation !

Which saint founded the Society of Jesus? A) Ignatius of Loyola B)Edmund Campion C) Jane de Chantal D) Phillip Neri E) None of the Above

A) Ignatius of Loyola

What is the name of the Augustinian monk that rejected Papal authority, selling of indulgences and most of the seven sacraments in Germany? A) Luther B) Calvin C) Zwingli D) Henry VIII E) none of the above

A) Luther

What idea led Martin Luther to claim that all of creation is incapable of redemption through good works? A) Original sin B) Indulgences C) Nepotism D) None of the above

A) Original Sin

All the major Protestant figures in the unit disagree on specific theological claims, but agree on which following point? A) Rejection of Roman Catholic Authority B) Rejection of all sacraments C) Rejection of priesthood D) Rejection of marriage E) None of the above

A) Rejection of Roman Catholic Authority

What piece of English law made Henry VIII's daughter Mary ineligible to rule because of her Catholic faith A) Act of supremacy B) Act of Succession C) First Covenant D) De Propaganda Fide

B) Act of Succession

Luther believed that the world was so fallen that people would be saved by: A) works alone B) Faith alone C) Faith and works D) None of the above

B) Faith alone

Document in Scotland adopting Calvinism/Presbyterianism and abolishing the power of the Pope in Scotland. A) Augsburg Confession B) First Covenant C) Act of Supremacy D) 39 Articles

B) First Covenant

Which Roman Catholic saint and neighbor of Protestant Calvinists faithfully converted many to the Church? A) Francis of Assisi B) Francis de Sales C) Teresa of Avila D) John of the Cross

B) Francis de Sales

The printing press and the widespread publishing of THIS TEXT was a contributing factor of the Protestant Reformation. A) Institutes of the Christian Religion B) Holy Bible C) First Covenant D) Act of Supremacy

B) Holy Bible

In which country did feudal warlords suppress Christian missionaries and persecute converts? A) Italy B) Japan C) Spain D) Dominican Republic

B) Japan

Which saint founded many missions in present day California? A) Francis Xavier B) Junipero Serra C) Juan Diego D) None of the Above

B) Junipero Serra

After the appearance of this apparition of the Blessed Mother nine million people converted to the Catholic Faith in the newly established missions. A) Our Lady of Lourdes B) Our Lady of Guadalupe C) Our Lady of Loreto D) Our Lady of Knock

B) Our Lady of Guadalupe

Catholic uprising in England that attempted to seat Mary Stuart on the throne and reverse the Protestant takeover of England A) De Propaganda Fide B) Pilgrimage of Grace C) Spiritual Exercises D) Stadtholder

B) Pilgrimage of Grace

Belief that all a person needs for salvation is the Bible. A) Sola Fide B) Sola Scriptura C) Sola Gratia D) Solo Christo

B) Sola Scriptura

Ignatius of Loyola wrote which spiritual classic still used in part by religious retreats and leaders in the Catholic Church today? A) De Propaganda Fide B) Spiritual Exercises C) First Covenant D) Pilgrimage of Grace

B) Spiritual Exercises

What were some obstacles faced by the missionaries?

Some obstacles include: climate, language, conflict, bad settlers

What problems might a population educated in the ideas of humanism or scholasticism have posed to the Church or state of that era?

Some people (poor) may form ideas that oppose the Church and would want to reform it.

Transubstantiation

The change of the substance of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ with only the accidents (properties) of bread and wine remaining

Nepotism

The concentration of power in one family

Scrupulosity

The habit of imagining sin when none exists, or grave sin when the matter is not serious.

Who evangelized in China, and what was his approach?

The person who evangelized in China was Matteo Ricci and his approach was looking at various cultures and by adopting their local traditions.

The spark of the reformation

selling indulgences

Simony

the buying and selling of church offices

Solo Christo

- "Christ alone" - Christ must be the sole content of the Scriptures, the mediator of grace and the subject of faith.

What sparked it?

- Divorce - Henry VIII did not have a son with his wife Catherine so he did not have someone heir to the throne - his request for a divorce was declined by the Church and he dismissed the Cardinal and put Thomas Cranmer in his place - Pope Leo X excommunicated Harry and now there is a power struggle between the Pope and the king - two acts of parliament made the break irrevocable: Act of succession and supremacy

Luther's challenges to the Church

- Efficacy of good works: the Church teaches good works was essential to salvation and he argued that acts of piety and charity were of no effect - Challenge to the sacraments: Luther said that sacraments were not necessary for salvation. HOWEVER, he believes in baptism and the Eucharist. - Mediating power of the Church: he taught that you could achieve salvation individually rather than from the Church. - Attack on Church hierarchy

The English Reformation

- England was named "Mary's Dowry" - Henry VIII was called defender of the faith - John Wycliffe's ideas had spread - especially present in universities.

