Rosenthal NCE Practice Questions

_____ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development

Lawrence Kohlberg

Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

a desire to live up society's expectations a desire to conform

In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists

believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior

In the general US population

suicide rates tend to increase with age.

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the

superego

In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys

the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?

"lets be rational: a woman can only advance so far. you really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. im here to help you cope with this reality"

Using the data in question 764 one could say that a person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within

+ or -2 SD of the mean

A T-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the standard deviation. A T-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a standard deviation above or below the mean. Thus a T-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a T-score of 40 would ______

-1 SD

A study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P=___.

.001

Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors?

.001

in the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually

.05 or less

You want to admit only 25% of all counselors to a program. The difficulty on an entrance exam for applicants should be set at _____.

.25

a career counselor is using a test for job selection purposes. an acceptable reliability coefficient would be ______ or higher

.80

An excellent psychological or counseling test would have a reliability coefficient of

.90

the standard deviation (SD) is the square root of the variance. a z-score of +1 would be the same as

1 SD above the mean

In constructing a test you notice all 75 people correctly answered item #12. This gives you a difficulty of ____.

1.0

in a lifetime the average person has

10-15 jobs

at the last count, approximately 43,000 US citizens committed suicide during a single year making suicide the tenth leading cause of death. worldwide the figure is an alarming 800,00 per year. suicide often checks in as the second- or third-leading killer of young people in the 15-24 year-old age bracket. men commit suicide more frequently that women, however, women attempt suicide far more often than men. it is accurate to say that

10-15% of all claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide

the mean on the Wechsler and the stanford-binet intelligence scales (SB5) is _________ and the standard deviation is _________

100; 15 wechsler, 16 stanford-binet

Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2.5 means

2.5 SD below the mean

identify the DSM code

296.99

the same test is given to the same group of people using the test-retest reliability method. the correlation between the first and second administration is .70. the true variance (I.e., the percentage of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured in both) is

49%

in WWII the air force used stanine scores as a measurement. stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. in this system 5 is the mean. thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine

5

most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has _______members

5 or 6 to 8

the binet stressed age-related tasks. utilizing this method, a 9-year-old task would be one which

50% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a

52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator

the range is a measured of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score. thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be

61

the WAIS-IV IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. how many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115

68

The variance is a measure of dispersion or variability of a random variable. It is a weighted average of the

68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115

a researcher working with a personality test discovers that the test has a reliability coefficient of .70 which is somewhat typical. this indicates that

70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

A 13-year-old male middle school student

a counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of

AARC

The researcher in question 727 now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. The statistic of choice would

ANOVA

A counseling journal article should use documentation that is based on _____ style.

APA style

the national vocational guidance association was founded in 1913. it was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the

APGA

Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by _____.

Adler

____________emphasized the drive for superiority

Adler

A(n) _________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor

African American male

organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of

Alfred Adler's individual psychology.

Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud's theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. _______ and ______, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively

Alfred Adler; Carl Jung

The first intelligence test was created by

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

the acronym NLP is an abbreviation of

Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming.

the term contextualism implies that

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

Pick the most accurate statement

Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are commonly used to treat phobias, but are also utilized for clients with obsessive-compulsive disorders or OCD.

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

Berne

Pick the most accurate statement

Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required.

a college student who suffers from panic disorder types his symptoms and concerns onto a PC screen and then waits for the computer program to respond or question him further. the student engages in this practice for a 40-minute session per week. this is an example of

CAC

computers are not being used in various counseling settings. counselors speak of computer-assisted counseling (CAC) and computer managed counseling (CMC). an office that employs a computer to schedule clients would be an example of

CMC

which statement best describes the counseling profession's reaction to computer-assisted counseling and computer-managed counseling

CMC has been well received since it cuts down time on paperwork, scheduling, and record-keeping, but there is a mixed reaction to CAC as some feel it depersonalizes counseling

Pavlov's famous experiment: using dogs, the bell

CS; UCS

the personality types of the myers-briggs type indicator are association with the work of

Carl G. Jung

cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with

Cognition and Attitude formation.

Most ethical dilemmas are related to ______.

Confidentiality

A counselor is using the telephone coaching with a client. the counselor is most likely to base her treatment on

DBT as set forth by marsha m. linehan

Nosology refers to a system of classification. Name the nosological system(s) utilized by professional counselors who diagnose clients. ______

DSM and ICD

A counselor can utilize psychological tests to help secure a _______ diagnosis if third party payments are necessary.

DSM or ICD

A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize

EEG feedback

A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on

EMG feedback

A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize

ERIC, for primary and secondary resources

B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on

Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect.

In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as

Electra complex

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was

Erik Erikson

The term identity crisis comes from the work of

Erikson

The word 'eclectic' is most associated with

Frederick C. Thorne

_______ and _______ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.

Freud;Lorenz

an aptitude test predicts future behavior while an achievement test measures what you have mastered or learned. in the case of a test like the ________ the distinction is unclear

GRE

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?

H. Harlow

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys are

Harry Harlow

Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the

IV or independent variable

In a children's career counseling group, the group will help the children:

In all the ways listed above

Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means

Interpreting the results in the simplest way

coleadership

Is helpful when one leader is experiencing countertransference

classical conditioning relates to the work of

Ivan Pavlov

The term group therapy was coined in 1931 by

Jacob Moreno, the Father of psychodrama.

The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with

Jung

The statement, "Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not," is most closely associated with

Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level

John B. Watson's name is associated with

Little Albert

C.G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the _______principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______principle

Logos; Eros

in 1908, books by _________ helped to introduce social psychology in America

McDougall and Ross

in terms of research related to affiliation

Misery loves miserable company Firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later People affiliate in an attempt to lower fear

In the late 1970s, AACD ( known as ACA since 1992) began to focus very heavily on professional credentialing. This led to the formation of the

NBCC

By passing the NCE, a counselor can attain _______, given via NBCC.

NCC, a generic certification for counselors

As a private practice counselor your _______ would be most important in terms of filing claims.

NPI number

which treatment match-up is incorrect

Narcan for schizophrenia

the _________ are examples of aptitude tests

O'NET Ability Profiler and the MCAT

a counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the

OOH

the most controversial aspect of freud's theory is

Oedipus complex

all of the conditions below are v code diagnoses except

PTSD

Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to

RBT

william glasser, M.D. is to reality therapy as albert ellis, Ph.D. is to

REBT

which statement is true of families

Remarriage today is common.

Today the Stanford-Binet is used from ages 2 to adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the

SAS

The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of

Sigmund Freud

which statement is true

Single life is short-lived for divorced persons. About 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced.

SCCT stands for

Social Cognitive Career Theory

_________ is associated with obedience and authority

Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist

________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling

The 1954 supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation

The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to

The make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.

which statement is true of latino/a families

They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees.

in terms of the previous question

Using a mental health professional on staff or at another facility is preferable to using a lawyer or a CPA.

Kia was given a new client with a morbid fear of heights. Her supervisor emphasized that he wanted her to use the most hitech form of treatment available. Kia should use

VRT

The best IQ test for a 22-year-old single male would be the

WAIS-IV

the best intelligence test for a sixth-grade girl would be the

WISC-IV

the best intelligence test for a kindergarten would be the

WPPSI-IV

Another type of preexperimental design is the one-group only posttest design. This is best depicted by

XO

Frankl is an existentialist. So are

Yalom and May

the term recentry woma would best describe

a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant

Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?

a 33-year-old female drill press operator

which statement best reflects the position of neurogenesis

a 70-year-old man signs up for a course in chess and generates more neurons

You are a school counselor who wished to refer an orthopedically disabled student to a private practice. In general the best reference would be: a. CRC b. MAC c. licensed clinical psychologist d. licensed social worker

a CRC

classical conditioning is based on paired learning, whereas operant conditioning is predicted on rewards or punishment. in a classical conditioning experiment a dog was trained to salivate to a bell which was orginally presented about 0.5 second before the meat. the bell is

a CS or conditioned stimulus

there are four basic measurement scales; the nominal, the ordinal, the interval, and the ratio. the nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. it is the simplest type of scale. it is used to distinguish logically separated groups. which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale

a DSM or ICD diagnostic category

a teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. the candy bar is

a back-up reinforcer

a bimodal distribution has two modes (I.e. most frequently occurring scores). graphically, this looks roughly like

a camel's back with two humps

__________ would be an informal method of appraisal

a checklist

madanes advocated pretend techniques that are somewhat paradoxical. an example might be

a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him

person-centered counseling would prove least effective with

a client who is not very verbal

It's easiest to empathize with:

a client who is similar to you

Pick the best example(s) of the psychoanalytic concept of splitting.

a client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities a client who sees her therapist as all bad

A counselor is using the memory device: IS PATH WARM? He is most likely working with:

a client whom he feels could be suicidal

in terms of diagnosis

a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

in most instances, who would be the best qualified to give the rorshach inkblot test

a clinical psychologist

according to carl whitaker

a co-therapist is helpful

a classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at a boys' summer camp near Robbers' Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that

a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation

a sociogram is to a counseling group as scattergram is to

a correlation coefficient

ACA ethical guidelines stipulate that a counselor can refrain from making a diagnosis if the counselor believes the diagnoses could harm the client or others

a counselor could refrain from making a diagnosis if it is in the best interest of the client a decision to refrain from making a diagnosis is ideally made in collaboration with the client, although that counselor has the final say

Which choice would most likely violate the counseling ethic or law termed "scope of practice"?

a counselor who is conducting a strict freudian psychoanalysis with the client

A counselor is working with a client suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which counselor would be most concerned about inducing REM/EM during the sessions?

a counselor who is using francine shapiro's EMDR

strategic family counselors often rely on relabeling or refraining. a client says his girlfriend yells at him every time he engages in a certain behavior. the best example of refraining or relabeling would be

a counselor who remarks, "research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. a woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that

the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) was created by the american psychiatric association (APA). the manual of the international statisitcal classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death (ICD) was created by the world health organization (WHO). which counselor would most likely to utilize one of these guides to diagnose a client

a counselor who wishes to secure insurance (I.e., third-party) payments

the 1974 family educational rights and privacy act (FERPA) could be called the buckley amendment on your exam since senator james k. buckley was a strong supporter. all of these facts are true regarding FERPA except

a counselor working in a private educational institution which does not receive federal funding would still be required to follow FERPA guidelines

sex-role stereotyping would imply that

a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client & a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's.

