Review of A&P 2 tests for final

Differentiate between diabetes 1 and diabetes 2. Describe why they are different.

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Name two differences and two similarities between the small intestine and large intestine

.......

Which of the following tongue papillae contain the most taste buds ?

A and b- foliate and fungiform

Certain hormones can have a glucose sparing effect within the body. Which of the following hormones stimulate glucose sparing for the brain to use?

All of the above (GH, EPI, cortisol)

Which of the following hormones have opposite functions?

All of the above (glucagon, insulin, calcitonin, PTH, aldosterone, ANH)

Of the cells found in alveoli of the lungs, which one is responsible for phagocytizing dust particles?

Alveolar macrophages

Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?

An increase in membrane thickness

After a tissue injury, inflammation is one of the defenses that can occur. Which of the following processes is not a part of inflammation?

Antigen recognition

Vaccinations stimulate______?

Artificial active immunity

The main type of cells found in the germinal center of a lymphatic nodule are_____?

B-lymphocytes

identify the parietal cells of the stomach and what they secrete?

B; HCl

The leukocyte that stimulates the inflammatory response by the release of histamine is a

Basophil

Where is the myenteric plexus located?

Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscular layers of the intestine (A on figure)

When hemoglobin is degraded after erythrocyte death, what is the heme portion converted to for reuse in the body?

Biliverdin and iron

The trachea is maintained opened for continual air flow by the____?

C- shaped cartilage rings

Amy has osteoporosis, which is a disease that affects the bone by making them weaker and brittle due to low calcium levels in their bones. The secretion of ___________(hormone) would help increase calcium in her bones by increasing the activity of_____________(cells)?

Calcitonin; osteoblasts

The stomach functions in which of the following types of digestion?

Chemical and mechanical digestion

________are the largest of the lymphatic vessels, and they empty into the

Collecting ducts; subclavian veins

Which of these cellular agents does not participate in inflammation ?

Cytotoxic T cells

The law that states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of its individual gases is called_____?

Dalton's law

Bicarbonate from the pancreas and the small intestine is needed to decrease the pH of the chyme from the stomach

False

Trypsin spilts dipeptides into two free amino acids

False

Which of the following increases oxygen unloading?

Fever

Tears and saliva contain lysozyme which kills bacteria. This is considered what Tyler of defense strategy.?

First line defense

Which stage of gastric activity is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating vagus nerve reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions ?

Gastric

The opening or space of the true vocal cords is called the ________and it aids in sound production as air passes through it

Glottis

Alpha cells located in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas secrete________ between meals?

Glucagon

Growth hormone hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause ________ when it begins in adulthood ?

Graves' disease

Secretion of too much thyroid hormone caused by autoimmune disease is known as ?

Graves' disease

Which of the following is not a possible circulatory route from the heart?

Heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart

Damage to this organ/area would directly/indirectly impact the most number of hormones?

Hypothalamus

Which class of immunoglobulin provides passive immunity to the newborn?

IgG

The enterogastic reflex serves to _______?

Inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestines

_________lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas __________ utilizes memory cells to respond to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future

Innate immunity; adaptive immunity

__________are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected

Interferons

When do you have the highest amount of O2 unloading?

Internal respiration

How is venous return to your heart affected when you go for an easy jog?

It is increased due to increased skeletal muscular pump activity

The small lymphatic capillaries that reside in the small intestine and absorb fat are?

Lacteals

Which hormone promotes gonadal hormone production?

Luteinizing hormone

choose the following that does not belong to the second line of defense ?

Lymphatic node pump

Which are the most abundant agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes

Helper T cells (Th cells) recognize antigens when they are bound to a

MHC II protein

SGLT is a symporter that can be found in the small intestine. Which macromolecule does it transport?

Monosaccharides

Select the statement about the digestive tract layers that is not true?

Muscularis external is the only layer that contains smooth muscle

pituitary gland secretions are regulated by________ from target organs?

Negative feedback inhibition

Which of the following events is not part of erythropoiesis?

Occurs in kidney

Which of the following does not occur during external respiration (alveolar gas exchange)?