The council of Trent

-Called by Pope Paul III - Outlawed the sale of indulgences - formed rules for better regulation of parish priests - stressed the obligation of priests and bishops to preach - emphasized pastoral nature of clergy - established seminaries in all diocese - reaffirmed salvation through works and faith - established the new modern mass - created index of prohibited books - confirmed the truth of scripture and traditions - confirmed Latin as the only acceptable BIblical text - reaffirmed 7 sacraments and transubstantiation

Sola Fide

-Faith alone -Dismissed the value of corporal and spiritual works of mercy as a means of attaining righteousness.

Desiderius Erasmus

-Most famous Christian humanist -Produced the first Greek New Testament and an edition of the writings of st. Jerome -wanted to restore the experiences of Christ to the center of Christianity. HIS WORKS: - In praise of Folly - Of Free Will

Sola Scriptura

-Scripture alone -Rejected tradition's role in its close link with scriptures, the authority of the councils and the pope, and the idea that the Holy Spirit continues to dwell and teach through the Church

In Geneva Switzerland this reformer insisted on a moral focus banning physical pleasures including dancing and developed a theology of predestination. A) Calvin B) Luther C) Zwingli D) Henry VIII E) None of the above

A) Calvin

Term used to describe the Eucharist in Lutheran theology where Jesus coexists in the bread and wine. A) Consubstantiation B) Transubstantiation C) Pluralism D) None of the Above

A) Consubstantiation

How many missions were established between 1610 and 1767 in Spanish lands?

32 missions

Predestination

A doctrine of Calvin which taught that salvation depended solely on God's pre-determined decision. According to this principle, those who are saved (the elect) are chosen by God through no effort of their own. God also chooses others to be damned. This damnation is necessary to show God's great justice.

Consubstantiation

A term describing Christ's co-existence in the Eucharist. Luther taught that the Eucharist was not truly Christ, but that He was present in it as heat is in a hot iron. Accordingly, the substance of Christ's body co-exists with the substance of the bread and his blood with the wine.

What was the name of the Lutheran confession of faith and principles? A) Augsburg Confession B) First Covenant C) Institutes of the Christian Religion D) None of the above

A) Augsburg Confession

Which two sacraments did Luther retain in his theology? A) Baptism and Eucharist B) Baptism and Marriage C) Marriage and Eucharist D) Marriage and Holy Orders

A) Baptism and Eucharist

Spanish Armada

Attempting to remove Elizabeth from the throne of England, Phillip II sent this "invincible" fleet of ships in 1588. The invasion was unsuccessful

Issues by Elizabeth the Church establishing Protestantism in England but maintaining outward signs that looked like the Catholic Church. A) Augsburg Confession B) 39 Articles C) Act of Supremacy D) Stadtholder

B) 39 Articles

How did the Church respond to new opportunities for conversion?

By setting up the congregation.

What two sacraments did Luther retain when attempting to dismantle Catholic theology? A) Marriage and Holy Orders B) Baptism and Confirmation C) Baptism and the Eucharist D) Baptism and Confession

C) Baptism and Eucharist

Which art form arose in part out of Catholic response to Protestant Reformation attitudes towards religious imagery A) Renaissance B) Gothic C) Baroque D) None of the above

C) Baroque

Saint responsible for Catholic missionary work to Japan. A) Robert de Nobili B) Matteo Ricci C) Francis Xavier D) None of the above

C) Francis Xavier

Which town was the center of a Calvinist Protestant theocracy? A) Bern B) Zurich C) Geneva D) Annecy

C) Geneva

Before breaking with the Catholic Church this Protestant wrote a pamphlet called "In defense of the Seven Sacraments." He later closed the monasteries of England, rejected the authority of the Pope, and executed friends and priests loyal to Rome. A) Luther B) Calvin C) Zwingli D) Henry VIII E) None of the above

C) Henry VIII

According to Catholic theology and salvation history which member of the Trinity remains present to Catholics and helps guide the Church despite flawed humans and historical errors? A) Father B) Son C) Holy Spirit D) None of the Above