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that

a cuban male client in a designer suit and an asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together

A group is classified as secondary. This implies that

a difficulty or disturbance is present

a client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. the counselor here is using

a directive

NBCC ethics caution counselors against sexual harassment. An example of an ethics violation in this respect would be:

a female counselor who tells a male client how sexy his hairy chest looks when he leaves his shirt unbuttoned. the male client blushes and appears uncomfortable

A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member?

a first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic

gestalt means

a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole

Bowen popularized a three-generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as

a genogram

holland believed that

a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.

One future trend which seems contradictory is that some experts are pushing for

a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on them less

some theorists object to the word unstructured in group work because

a group cannot have structure

a major limitation related to group work is that

a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm

a test battery is considered

a horizontal test

The ordinal scale rank-orders variables, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be

a horse categorized as a second-place winner in a race

Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is _____

a lack of goal setting

according to eric berne, a life script is actually

a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life

A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or so-called population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree. This is _________________________.

a likert scale

a registry would be

a list of licensed psychologists in the state of Illinois & a list of CRCs in the United States.

A statement of disclosure could include all except

a list of the courses the counselor took in graduate school.

According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure

a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior

one distinct disadvantage of an open group is that

a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences

a group has

a membership which can be defined, some degree of unity and interaction & a shared purpose.

balance theory postulates

a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency & a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.

postmodernist tom anderson, a psychiatrist from norway became disenchanted with traditional family therapy. he began using a radical approach based primarily on

a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team

The directive or prescription given to the smoker in the previous question could best be described as

a paradoxical intervention

according to the family educational rights and privacy act (FERPA) of 1974 (also known as the Buckley Amendment

a parent can see his or her daughter's middle school record an 18-year-old college student can view his or her own educational record

a reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates

a perfect score which has no error.

transgender individuals have an attempted suicide rate which is approximately 25 times higher than the rate for the general population. a high percentage of transgender youth experience oppression and are physically assaulted. a transgender identify with the gender they were given at birth or the person's expression differs from societal expectations. what is cisgender

a person who identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth and hence by definition this person is not a transgender individual

the significance of the little albert experiment by john watson and rosalie rayner was that

a phobia could be a learned behavior

a word association test would be an example of

a projective test

According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be:

a psychiatrist

A researcher takes a group of clients and gives them a depression inventory. He then provides each client with two sessions of brief solution-oriented therapy and gives them the same depression inventory. A t test is used to compare the two sets of scores on the same people (i.e., the before and after measures of depression). This would be

a related measures within-subject design

social exchange theory postulates that

a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs

when a counselor reads the journals in this field, it becomes evident that

a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work

in the united states, each socioeconomic group represents

a separate culture

group therapy initially flourished in the united states due to

a shortage of individual therapists during WWII

in psychoanalytic family therapy the world object means

a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond

the ethical requirement to have a transfer plan in writing would apply to

a situation in which a counselor because disabled a situation in which a counselor died a situation where a counselor moved to another state

Group specialists define role conflict as

a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves

When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statistions call it ____

a skewed distribution

Tests are often classified as speed tests versus power tests. A timed typing test used to hire secretaries would be

a speed test

The term skeleton keys as used in Steve de Shazer's brief solution- focused therapy (BSFT) indicates

a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems

Today, the Stanford-Binet IQ test is

a standardized measure

the MMPI-2 is

a standardized personality test

Piaget is

a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.

in a normal core curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. from a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician k.f. causs) looks like

a symmetrical bell

to complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. in order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult

a table for F values

A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize

a temperature trainer

test bias primarily results from

a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients

clients should know that

a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible.

From a purely statistics standpoint, in order to compare a control group to the experimental group, the researcher will need a _______

a test of significance

When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means

a treatment model

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as

a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

francis galton felt intelligence was

a unitary faculty

Which measure would yield the highest level of reliability?

a very accurate postage scale

Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that

a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. career interests are more stable after college

Consulting is included in ethical guidelines. Consultation can best be defined as:

a voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients, the client system, or work-related issues

A counselor wins the lottery and closes her practice without telling her clients. This counselor's course of action is best described as

abandonment

the x axis is used to plot the IV scores. the x axis could also be called the ______ on your team

abscissa

Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage

abstract thinking emerges, problems can be solved using deduction

mr. donald is seeing you for a gambling addiction problem. several years ago he won a huge amount of money at the casino from a lot machine. as soon as he pulled the handle he snapped his fingers. now he always snaps his fingers after he pulls a slot machine handle. his superstituion can best explained by

accidental reinforcement

State laws can govern title usage and practice, however, they do not govern

accreditation

REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the _________, B is the ________, and C is the ________

activating event; belief system; emotional consequence

NBCC has developed a Code of Ethics to help counselors behave in a professional manner. The code is divided into a preamble and seven sections. The first section (i.e., Section A) warns against stereotyping and discrimination. All of the following would be examples of stereotyping and discrimination except

advising a client to consider switching his college major based on your clinical judgment as well as the results from an extensive test battery

in social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message

John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of

albert bandura

self-efficacy theory is based on the work of

albert bandura

Pick the INCORRECT statement:

alcoholism occurs more in women than men

___________ was a pioneer in the early history of family therapy

alfred adler

The statement, "Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction" describes

alfred adler's theory

PL 94-142 (the education for all handicapped children act) states that

all children between ages 5 and 21 are assured free education handicapped persons are placed in the least-restrictive environment (LRE) an individualized education plan (IEP) is developed for each child

the word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means

all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands

An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the ________ viewpoint for coping with the environment

alloplastic

If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then

alpha errors decrease; however beta errors increase

Type I and type II errors are called ________ and ___________ respectively

alpha; beta

in the gelatt model the predictive system deals with

alternatives and the probability of outcomes

You are the owner of a counseling practice. You make the sole decision which counselor receives the new referrals. According to new ACA ethics on fee splitting:

although many counselors believe this is controversial, it is unethical based on the fact that charging a percentage of the payment rate per client appears to a kickback scheme similiar to accepting a referral fee

according to researchers, groups are effective

although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true.

a valid test is ________ reliable

always

the word dynamic means the group is

always changing

virginia was the first state to license counselors in 1976. the APGA (later AACD and now ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensing was the

american counselor education and supervision

lewis terman

americanized the binet

According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson

an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes and 80% of men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crisis

A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely

an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation

the interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. most tests used in school fall into this category. you can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. an example of this would be that

an IQ of 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70

the NCE is

an achievement test

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by making

an apparatus known as a visual cliff

counselors who support john holland's approach believe that

an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that

an asian american leader and an asian american client would sit close together

during a counseling session Mrs. Sander's 13-year-old daughter Jamie tries to speak Mrs. Sanders says, "I told you not to say anything". her daughter wants to know why cannot talk. Mrs. Sanders replies, "because I'm the parent, end of discussion young lady, " according to the parenting typology of Diana Baumrind. Mrs. Sanders to

an authoritarian parent

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as

an authority figure

a young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you. "In this case the counselor had suggested

an autoplastic method of coping

Bulimia is classified as

an eating disorder that occurs primarily in women.

urie bronfenbrenner is one of the codevelopers of the national head start program. he proposed a theory of development that is

an ecological system theory

An interest inventory would be least valid when used with

an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136

in terms of group risks

an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client.

a 16-year-old girl threatens to kill herself and you fail to inform her parents. your behavior as a counselor is best decribed as

an example of negligence, which is failure to perform a duty, and in this instance is an obligation to protect the client

NBCC's code of ethics describes ethical issues related to private practice. which of these situations is clearly an ethical violation

an executive director of a private practice who has his name listed on the practice's website as a counseling provider despite the fact that he is out of the country and is engaged in a research project for the next two years

a counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet tuesday nights at his private practice office. which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member

an extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker

A counselor who is alcoholic and suffering from burnout could best be described as

an impaired professional

a career counselor who relies on the constructivist viewpoint would emphasize that

an individual's career choice is influenced by his or her personal story and attempt to construct meaning out of the world of work

Your client, who is in an outpatient hospital program, is keeping a journal of irrational thoughts. This would be

an informal assessment technique

A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or

an interrogator

the DOT was first published by the US department of labor in 1938. the first three digits in a DOT code referred to

an occupational group

an association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivation (an unconditioned response known as a UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called

an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

C.J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ______ and women to deny their masculine side known as ______.

anima; animus

the word psychometric means

any form of mental testing

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life

appeared to be autistic

A clients tells this counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

approach-approach conflict

a male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to "a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent. "This creates an

approach-avoidance conflict

the initial group stages has been called forming, orientation, or the preaffiliatation stage. this stage is characterized

approach-avoidance conflict

At its zenith the DOT listed

approximately 20,000 job titles.

the WAIS-IV is given to 100,000 individuals in the united states who are picked at random. a counselor would expect that

approximately 68% would score between 70 and 130

Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as

archetypes

elementary school counseling and guidance services

are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s.