Oxygen unloading of blood

Which of the following is the most superficial layer (outer) enclosing the heart?

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

Proteins require a specific pH for optimal function. Which of these enzymes can function at the lowest pH?

Pepsin

Which type of anemia is mainly due to lack of vitamin B12 or iron deficiency?

Pernicious anemia

Which of the following phases of swallowing is/are under involuntary control?

Pharyngeal and esophageal

The extrinsic glands can secrete up to 1.5L of saliva per day. Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?

Protease

Which of the following belong to the pulmonary circuit?

Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins

The blood vessel leaving the right ventricle________ and it carries _____?

Pulmonary trunk: deoxygenated blood

The chemical classes of hormones are ?

Steroids, monoamines, peptides

The duodenum brush border produces various enzymes. Which enzymes are secreted to digests disaccharides into monosaccharides, the simplest unit of carbohydrates?

Sucrose and Maltese

Which of the following cannot act as antigen-presenting cells ?

T-lymphocyte cells

Which structure only produces mineralocorticoids?

The Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland (C)

Which of the following forces does not help lymph to flow?

The lymphatic node pump

Contractions of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?

The ribs move upward and outward

In which organ does protein digestion begin?

The stomach (D)

Which of the following is true about antibodies ?

They mark pathogenic cells for destruction

The right lung has ________ and the left lung has _______ separated by fissures ?

Three shorter lobes; two taller lobes

In the thyroid follicles,_________ is stored until needed for hormone production when enzymes add iodine to the tyrosine component ?

Thyroglobulin

Which lung capacity volume includes the residual volume of the lungs?

Total lung capacity

All chemical digestion is essentially just hydrolysis reactions

True

MALT is found in the mucosa layers of the digestive tract

True

Segmentation aids digestion by slowing down chyme movement along the small intestine

True

The golgi complex in cells of the intestinal epithelium packages chylomicrons into secretory vesicles for exocytosis

True

Which of the following enzymes converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin?

Trypsin

The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the________ and in the large arteries and veins it contains the______.

Tunica externa; vasa vasorum

If the results of an ABO blood typing test show no agglutination with anti A or anti B serums, what type of blood is this?

Type O

The portion of the respiratory center that controls th normal breast pre minute is the ___________located in the ___________

Ventral respiratory group; medulla oblongata

The _______ secretes _________, which promotes Na+ and water retention?

adrenal cortex; aldosterone

What is the most abundant protein in plasma?

albumin

When the left ventricle contracts, the __________ valve closes and the __________ valve is pushed open.

bicuspid and aortic

What is true about testosterone?

binds to nuclear receptor

Which of the following is associated with specific defenses of the body?

cell-mediated immunity

If you drank a liter of water very quickly, the result would be?

decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Fluid in the lymphatic system, as well as interstitial fluid, is ?

derived from blood plasma

Which of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but not B lymphocytes ?

direct attack of antigen-bearing cells

An example of chemical digestion is the breakdown of ________into_________?

disaccharides;glucose

Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?

duodenum

Which of the following is the correct list of tooth anatomy from most superficial to the deepest?

enamel, dentin, pulp

An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of ?

epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Stoke volume is increased by ?

increased venous returns

During exhalation, the pressure inside the lungs

initially is higher than atmospheric pressure, but drops as air leaves the body

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?

insulin

serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called ______?

mesenteries

Which of the following decreases blood pressure ?

natriuretic peptides

The posterior pituitary secretes ?

oxytocin

Arrange the following entries in order in which the air contracts them as air is drawn into the body

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, alveoli (c,e,a,b,d)

Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the _________.

pulmonary artery

The _______ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum ?

pyloric sphincter

The pancreas aids in the chemical digestion of food by?

releasing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the duodenum

Oxygen-poor blood passes through the

right AV (tricuspid) and pulmonary valves

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both __________.

secrete granzymes and perforin

When sodium channels are fully open, the membrane of the ventricular cardiomyocyte _________.

sharply depolarizes

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia ?

sickle cell disease

Which of the following is not a secondary lymphatic organ?

thymus