C) Holy Spirit

To whom did the Blessed Mother appear on his way to mass near Mexico City? A) Francis Xavier B) Matteo Ricci C) Juan Diego D) None of the Above

C) Juan Diego

Practice of a Bishop having control of more than one diocese A) Simony B) Nepotism C) Pluralism D) Polymarism

C) Pluralism

Doctrine of the Calvinist sect that taught salvation depended on God's foreknowledge and choice and not the will of the individual person A) De propaganda Fide B) First Covenant C) Predestination D) Sola Scriptura

C) Predestination

Which of the following is not a principle that helped guide the Protestant Reformation? A) Sola Gratia B) Solo Christo C) Solo Han D) Sola Scriptura E) Sola Fide

C) Solo Han

Name of the document nailed to the Wittenberg Cathedral that is often pointed to as the beginning of Protestantism. A) 39 Articles B) Act of Supremacy C) Institutes of the Christian Religion D) 95 theses

D) 95 Theses

Established Henry VIII as ultimate leader of the English Church and removed all Church authority in England form the Pope A) Augsburg Confession B) 39 Articles C) 95 Theses D) Act of Supremacy

D) Act of Supremacy

Catholic teachings hold that Grace is available to everyone through what acts? A) Prayer B) Sacraments C) Good works D) All of the Above

D) All of the Above

Which of the following was not a new spiritual Catholic religious order that arose in response to the Reformation. A) Jesuits B) Capuchins C) Ursulines D) All of the above arose in response to the Reformation

D) All of the above arose in response to the Reformation

Martin Luther defended which of the following ideas: A) Salvation through faith not by works B) The justice of God is the righteousness by which, through Grace and pure mercy, God justifies us through faith C) Individual study of Bible would produce the faith that could bring salvation D) All of the above were defended by Luther

D) All of the above were defended by Luther

Which of the following is NOT considered a contributing factor to the Protestant Reformation? A) Sale of Indulgences B) Selling of Church offices C) Rejection of Clerical celibacy D) No saints existed in Europe during the Reformation era E) All the above were contributing factors

E) All the above were contributing factors

What hindered evangelization in Japan?

Feudal Warlords hindered evangelization in Japan

Where did St. Francis Xavier carry on his missionary work?

Francis Xavier carried on his missionary work in Japan

Politiques

French political faction with no strong religious ties that tried to manipulate political divisions in France for its own political gain.

St. Thomas Christians

Group of Christians in India who are descended from the original missionary activity of St. Thomas the Apostle.

What did Juan Luis Vives write

He wrote "The Instruction of a Christian Woman" which talked about what to teach a woman.

Thirty-nine articles

Issued by Elizabeth I, these provided for the foundation of the Anglican Church, maintaining all the outward appearances of Catholicism, but implanting Protestant doctrine into the Church of England.

Bonzes

Japanese Buddhist monks who saw St. Francis Xavier and his missionaries as a danger to their established influence; they worked to oust him from Japan.

Who founded the California missions, and how many did he found?

Junipero Serra founded 21 missions in California

Act of Supremacy

Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king.

The Catholic Reformation involved acknowledging the abuses that the Church was undertaking and offering creative and dynamic ways to purify them and preserve the marks of the Church: One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic. Describe the tension/reaction to a specific abuse between one of the four major Protestant figures discussed (Henry VIII, Luther, Calvin, Zwingli) a Catholic Reformer/Saint of your choosing and the manner in which the Protestant Reform ruptured the Church vs. how the Catholic Reform hoped to preserve it.

Protestant - Luther Tension: -faith not good works -attacked the sale of indulgences -the Bible is the only source of knowledge you need to achieve salvation -there are corrupt clergy doing messed up things that need to be re-educated -too much power goes to the Pope -corrupt practices: simony, nepotism, pluralism -It ruptured the Church because it brought people away Reformer saint - Ignatius of Loyola Reaction: - Created the society of jesus - wrote spiritual exercises - his Jesuit work modernized the Church

To whom and where did Our Lady of Guadalupe appear?

To Juan Diego in Mexico City

Selling of Indulgences

To build Churches and shorten one's stay in purgatory

What did St. Thomas More write

Utopia which is a community of people that work together. He believed that women should get an education too.

Pluralism

Within the Church, a bishop having control over more than one diocese.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation.

Stadtholder

local prince who led the provinces of the low countries during times of trouble. Otherwise business and politics in the region were carried out locally and independently.