Approximately 40% of all elementary schools have shortened recess or student playtime. counselors

are concerned because some research indicates that recess can have positive impact since children are less fidgety on days when they have recess; especially if they are hyperactive

in a healthy group, members

are flexible and can change roles

edwin borin felt that difficulties related to job choice

are indicative neurotic symptoms

The Black versus White IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by _______.

arthur jensen

a client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. she is best described

as a displaced homemaker

carol gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development

as she felt it was too more applicable to males than females

A counselor identifies herself as an ABA practitioner. The technique she would be least likely to use would be:

asking the client to talk about his dreams as if the dream is occurring in the present

A family wants to see you for counseling; however, they have a very limited income and can't afford to pay. You therefore agree to see the family for free (i.e., pro bono). The term that best describes your actions would be

aspirational ethics

You have impeccable training and experience as a counseling supervisor. Now your brother finishes his master's degree in counseling and wants you to supervise him. According to ACA ethics you should

assist her in finding an appropriate counselor

Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.

associationism

heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and

assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code

a client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply

attacking the system

a colleague of yours who is not a certified counselor behaves in an unethical manner. the ethical thing for you to do is

attempt to rectify the condition via institutitional channels, and if this fails report it to regulatory organizations

an adept group leader will

attempt to safeguard clients against risks & work to reduce risks and dangers.

an eclectic counselor

attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation. (50% of counselors claim to be eclectic)

One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach

attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). the approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person

In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles:

autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire

an alcoholic is given antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. this technique is called

aversive conditioning

when an adolescent complains about his or her parents in the group it is best to

avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents point of view via a therapeutic technique such as role-playing

when a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an

avoidance-avoidance conflict

gestalt therapy emphasizes

awareness in the here-and-now and dream work.

A client says, "I lost my job and it's the most terrible thing in the world." This client is engaging in

awfulizing and terrilizing, also known as catastrophizing

Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice

based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need

the self-directed search (SDS)

based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types, self-administered & self-scored and self-interpreted.

Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy

basic, subtractive, and additive

gay men and women

basically have the same range of gender role behaviors as do male and female heterosexuals.

________ is a biofeedback device

bathroom scale

According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will

be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion

A counselor created an achievement test with a reliability coefficient of .82. The test is shortened since many clients felt it was too long. The counselor shortened the test but logically assumed that the reliability coefficient would now

be lower than .82

You are a licensed professional counselor in one state but will soon relocate to another state. The new state informs you that they will grant you reciprocity or so-called endorsement. You will thus

be permitted to practice in the new state based on your current credential without taking another exam

A group of first-semester graduate students in counseling took an experimental counseling exam that was much more difficult than the NCE. All of the students scored very low. A distribution of their scores would:

be postively skewed

a displaced homemaker have grown children or

be widowed and seeking employment be divorced and seeking unemployment

feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapies

because they are androcentric (i.e., they use male views to analyze the personality), because they are gendercentric (i.e., they assume that there are two separate psychological developmental patterns—one for men and one for women) & because they emphasize heterosexism and debase samesex relationships.

Most experts predict that in the twenty-first century, theories of counseling and psychotherapy will:

become more integrative, since about 30-50% of all therapists say they are eclectic

A behavioristic family counselor suggests that the family chart the number of times that 6-year-old Billy says "no" when he is told to do something. The baseline of the chart would refer to

before the behavior modification begins

group planning occurs

before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group

Traditionally ______________ counseling has caused the most ethical concerns.

behavioral

A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as

behavioral rehearsal

nathan azrin studied with B. F. Skinner. his job club groups are based on

behaviorism based somewhat on positive reinforcement

A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are

behavioristic and highly structured

Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic, simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for

being too vague regarding techniques and procedures

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

belongs to a different culture from the helper

a counselor who fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty would most likely use the

bender gestalt II

A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of

bibliotherapy

the null hypotheses suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. thus, if the experiment in question 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that

biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores

a professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. if this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the ______, and the DV will be the __________

biofeedback; board exam score

TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris's book, I'm OK—You're OK. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position "I'm OK—You're Not OK";

blames others for misery

A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on

blocking

Richard Nelson Bolles penned the bestselling job hunting manual in history titled What Color Is Your Parachute? The book, updated yearly, has sold over 10 million copies and is published in over 20 languages:

bolles champions the idea of securing a network of persons who can help you with your job search

John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with:

bonding and attachment

Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was

bordin

when working with an african american family, the best approach would probably be

bowen's family therapy; minuchin's structural family therapy; or haley's strategic family therapy

the sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of

bowlby

A man has a rare, highly contagious disease that is fatal. He is keeping it a secret and insists that he will never tell his wife. You should

break confidentiality and tell his wife

The final group stage (also called the termination stage) is geared toward

breaking away

A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished

by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention

An 11-year-old child comes to your office with a black eye and tells you she can't remember how she received it. you have reason to suspect abuse. you should

call the child abuse/neglect hotline

according to the human growth and development notion of plasticity every client you see

can alter his or her traits at any point in the life span

Special career counseling groups can be set up. Some examples include a group with displaced homemakers or persons receiving public assistance. Groups of this nature:

can be very helpful

a client who takes a normative test

can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test.

The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by___

caplan

according to expert john krumboltz

career decision issues are crucial in terms of one's happiness

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of

carkhuff and gazda

the myers-briggs type indicator reflects the work of

carl jung

Virginia Satir is considered a leading figure in experiential family therapy. _______ is sometimes called the dean of experiential family therapy.

carl whitaker

Which therapist could best be described as atheoretical?

carl whitaker

psychotherapy of the absurd is primarily related to the work of

carl whitaker

You secure a job as the executive director of a family counseling agency. As you go through your files you discover that five years before you took the job the agency selected 100 families and counseled them using a strict behaviorist model. The agency took the next group of 100 families and counseled them using Satir's experiential conjoint family therapy model. Each family received 12 sessions of therapy and each family took a before-and after-assessment that accurately depicted how well the family was functioning. You decide to run a t test to examine whether or not a statistically significant difference is evident between the two approaches. This is

casual comparative or ex post facto (I.e., after the fact research)

three years ago an inpatient addicition treatment center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhelm Reich known as "vegotherapy". approximately half of the clients stated they would like try the treatment while the other 50% stated that they woild stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. today - three years later - a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t test. this study could be described as

casual comparative research

Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as

catharsis and/or abreaction

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of

centration

a group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. this is called

charting a pictorial sociogram

Family counselors generally believe in

circular/reciprocal causality (e.g., dynamics of family members).

Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on

circumscription and compromise theory

Counselors can more easily advise

clients from their own culture

counselors often shy away from self-reports since

clients often give inaccurate answers.

the three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:

close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs

Groups can be open or closed. The two differ in that

closed groups allow no new members after the group begins

A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their NCE scores the result would

clost to 0.00

neuroscience seems to show that

cognitive therapy could raise serotonin, the feed good chemical in the brain, just like antidepressant pharamaceuticals

Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is

compensation

Key areas that often cause problems for counselor self-image are

competence, power, and intimacy

System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI)

computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG)

one major testing trend is

computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations

John Bowlby has asserted that

conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.

____________ are the leading causes of malpractice actions taken against counselors, therapists, and mental health providers

confidentiality and dual relationships

A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor's verbal response is known as

confrontation

an african american client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was "bad", though she literally means it was good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a

connotative error

In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by

consequences

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered

conservation

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be

considered an oral character

The newest career theory would be

constructivist and cognitive approaches

ethical dilemmas rarely have clear-cut answers. thus when a complex ethical situation manifests itself, it is at best to

consult with colleagues as well as ethical codes inasmuch as legal standards are very often based on the methods of fellow professionals in analogous situations

During a counseling session a 42-year-old male client threatens suicide. You should

contact his wife and advise her of possible suicide precautions

a reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. if a reinforcer is given time a desired response occurs, it is known as

continuous reinforcement

a TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action

contracting

In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n) _______ and a(n) _______.

control group; experimental group

reality therapy has incorporated

control theory, later referred to as choice theory.

Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _______ category.

conventional

Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because

correlation does not imply causal

Freud and Erikson

could be classified as maturationists

according to public law 93-380, also known as the buckley amendment, a 19-year-old college student attending college

could view her record, which included test data could view her daughter's infant IQ test given at preschool could demand a correction she discovered while reading a file

Your client was seeing Dr. Doyle for counseling for three years. The client has now stopped seeing Dr. Doyle and has an appointment to see you. You should

counsel the client

APA is to psychologists as ACA is to _____

counselor

a counselor who advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. this suggests

counselor bias based on gender bias

One possible negative aspect of counselor licensure is that

counselors may not be as creative during their graduate work and simply take courses aimed at fulfilling the requirements to take the licensing exam

Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as

counterbalancing

a 72-year-old woman you are counseling in a family reminds you of your mother and this is bringing up unresolved childhood issues for you as the counselor. this is an example of

countertransference

a counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of

countertransference

you find yourself sexually attracted to a client. this is known as

countertransference

a counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. the client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. this technique is called

covert sensitization

john gottman is known for

creating a paradigm to predict which marriages would likely end in divorce

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as

cross-cultural, multicultural, intercultural,

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

culture provides individuals with standards of conduct

John B Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to

cure

culture refers to

customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups; values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group; attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group

which theorist would most likely assert that EQ is more important than IQ

daniel goleman

a behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. she turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, "you must complete your sociology essay before you can use the family car and go out with your friends, ". which theorists primarily guiding her intervention strategy

david premack's priniciple of law

the decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by

david tiedeman and robert o'hara

counseling is a relatively new profession. the first counselors in the united states were not called counselors. they were

deans and advisors employed after the civil war in college settings to watch over young women

punishment

decreases the probability that a behavior will occur

A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, "What for, I already know the 12 steps?" This client is using

deductive logic

A counselor reveals information that is extremely damaging to a client's reputation. This counselor could be accused of

defamation

experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to

degree of relationship

a counselor educator, dr. y, is doing research on his classes. he hypothesizes that if he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each time a student asks a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades will go up. betty and linda accidentally overhear dr. y discovering the experiment with the department chair. betty is a real people pleaser and decides that she will ask lots of questions and try to help dr. y confirm his hypothesis. linda, nevertheless, is angry that she is being experimented on and promises betty that dr. y could smile until the cows came in but she still wouldnt ask a question. both linda and betty exemplify

demand characteristics

A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by

denial

intersexuality

describes an individual with male and female sexual characteristics and possibly male and female internal or external sex organs

a statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm

describes how people are supposed to act

the 1950s was the age of tremendous strides in

developmental psychology

Glasser's position on mental illness is that

diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible

A true/false test has _____ recognition items.

dichotomous

most experts would agree that the wechsler IG tests gained popularity, as the Binet

didn't seem to be the best test for adults

p = .05 really means

differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100

two 18-year-olds are giventhe exact same dosage of an antidepressant medication. one indicates that the medicine makes feel "great" while the other insists the intervention makes her "very tired". this can most likely be attributed to

differential sensitivity

the ______ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly

difficulty

Simon and Binet pioneered the first IQ test around 1905. The test was created to

discriminate children without an intellectual disability from children with an intellectual disability

a family member who is emotionally distant is

disengaged

A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of

displacement

the ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, __________ leads to E, ________

disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence

sybil was a famous client who had 15 personalities. at the time sybil was said to suffer from multiple personality disorder (MPD). today her diagnosis would be

dissociative identity disorder

a counselor who is genuine

does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client & does not change his or her true values from session to session.

the cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is

donald meichenbaum

You create a career group to examine the clients' roles in life as a child, student, citizen, homemaker/parent, worker, citizen, and time spend participating in leisure activities (leisurite). You should use:

donald super's life career rainbow

A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a

double-blind study

You leave your practice to study mental health treatment in another country. Dr. Kline, another licensed counselor, is now the custodian of your records. To conform with current ethical standards this was clearly explained in your informed consent brochure given to the client during the first visit. The clients have Dr. Kline's contact information. According to the new ethics regarding transfer plans

dr. kline should contact each client when he receives the record

Dr. X recommends to his clients at the agency where he practices that he would rather counsel them in his private practice. Ethically speaking:

dr. x is diverting agency clients to his practice and this is unethical

some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. all the statements below are false except

dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families

A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?

dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working

In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples:

dual-career families/couples have less leisure time

if an ANOVA yields a significant f value, you could rely on _______ to test significant differences between group means

duncan's multiple-range, tukey's, or scheffe's test

Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place

dyadic relationship

Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic therapist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that

dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad through not necessarily irrational

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that

each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage.

a test format could be normative or ipsative. in the normative format

each item is independent of all other items

multicultural counseling promotes

eclecticism

wilderness therapy falls under the auspices of adventure-based therapy. there is no set model for wilderness therapy. all of the statements below are true about wilderness therapy except

effective wilderness therapy occurs when a boot camp model is used in the wilderness

if you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the

ego

unconscious process, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called

ego defense mechanisms

construct validity refers to the extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion

ego strength

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels

ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of

egocentrism

a counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several looks which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discoveres that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the

emic viewpoint

in the person-centered approach an effective counselor must possess

empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou relationship"

the human relations core for effective counseling includes

empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness

in the 1960s c. gilbert wrenn's book. the counselor in a changing world, urged counselors to

emphasize developmental concerns rather than merely focusing on crises and curing emotional illness

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

empiricists

A family is seeing a structural family therapist because there is a huge argument every time the subject of the 16-year-old daughter's boyfriend comes up. The therapist says, "Okay, I want you to play like you are at home and act out precisely what transpires when the subject of your daughter's boyfriend is mentioned." The structural family therapist is using a technique called

enactment

the order of the four processes that MI uses is

engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning

holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the united states would be

enterprising

the philosopher most closely related to REBT would be

epicteus

One method of testing reliability is to give the same population alternate forms of the identical test. Each form will have the same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument. This is known as

equivalent or alternate forms reliability

A counselor has an answering machine in her office. Which statement most accurately depicts the ethical guidelines related to this situation.

ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but experts insist that unauthorized staff should not be allowed to listen or retrieve such messages

The statement, "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different," is based on the

etic viewpoint

a practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee "You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else" is espousing the

etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as

even more dissimilar (I.e., a contrast error)

Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to

exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class

When counselors state that privileged communication is "qualified," they actually mean that

exceptions may exist

roger's approach is characterized as a(n) _______approach

existential or humanistic

the fastest growing clientele for professional counselors are persons

experiencing marriage and family problems

the department chair was further amused by the poodle's tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another. he thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his ford but not one on a graduate student's Chevrolet truck. in reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. the training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. in this case

experimental neurosis set in

The counselor's social power is related to

expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness

a gay male protests that is unhappy with his sexual preferences and wants to lead a heterosexual lifestyle. he tells you that he wants a family and children. you should

explain that homosexuality is not a mental disorder that needs to be changed

Your sexual attraction toward your client is hindering the counseling process. You should

explain this to the client and then refer the client to another provider

Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when

external behavior matches an internal response or state

during a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. the counseling is practicing

extinction

in one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researchers then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. this is known as

extinction, and the salivation will disappear

Test scores on an exam that fell below three standard deviations of the mean or above three standard deviations of the mean could be described as

extreme

Counselors who have good listening skills

facilitate therapeutic surrender.

In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV they will use a ______

factorial

all of the following techniques listed below would be used by a behavioristic family therapist except

family scultping

Initially, Ginzberg and his colleagues viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities; this theory identified these three stages of career development:

fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11-17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties)

a popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is _______ cognitive dissonance theory

festinger's

which statement is true of african american families

fewer african americans are getting married african americans are less likely to be concerned about gender roles (e.g., men and women can cook meals at work outside of the home)

Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing

fields and levels

statistically speaking, males typically use ________ and females ________ to commit suicide

firearms; poison

A client wants his records sent to a psychiatrist he is seeing. You should

first have the client sign a dated release of information form that stipulates whether the information can be released once (or for what period of time it can be released) and then you can send the information

a counselor is utilizing a thought log ---- also known as a thought record ------ with anxious client. she is practicing

first wave CBT

super's life-span theory emphasizes _____ life changes

five

Perls suggested _______ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.

five layers of neurosis

A counseling agency decides to pay their employees once a week. The agency is using a

fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement

Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as

fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli

Good multicultural counselors are _____.

flexible

development is cephalocaudal

foot to head, head to foot

the aca and the asgw division recommend screening for potential group members

for all groups

The NCE and the CPCE would be examples of a(n) ______ test:

forced choice

group cohesiveness refers to

forces which tend to bind group members together

standardized tests always have

formal procedures for test administration and scoring

Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage?

forming

the DSM-5 no longer uses a multiaxial classification system or GAF scale. diagnostic codes have _______

four or five

______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues

frank parsons, the father of guidance

A therapist who says to a patient, "Say whatever comes to mind," is practicing

free association

A short answer test is a(n) _______ test.

free choice

Existential counselors emphasize the client's

free choice, decision, and will

a counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on

freud's topographic hypothesis

__________ did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic

galton

A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the _______ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate.

gatekeeper

the ________ may secretly wish that he or she was running the group

gatekeeper

a client who says "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman" is showing an example of

gender bias

Counselors who work as consultants

generally do not adhere to one single theory.

you are counseling your first cousin for depression. this is

generally unethical as it would constitute a dual or so-called multiple relationship

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

generativity versus stagnation

_____ factors cause Down syndrome, the most comon type known as trisomy 21

genetic (conditions passed through genes)

In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that

genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice

Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate _______ in the treatment process.

gestalt therapy

Eric Berne is to TA as

gestalt therapy

you are conducting a program evaluation (PE) for you 501 (c)(c) non profit counseling agency. you should begin by

getting the support of the staff, administration, and clients

developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. the pioneer theorists in this area --- who were the first to forsake the matching models -- were

ginzberg, ginsburg, axelrad, and herma

A new IQ test which yielded results nearly identical to other standardized measures would be said to have

good concurrent validity

group norms

govern acceptable behavior and group rules

a counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. in the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. a statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test

greater in the afternoon class than the morning class

the ______ movement began in the 1960s

group

the study of group operations is often called

group dynamics

experts predict that in the future

group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers

Group IQ tests like the Otis Lennon, the Lorge-Thorndike, and the California Test of Mental Abilities are popular in school settings. The advantage is that

group tests are quicker to administer

some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called an interpersonal problem-solving group) in that

group therapy, also dubbed s a personality reconstructive group, would be of longer duration

In some literature, group cohesiveness, or "we-ness," is known as

group unity

When Jay Haley began investigating psychotherapy he

had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions

a panel of investogators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. this is an example of

halo effect

the autocractic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader

has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling

has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.

A mother insists on accompanying her 20-year-old daughter on a date. A structural therapist would assume that

has diffuse boundaries

Regardless of culture, the popular individual

has good social skills

Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual

has self-imposed morals and ethics

in a strategic family counseling the person with the power in the family

has the authority to make rules and enforce them

a group leader who wises to assess the impact of the group ideally would

have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change

A job test which predicted future performance on a job very well would

have high criterion/predictive validity

Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often

have lower career aspirations than a man

most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractice

have other positive traits

in the case of an individual who purchased a 50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that

he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the 50,000 platinum model, he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models

six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that

he too felt the group activity was very helpful

you are performing career counseling with a client. this client is extremely depressed. the client goes on a job interview and doesn't get the job. based on research related to attribution theory

he will blame himself for his poor performance during the interview

Warren needs to conduct a study. His supervisor wants him to use a parametric inferential statistic. This means that

he will need to use random sampling and the distribution is normal

Viktor Frankl is the Father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means

healing through meaning

in a group, task roles

help solve problems, aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused & are seen as positive.

maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles

help to main the group

in the united states, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who

helps them work it out on their own

Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Hoppock's theory, based on the work of _______ is also considered a personality approach.

henry murray

a colleague of yours invents a new projective test. seventeen counselors rated the same client using the measure and came up with nearly identical assessments. this would indicate

high reliability

after a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of pavlov, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). in a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. this is called

higher-order conditioning

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as

his findings were often derived from observing his own children

A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a

histogram

a family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium is in a state of

homeostasis

bibliotherapy is a form of

homework

strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as

horizontal interventions

the standard error of measurement tells you

how accurate or inaccurate a test score is

in the 1920s, emory bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated

how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups

when developmentally theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean

how much heredity or environment interact to influence development

A model by Olson, Sprenkle, and Russell suggests that family functioning can be described in two dimensions—cohesion and adaptability. The family therapy term cohesion refers to the level of emotional bonding between family members. Adaptability refers to

how rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is

Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes

id, ego, superego

in minumchin's structural approach, clear boundaries are

ideal -- firm yet ideal

Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." Jane is engaging in

identification

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by

identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex

Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other too long since

if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers & if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or task) will be accomplished

one major disadvantage of a closed group versus an open group is that

if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members

A counselor decides to treat a client's phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe's technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be

imagining that she calling the airlines for reservation

one distinction between flooding (also known as "deliberate exposure with response prevention" in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that

implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination

a game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. games are said to prevent true intimacy. which other statement is true of games

in a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game

krumboltz's social learning theory is sometimes referred to as a cognitive theory because it emphasizes beliefs that clients have about themselves as well as the world of work. when krumboltz speaks of self-observations generalizations he really means

in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation

A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that

in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys, in general, boys have better visual - perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls

a wealth of research demonstrates that

in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.

A counselor who possesses a graduate degree wishes to become a licensed psychologist. Which statement most accurately depicts the current situation?

in nearly every case, individuals trained in counseling departments would not be allowed to sit for the EPPP and thus could not become licensed psychologists

in the united states, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy

in other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help

a screening for group members can be done in a group or privately. although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or as time efficient as group screening, many group leaders feel that private screening sessions are superior

in terms of counselor-client tnteraction

according to the fetal origins hypothesis, adult heart disease, some emotional disorders, and type 2 diabetes could be related to

in utero malnutritionq

the major trend that impact upon the counseling movement in the 1980s

included an emphasis on professionalism, certification, and licensin

piaget's preoperational stage

includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema.

cloe madanes insisted that symptoms serve a function. a child, for example, sees that her mother is depressed. the daughter throws a glass cup to the floor to break it. this brings her mother out of the depressed state and makes her mother angry and powerful. this is known as

incongruous hierarchy

Most experts believe that the number of multigenerational families with a child, a parent, and a grandparent will

increase

in experimental terminology IV stands for _______ and DV stands for __________

independent variable; dependent variable

the trait-and-factor approach fails to take ________into account

individual change throughout the life span

One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and

individual issues are not properly examined

a researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client's phobia using a paradoxical strategy. he then writes in is research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobies. this is an example of

inductive logic or reasoning

Your agency uses a collection agency when clients don't pay their bills. You should

inform the client of this before the counseling begins

you are a middle school counselor at a public school. a child is threatening to skill another student and admonishes you to keep it a secret. according to the ethical principle of minimal disclosure the best course of action

inform the parents of the student in danger, inform the prinicipal, and call the police immediately, discussing only material related to the threat

When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as

insight

in general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ____________, while behavior therapy emphasizes

instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning skinnerian principles; pavlovian principles

skinner's operation conditioning is also referred to as

instrumental learning

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage

integrity versus dispair

IG means

intelligence quotient

which method of reliability testing would be useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problems

inter-rater/inter-observer

career counselors refer to job shadowing and volunteering as ____________, activities, while reading the job hunting book. what color is your parachute? is ____________

interactive; noninteractive

Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters

interpret the results in the simplest manner

one of the primary problems of counseling in the early 1960s was that it wrongly emphasized

intrapsychic processes

a client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of

introjection

Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _______ type.

investigative

a group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by

involving parents and asking them for input

Ellis feels that _____ is at the core of emotional disturbance.

irrational thinking at point B

the most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US

is .5 or half a second

multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint, the word emic

is a "culture-specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language

development

is a continous process which begins at conception

Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society

is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory

a type II error

is also called a beta error means you accept null when it is false

a counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing my comprehensive exam." This

is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension

The statement, "Even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low,"

is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions

group career counseling

is an international phenomenon. It is used in China with college students

the school psychometrician refers katie to you for individual counseling. she indicates that katie's IQ is at the 50th percentile, katie's IQ

is approximately 100

The psychometrician calls you to tell you that she has another student who has an IQ that falls near the 84th percentile. This student's IQ

is approximately 115

A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment

is confounded/flawed

The fear of death

is greatest during middle age.

The tendency to affiliate with others

is highest in firstborns and only children

A counselor peruses a testing catalog in search of a test which will repeatedly give consistent results. The counselor

is interested in reliability

when counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference

is interpreted as therapeutic resistance

the person who becomes overly reasonable

is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization.

During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor

is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution

Early vocalization in infants

is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe

midlife career change

is not that unusual

negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and

is not the same thing as punishment

psychoanalytic practitioners do not attack symptoms directly strategic therapy

is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms

a group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is

is running a structured group

binge-eating disorder (BED)

is the most common type of eating disorder

Freud's Oedipus Complex (or Oedipus stage)

is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur and occurs during the phallic stage

in the dual-career family, partners emm to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. in a dual-career household, the woman

is typically secure in her career before she has children

The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.

is very behavioristic

Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of "we-ness" between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as

it can stunt creativity it can boost conformity

all of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except

it is a correlation coefficient

according to attribution theory and the self-serving bias, if you pass your team ______ and if you fail your exam _______

it is because of dispositional issues; it is because of situational issues

the problem with income-sensitive or sliding fee scales (based on the client's ability to pay) is that

it is difficult to administer them in a fair manner

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,

it is easier to trust people from one's own culture, lower-class people often don't trust others from a higher social class & lower-class clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.

one major advantage of a closed group versus an open group is

it promotes cohesiveness

a correlation coefficient between variales x and y is .60. if we square this figure we now have the coefficient of determination or true common variables of 36%. what is the coefficient of nondetermination that shows unique rather than common variance

it would be 64%

You secure a state license and NCC status and open a private practice. Your cousin comes to the agency for supervision to get his state license:

it would be unethical to supervise him

in a culture-fair test

items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture

in a spiral test

items get progressively more difficult

Ackerman is psychodynamic. Haley is strategic. Minuchin is structural. Bowen is intergenerational. Another well-known intergenerational family therapist would be

ivan boszormenti-nagy (enuciated naahge)

Nathan Ackerman is considered a famous psychoanalytic family therapist; So are

james framo and robin skynner

a 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main street Plumbing. this verbalization depicts the client's

job or position

According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be

jogging

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of

john crites

the frustration-aggression theory is associated with

john dollard and neal miller

As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing

john holland

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects

john holland

Carl Whitaker's interaction with the family could best be described as

joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member

during a counseling session your client tells you in great detail how he robbed a convenience store six months ago. he got away with a huge sum of money and shot the owner. his descriptions are extremely specific and you believe every word he says. in reality, you are very familar with the case because the police never solved it and it has been all over the radio and television stations in your town. there is even a huge reward to anybody who can help law enforcement agencies solve the case. ethically, you should

just keep it confidential

the kuder career planning system (KCPS) would be appropriate for

k-12, postsecondary, and even adults

the law requires clinicians to

keep progress notes.

which statement made by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process

ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens

Ken's supervisor told Ken to do a meta-analysis related to treating children with sleep disorders.

ken will use statistics based on numerous studies to investigate the issue

A counselor is counseling an executive secretary. The counselor notes that he is writing a book and explains to the client that he will see her for free if she types the manuscript. This is

known as bartering and unethical as described here

gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. men are overrepresented in _________ positions while women often have________

labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs

a family counselor treats an asian american family exactly like he treats the arab american families in his caseload. he also imposes values from his own culture on them. this counselor has been described in the literature as

lacking cultural sensitivity culturally encapsulated

the freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is

latency

In regard to state law and privileged communication, counselors must be aware tat laws are _____

laws are unclear and may vary from state to state

Coleadership, also referred to as cofacilitation, can be a disadvantage when

leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group leaders are intimate with each other leaders question each other's competence

neurocounseling research indicates that the ______________ is dominant ___________

left hemisphere; in most people

which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?

length in inches and length in centimeters

a counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect _____ social conformity than he or she would from a client his or her own culture

less

most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for children has

less members than an adult group

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce

less-aggressive children

the relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is

like that of a friend who asks what is wrong

When a leader attempts to relate one person's predicament to another person's predicament, it is known as

linking

Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?

little albert

face validity refers to the extent that a test

looks or appears to measure the intended attribute

Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice

lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates

lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher order needs, "which postulates

IQ stands for intelligence quotient, which is expressed by

ma/ca x 100

Doing cross-cultural counseling

makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences

critical period

makes imprinting possible and signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all

In adolescence

males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. What are these called?

mandalas

Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential work. Dreams have

manifest and latent content

which of these factors is not delineated by irvin yalom as a curative factor

manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind

in a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. in nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. which of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures

mann-whitney U test, often just called the U test wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs soloman and the kruskal-wallis H test

Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that

many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint

a counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on

maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs

You refer a client to Dr. Smith. Ethically, Dr. Smith

may not pay you a referral fee for sending her the client

you have written a very popular book on reality therapy. now you are teaching a graduate course on counseling at a local university. ethically, you

may use the book as a textbook in your class

the most useful measure of central tendency is

mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it

Formal diagnosis, also known as nosology, is most closely related to the ________ model.

medical

The agency you work for insists that you diagnose every client. Since this is in violation of the new ACA ethics this would qualify as "negative conditions." You could handle this by

meeting with your supervisor and executive director of the agency and discussing other ways to secure funding that go beyond DSM reimbursement advocate for the client by explaining to the insurance company asking for the diagnosis asking for the diagnosis that in some cases it is best that a diagnosis not be given. you could even teach the client to advocate for herself by having her inform the insurance company that a diagnosis might but be in her best interest show your supervisor, executive director, or insurance company/managed care firm the actual ACA code of ethics so they can see it in writing that the code stipulates that "counselors may refrain from making and/or reporting a diagnosis if they believe it would cause harm

a major advantage of group work versus individual work is that

members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (I.e. they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions

narrative therapy (NT), which highlights stories in counseling, is associated with the work of

michael white, his wife cheryl white, and david epston

Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the

minnesota occupational rating scales

In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the

mode

Regardless of the shape, the ____ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.

mode

a group therapist must make

more decisions than an individual therapist

Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that

more information is obviously necessary

most counselors would agree that

more public education is needed in the area of testing.

the number of people in an open group is generally

more stable than in a closed group.

infant IQ tests are

more unreliable than those given later in life.

The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that

most jobs are not advertised

In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that

most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as realistic, social, investigative (RSI)

A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research

most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale

according to existential therapist Irvin D. Yalom

most therapists are afraid of their own mortality and avoid the topic of death

according to the concept of occupational sex segregation

most women low-paying jobs with low status

you are supervising a counselor-in-training and focusing on the OARS core skills. you are teaching her how to perform

motivational interviewing (MI) created mainly by william miller and stephen rollnick

Mrs. Kim wanted her daughter to attend a private school for gifted children who have very high intelligence. Mrs. Kim's daughter took the Otis Lennon IQ test. Her T score was 80. Kim's counselor knew that

mrs. kim would be clated because her daughter scored exceptionally high and would be admitted

Most experts would agree that multicultural counselor's diagnosis

must be done within a cultural context

Shoulds and oughts are _______ according to Ellis.

musturbations

the theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with

nathan ackerman

most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by

national culture

a counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be

national culture and ecological culture

the first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by

neal miller

An exam has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 20. Phil has a score of 90. His score would fall

near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine

Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. The distribution of scores would most likely be

negatively skewed

in a projective test the client is shown

neutral stimuli

a good practice for counselors is to

never generalize on the basis of a single test score.

in the dictionary of occupational titles each job was given a _______ digit code

nine

many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). this usually results in

no conditioning

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that

no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories

Matt was diagnosed with somatization disorder with predominant pain. it is safe to say that

no physiological basis or medical condition can be found to explain his reaction

The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint the follower is

nonassertive

The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called _______ then _______, and in 1974 it changed to _______.

nondirective; client-centered; person-centered

Minuchin would often mimic the family's style. This is known as

none of the above

an advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center's chemical dependency program. This is the practice of

none of the above

Cybernetics is a concept used by family therapists. It is usually associated with the work of

norbert wiener

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying

normal behavior within the context of her culture

A reliable test is _______ valid.

not always

you are treating a man who suffers from panic disorder. his panic attacks are so severe he cannot drive to work. after just three sessions he is not only driving to work but has taken up sky diving to demonstrate his progress over his fear. you would love to put his testimonial on your brochure to show how adept you are at treating this affliction. you should

not ask him for a testimonial since it would constitute an ethics violation

Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the _______.

nurturing parent and the critical parent

the national counselor exam is a(n) ________ test because the scoring procedure is specific

objective

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to

occupational outlook handbook

TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions

occur where vectors of communication run parallel

A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware

of his or her own ethnocentric biases

Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an affective treatment that

often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns

statistics reveal that

on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

the soloman four-group is considered a true experimental design since each group is chosen via a random sample. when using this design

one control group receives a pretest and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not

Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist's new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since

only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off

you are seeing a husband and wife for marriage counseling. during one of the sessions you decide to see them separately. the husband tells you he has seen an attorney because he is filing for divorce. he has not told his wife and indicates that he will not do so. you feel the wife has a right to know this because it will help her plan for the future. you should

only tell his wife if he gives you permission

Freud postulated psychosexual stages

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

the correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

the y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DV's. the y axis could also be called the ______ on your exam

ordinate

an advantage of group career counseling over individual career counseling is

other clients in the group can help you to rev up your motivation you get to help other clients and they get to help you participants can role-play situations such as how to answer questions during a job interview

all of the following are examples of anne roe's "levels" except

outdoor

a operational definition

outlines a procedure

gestalt therapists sometimes while the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles

paradox as practiced by frankl, haley, or erickson

A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor's own words is using

paraphrasing

in transactional analysis (TA), the ________ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ________

parent, superego

a neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client's statements verbatim when he responds. this is known as

parroting and is not recommended

nondirective is to person-centered as

parsimony is to Occam's Razor

the trait-and-factor career counseling, acturial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with

parsons and williamson

gerald corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes __________ is necessary for an effective group leader

participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual as well-educated and is licensed and certified)

a counselor educator has created a research study. he is using students as research objects. this is commonplace

participation or lack of it cannot impact the student's academic standing

in a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures

passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner, a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice, assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate

according to the DSM-5

pathological gambling is a disorder and is listed with Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

the 1971 famous Standford Prison experiment conducted by philip zimbardo demonstrated that

people confirm to social roles

The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for _______, rather than _______ like the id.

perfection; pleasure

Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will

perform better if he or she is part of a group

a popular TWAA career counseling model by Rene V. Davis and Lloyd Lofquist uses the abbreviation PEC. this stands for

person environmental correspondence

Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _______ theorists.

personality

existentialists speak of three words, the Umwelt or the _________ world, the Mitwelt or the _______ world, and the Eigenwelt or the _________world

physical; relationship; identity

a preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. this means the child attributes human charcteristics to inanimate ojects. thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. this concept is best related to

piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7

Both the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are projective tests. The Rorschach uses 10 inkblot cards while the TAT uses

pictures

Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ____ ___ ___ ____ are to Glasser's Choice Theory.

pictures in your mind

All of these philosophers are existentialists except

plato and epictetus

a gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client's project via

playing the projection technique

The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the

pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for linido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst

A client remarks that her depression is extremely intense. Her strategic counselor remarks, "It is very possible your depression is hopeless. It is possible you will never get over it." Her comment is an example of

positioning

If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be

positive

Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn't do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny's mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of

positive reinforcement

when something is added following an operant, it is known as a __________, and when something is taken away it is called a _____________

positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

rogers viewed man as

positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment

an aptitude test is to __________ as an achievement test is to _____________

potential; what has been learned

a family counselor notices that the husband in a blended family is having obsessive sexual thoughts about a woman living down the street. a strict behaviorist would most likely

practice thought stopping

in a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the

preconscious mind

Kohlberg's three levels of morality are

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

when a counselor tells a client that the graduate record examination (gre) will predict her ability to handle graduate work, the counselor is referring to

predictive validity

A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems

predictive, value, and decision

A couple tells a therapist using strategic family therapy that they have a quarrel at least once every evening. The therapist says, "Between now and the next time I see you I want you to have a serious quarrel at least twice every evening." This is an example of

prescribing the symptoms

r.k. coyne suggested that group intervention is intended to

prevent, covert, or enhance behavior

primary groups are

preventive and attempt to ward off problems.

When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means

probability

the adult ego state

processes facts and does not focus on feelings.

your supervisor wants you to find a new personality test for your counseling agency. you should read

professional journals the buros mental measurements yearbook classic textbooks in the field as well as test materials produced by the testing company

program evaluation (PE) helps agencies , organization, and centers make wiser decision. PE takes places in a natural, rather than a laboratory or controlled, setting, and helps ________ answer questions posed via __________

programs; staff

__________is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window

projection

ethnocentrism

promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age

the significance of the 1958 national defense education act was that it

provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling expanded school guidance services improved guidance for gifted children

gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates

psychodrama

the counselor who favors projective measures would most likely

psychodynamic dysfunction

which group was most instrumental in opposing counselor licensure

psychologists

One impetus for counselor licensing was that

psychology licensure bodies sought to restrict the practice of counselors so counselors could not receive third party payments from insurance and managed care companies

Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are

psychosocial

a major meta-analysis (a term coined by researcher gene v. glass) of 375 outcome studies using effect size (ES) by mary lee smith, gene v. glass, and thomas I. miller revealed that

psychotherapy had a strong or so-called big effect , checking on at a .85

In terms of research and the group leader's personality,

qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree

A male is supervising a female counselor for state licensing. He tells her that he will continue to supervise her as long as she has sex with him. This is an example of

quid pro quo

a behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. she turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, " I know you like to play golf. therefore, every time you cut the grass your father will take you to play golf. I am going to have you and your dad sign a contract confirming that you agree with this policy,". which principle is primarily guiding her strategy

quid pro quo

hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of

r.a. fisher

A client remarks, "Hey, I'm Black and it's nearly impossible to hide it." This is illustrative of the fact that

race is not the same as ethnicity

the statement "whites are better than African Americans" illustrates

racism

Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called

rackets

In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers

ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:

rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure

the two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedule are the __________, based on the number of responses and the ________, based on the time elapsed

ratio; interval

the 16 PF reflects the work of

raymond b. cattell

Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is

reaction formation

Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role?

reactive schizophrenia

You are uncertain whether a product is a consumer or organizational product. What two questions should you ask to tell the difference?

read the test manual included with the test

A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _____ typology?

realistic

Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to

reality therapy

Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so-called _______ items.

recognition

Counselor certification

recognizes you have reached a given level of competence and thus are authorized to use a title.

when a counselor speak of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

recommendations

A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will

reduce type I and type II errors

coleadership

reduces burnout and helps ensure safety.

a counseling is seeing a client on a managed care plan. unfortunately, the client has used up her maximum number of sessions for the year. the counselor is convinced that the client is in need of additional counseling. however, the counselor's agency will not allow him to see her for any additional sessions. the best plan of action would be for the counselor to

refer the client for continued counseling to a practitioner who will see the client whether or not she has managed care benefits

a woman comes to you for help with an eating disorder. you have no experience or training in this area. ethically you should

refer this client to a colleague who is indeed trained and experienced with this type of client

which statement is true of the person-centered approach?

reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice

respondent behavior refers to

reflexes

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered

reflexive response

therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to

refuting irrational ideas and replacing then with rational ones

Mores are beliefs and social customs

regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior

systematic densitization consists of those orderly steps

relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo densitization

A couple is having sexual problems that stem from anxiety. A marriage counselor who is a strict behaviorist would most likely

rely on systematic desensitization procedures

an elementary school counselor is giving a child a standardized test. on several occasions the child says he does not understand what the counselor has said. the counselor should

repeat the question, but talk more slowly

an exception to confidentiality, or what is termed as relative confidentiality, could occur when a client is suicidal. suicidal warning signs include

repeatedly joking about killing one's self giving away prized possessions after one has been depressed for an extended period of time a previous suicide attempt and a very detailed suicide plan for the future

most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, defense mechanisms. According to freudians, the most important defense mechanism is

repression

Suppression differs from repression in that

repression is automatic and involuntary.

The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as

resistance

a strategic family therapist says to a family. "I don't know what else you can do to stop the bickering and fighting in your house". this is an example of

restraining

according to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt

retroflection

You have achieved the status of NCC. NBCC, nevertheless, feels you have violated professional ethics. NBCC can do any of the following except

revoke your state counseling license

a woman is having difficulties at her place of employment. her husband turns to her in a session and says " you're on your own, i've got my own problems. 'a structural family therapist would assert that the boundaries between this couple are

rigid

Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?

robert hoppock

If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment

said to be reliable

A researcher creates a new motoric test in which clients throw a baseball at a target 40 feet away. Each client is given 100 throws, and the mean on the test is 50. (In other words, out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times.) Sam took the test and hit the target just two times out of the 100 throws allowed. Jeff, on the other hand, hit the target an amazing 92 out of 100 trials. Using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict that

sam's score will increase while jeff's will go down

the strong interest inventory is based on john holland's theory. the test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience

satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests

everybody picks on

scapegoat

The career anchor theory was espoused by

schein

the doctor-patient consultation model relies on four distinct stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation. in order for the doctor-patient structure to work, the consultee (I.e., the person receiving the consultation) must accurately depict symptomatology, trust the consultant's diagnoses, and carry out the consultant's directives. this model is associated most closely with the work of

schein

Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote

schools without failure

Ethics state that a counselor should _______ all clients for group counseling

screen

a family actually changes the structure of their family system. according to watzlawick, and fisch the family has achieved

second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change

a stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes no reinforcement properties of its own. this is known as

secondary reinforcement

the most effective method adult use to find jobs in the united states

securing information via ads in the newspaper

weight watchers is a

self-help or support group, as is AA

in albert ellis's rational-emotive therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as

self-talk, internal verbalizations

________is behavioral sex therapy

sensate focus

in Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the

sensorimotor stage

the final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of

separation and termination

during the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing will be permitted. this is known as

setting ground rules

a researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. you could safely say that

she could accomplish this using systematic sampling

The mean score on a new counseling exam is 65. The standard deviation is 15. Tanja scored a 35. This tells us that

she had a z-score of -2

you are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be

she has a conversation disorder with la belle indifference

a woman who is in private practice mentions in her phone book advertisement that she is a licensed counseling psychologist, this generally means that

she has a graduate degree from a psychology department

According to cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch

she will read positive reviews on the silver watch - and possibly negative reviews about the gold model - after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance

according to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home

should ask to come in the house

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor's training

should be broad and interdisciplinary

A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume

should emphasize the importance of a cover letter

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is

sibling rivalry

which theorist's (or theorists') work has been classified as a preface to the group movement

sigmund freud

most experts would agree that _________is most threatening for clients as well as counselors

silence

pick the most accurate statement regarding patients diagnosed with cancer

since january 1, 2015 there is official recognitions that a diagnosis of cancer will affect a patient's mental health

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized

since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern

in a new study the clients do not known whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. this is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. thus, this is a

single-blind study

Millie has a panic attack whenever she drives across a bridge. She has

situationally bound panic attacks cued panic attacks

Holland categorized _______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.

six

The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress _______ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor.

slower

Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely

social

Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as

social connectedness

one problem with interest inventories is that the person often tries to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner. psychometricians call this response style phenomenon

social desirability (the right way to feel in society)

In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized

social factors

john krumboltz proposes a _______ model of career development

social learning behavioristic

_________believe that aggression is learned. thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive

social learning theorists

when counseling asian american families the best approach would most likely be

solution-focused/problem-focused modalities

Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that

some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling & more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations.

a student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are eggheads". This demonstrates

sour grapes rationalization

a client from another culture will

speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.

a monolingual U.S. counselor

speaks only English

A client who likes her flower arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as

spillover

A woman sees her husband as all good sometimes and all bad at others. An analytically trained family therapist who believes in object relations would see this as

splitting

Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance

stability and change morphostasis and morphogenesis

ethical guidelines were first created for the helping professions in 1953 when the american psychological association (APA) published their first code of ethics. the national association of social workers (NASW) created their cold in 1960, and in 1961, the organization that is now ACA adopted ethics for counselors. ethics always describe

standards of conduct imposed by the ACA and NBCC

the department chairman found the poodle's response to his automobile horn humorous. he thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his horn and not the original toy bell. indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. the poodle was now demonstrating

stimulus discrimination

In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate

stimulus generalization

Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate using Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?

stimulus generalization or what pavlov termed irradiation

the anal retentive personality is

stingy

Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the ______ school of family counseling.

strategic

in a random sample each individual in the population has an equal change of being selected. selection is by chance. in a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% african americans. what type of sampling procedure will be necessary

stratified sampling would be best

alber ellis is to REBT as salvador minuchin is to

structural family therapy

most experts would agree that overall

structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques.

Some research demonstrates that

structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members.

when you conduct group career counseling

structured groups work best

studies indicate that

students want more vocational guidance than they receive.

A test can be defined as a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior. Test format refers to the manner in which test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered a(n) _______ format.

subjective

evidence for the conscious mind comes from all of these except

subjective units of distress scale

Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for

subjective units of disturbance scale

A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _______ according to Brill's theory of career choice.

sublimation

Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _______ as an ego-defense mechanism.

sublimation

an aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying

sublimation

you have just made a landmark discovery which you feel could literally change the entire field of counseling and thus you write an article which depicts your findings. the next step would be to

submit the article to one publication at a time despite your conviction that the article must get published

Glasser felt the responsible person will have a _______ identity.

success

When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on

successful behaviors

In terms of adolescents and career group counseling:

such groups are cost effective and promote peer identification

when development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client

suffers from fixation

a counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely

suggest a site visit to a work setting

When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using

summarization

A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he or she has learned during a given session is promoting

summarization, the act of briefly stating what has transported or discussed

A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that

suprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment

the simplest form of descriptive research is the ______ wich requires a questionnaire return or completion rate of ______ to be accurate

survey; 50-75%

a master's level counselors lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates

sweet lemon rationalization

a client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. the counselor responds. "oh, you poor dear. it must be terrible! How can you go on living?" this is an example of

sympathy

Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to

take a baseline measure

a lesbian client wants to become heterosexual and asks for conversion or reparative therapy. you explain that you ethically do not believe in this form intervention. she asks for you to refer to a practitioner who will perform this type of therapy

tell the client you prefer not to refer her to a therapist who engages in this form of treatment. discuss the potential harm and risks with the client emphasizing that this is an unproven form of treatment

All reinforcers

tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur

You have attempted to help a client for over two years with little or no success. You should

terminate the relationship and initiate an appropriate referral

One method of testing reliability is to give the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlate the scores. This is called

test-re-test reliability

the trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that

testing is an important part of the counseling process a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job

freud's theory speaks of eros and thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by

thanatos

Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts

that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up

One criticism of using cognitive-behavioral methods like REBT with families or individuals in multicultural counseling would be

that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages

a counselor educator is giving a seminar on the DSM-5. she gives the students a handout and it lists boarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder as both having the same 300.3 code. this most likely explanation is

that this could be correct since two diagnoses can share a single code

Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him

that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response

the APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development

the APGA and APA had joint ethics guidelines for counselors and psychologists. this changed during the 1970s when

the APA did not wish to credential master's level counselors or psychologists

all of these statements are ethnocentric except

the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico.

Some support for Roe's theory comes from

the Rorscharch and the TAT

empathy is

the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client

The type of mental health service provided to the client is coded via _______ and is generally required for insurance payments.

the ama's current procedural terminology (e.g., CPT 90844)

noted psychotherapy author and scholar raymond corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the "modern era" of group work. in the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created and group work became a legitimate specialty. the groups are

the american society for group psychotherapy and psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of jacob moreno in 1942 and the american group psychotherapy association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of samuel richard slavson in 1943

which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling

the approach is developmentally and thus focuses on career maturity

equiliberation is

the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accomodation)

You gave your client Ester a personality test and then shared your interpretation of the test with her. Your client was amazed at how accurate the test results were in terms of depicting her personality. She readily accepted the interpretation. The next day you discovered that you had interpreted the wrong test! The test you were analyzing was not Ester's but rather belonged to another client! Ester's behavior could best be explained by

the barnum effect

The model Krumboltz suggested is

the behavioristic model of career development.

The hunch is known as the experimental or alternative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group (i.e., the group receiving the IV). Thus, if the experiment were conducted, the experimental hypothesis would suggest that

the biofeedback would raise board scores

you are working as a counselor for a major university. a student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. the best resource would be

the bureau of labor statistics website

a researcher wants to prove that structural family therapy is the most effective modality. she conducted a study a year ago using a significance level of .05. several colleagues felt her significance level needed to come down. she thus ran the same basic experiment again with new people using a significance level of .01. her chance of making a type 1 error, or so-called alpha error reduced. now assume you compare her new research to her old research. what could you say about the possibility that her results will indicate that structural family therapy was not significantly different when in reality it truly is significant

the chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment

According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,

the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs

_____ helped to populate the multicultural counseling movement

the civil rights movement

Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which

the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

a group participant wants to drop out of a group. since the group is "closed" most experts would agree that

the client is allowed to withdraw

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannebaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if

the client likes the counselor

the DSM-5 provides diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability (ID), formerly billed as mental retardation. it states that

the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18. the client's ability to adapt to normal life in school, work, or family at home must also be impaired

in intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means

the client therapists psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts

At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies

the client will not ned to lift over 10 pounds

all of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except

the client's childhood is explored

Existentialists focus primarily on

the client's perception in the here-and-now.

a male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. this phenomenon is

the compensatory effect

a correlation/association between variables x and y is .50. according to the notion of effect size (ES)

the correlation is medium

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture

a neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. the problem is most likely that

the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions

Genuineness, or congruence, is really

the counselor's ability to be himself or herself.

when comparing the autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire styles

the democratic, or what sam gladding called a facilitator, is the most desirable

From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when

the distribution is skewed there are extreme scores

The landmark 1969 case, Tarasoff versus the Board of Regents of the University of California illuminated

the duty to warn a client in imminent danger

behavior therapist often shy away from punishment because

the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression

Freudians refer to the ego as

the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle

the most valuable type of research is

the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships

one of the primary goals of bowen's intergenrational family therapy is differentiation. differentiation is

the extent that one can separate one's intellect from one's emotional self

An intergenerational family therapist says they are concerned with _______. They are referring to the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether alive or dead.

the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead

a married couple brings their two children to counseling for behavioral problems. the 14-year-old daughter stays out late and their 17-year-old son is using drugs. according to most marriage and family therapists the identified patient would be

the family

in 1909 a landmark book entitled choosing a vocation was released. the book was written by frank parsons. parsons has been called

the father of vocational guidance

solution-oriented therapy as practiced by william o'hanlon, insoo kim berg, steve de shazer, and michelle weiner davis focuses primarily on

the future

based on the information in the previous question, the best example of a fundamental attribution error (also called a fundamental attribution bias) would be

the graduate blames the woman for carrying an expensive handbag and wearing tight clothes

the concept of universality (also called mutuality) applies to group treatment. in career groups we can safely say

the group allows the members to see that others can be struggling with similar issues related to work, vocation, and career other members of the group are in similar situations

a group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. coleadership is desirable because

the group can go oven if one leader is absent two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader since two individuals will have better observational skills leaders can process their feeling between sessions

A client would generally feel the most suspicious of the others in group in the ________ stage.

the group formation/exploratory stage

which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work

the group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life

A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be

the hawthrone effect

the SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal

the individual's three highest scores based on holland's personality types

a counselor is told by is supervisor to measure the internal consistency reliability (I.e., homogeneity) of a test but not to divide the test in halves

the kudor-richardson coefficients of equivalence

most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during

the late 1960s

super's life-span theory includes

the life-career rainbow.

Conversion or reparative therapy is intended to change sexual orientation and behaviors from gay to straight.

the literature in scientific and peer-reviewed journals does not indicate that a person's sexual orientation can be altered

A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn't know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too diffi cult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Karpman's triangle would say

the man has moved from the persecutor, to the reporter, to the victim role

In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct an experiment suggested in question 708 the experimental group would need to receive

the manipulated IV the biofeedback training

Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to

the manner in which discussions and transactions occur

in a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has told. the first paid $10 per hour, the second paid $30 per hour, and the third paid a higher rate of $50 per hour. the counselor responds that the client is averaging $30 per hour. the counselor is using

the mean

the median is

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

the most common measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and the mode. the mode is

the most frequently occurring score and the least-important measure of central tendency

the child ego state is like the little kid within. the child may mainifest itself as

the natural child the adapted child the little professor

neuroscience supports

the notion that empathy and exercise could benefit depressed individuals

in terms of the labor market

the number of employees employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up & the number of employees willing to work for you goes up as the salary increases.

common archetypes include

the persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self, animus, anima, self, and shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired.

during the course of a family session you discover that the man and his 14-year-old son are putting pressure on mom to quit her job. mom very much likes her work. in Haley's theory this set of dynamics would be called

the perverse triangle

existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client's internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is

the philosophy of being and existing

When a structural therapist uses the term boundaries he or she really means

the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family

A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individual's depression begins to lift. This is known as

the placebo effect

Appraisal can be defined as

the process of assessing or estimating attributes

Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that

the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood career choice decisions really made throughout the life span career choice is reversible

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to

the prognosis

one major difference between the psychology versus the counseling movement seems to be that

the psychologists are working to eliminate practitioners with less than a doctorate, while the counselors are not

group norms refer to

the range of acceptable behavior within the group.

when a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. a researcher might ask, for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. again, nothing is manipulated; just measured. in cases such as this a correlation coefficient will reveal

the relationship between IQ and panic disorder

existential counselors as well as rogerian person-centered counselors adhere to what Martin Buber called the I-Thou relationship, which asserts that

the relationship is horizontal

Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children's behavior. In this approach

the researcher does not manipulate or control variables

in a counseling research study, two groups of subjects took a test with the same time. however, when they talked with each other they discovered that the questions were different. the researcher assured both groups that they were given in the same test. how is this possible

the researcher gave parallel forms of the same test

If a distribution is bimodal, there is a good chance that

the researcher is working with two distinct populations

an elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. in reality, no such test was administered. moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. by the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel! this would be explained via

the rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect

there are two distinct types of developmental studies. in a cross sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. in a longitudinal study, however

the same people are studied over a period of time

Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in the _______ stage.

the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage

The most popular developmental career theorist is donald super, super emphasizes

the self-concept

a hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in

the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage

Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know

the standard error of measurement (SEM)

A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize

the student's t test

The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to

the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment

when comparing a tertiary group with a primary or secondary group

the tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology

all of the following are difficulties with career testing except

the tests all take at least three hours to administer

an important technique in structural family therapy is joining. which statement most accurately depicts this intervention

the therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. the therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns

when professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean

the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations

a platykuric distribution would look approximately like

the upper half of a hot dog lying on its side over the abscissa

Ethnocentrism

the use of one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others

When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as

the x axis

A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of

theories of group stages

Mrs. Chance tells a family therapist that she pays all the bills, does all the cleaning, and brings in 90% of the family's income. Moreover, Mrs. Chance is convinced that her husband does not appreciate her or show her affection. According to the behavioristic principle of family therapy known as reciprocity

there is a good chance that mrs. chance will consider leaving the marriage

p = .05 really means that

there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.

Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that

these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives and more counselors should be employed

which statement is true regarding native american families

they are a very diverse group as they belong to over 550 state-recognized tribes, with over 220 in alaska extended family and the tribe are very significant a high percentage of children have been placed in foster care homes, residential facilities, or adoption homes that are non-native american

interest inventories are positive in the sense that

they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker

coleaders are apt to work at cross purposes when

they do not meet between group sessions

One major criticism of interest inventories is that

they emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs

Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as

they promote democratic leadership & they serve the individual and not the group

Insurance payments are also called

third-party payments

You wish to use an experimental treatment strategy. According to NBCC

this could be ethical if you explain this to the client and the client agrees

A counseling test consists of 300 forced response items. The person taking the test can take as long as he or she wants to answer the questions.

this is most likely a power test

you are supervising a licensing candidate, who is primarily interested in marriage and family counseling. you are very attracted to her and have sex with her. according to ethics guidelines

this is unethical

In your initial disclosure statement it was clearly explained to the client that she must pay her bill in a timely manner. She did not. According to ACA ethical guidelines you can terminate her:

this practice is ethical if you revealed this to the client in the initial disclosure statement

j.p. guilford isolated 120 factors which added up tp intelligence. he also is remembered for his

thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking

Rogers felt that _______ for client change to occur.

three conditions are necessary

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

three levels of morality

the family counselor explains to Mrs. Smith that the next time that 9-year-old Sally hits her little brother she must sit in the family room by herself. the counselor is using

time-out, a procedure that most behavioristic feel is a form of extinction

the main purpose of a career group is

to provide information to participants

most experts in the field of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability

to trust

A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 3. Tom scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time:

tom will score between 103 and 109

The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of

top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique

T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for

training

occupational aptitude tests such as the differential aptitude test (DAT), the armed services vocational aptitude test battery (ASVAB), and the O'NET ability profiler grew out of the

trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling

When a client projects feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called

transference

a person-centered therapist would

treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles

a question on the NCE or CPCE regarding a pre-experimental design uses the letters XO. the letters stand for

treatment (X) and observation, measurement, or score (o)

__________ and __________ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy

truax; carkhuff

the statement "native americans, also called american indians in some of the literature, have a problem with alcoholism and suicide is

true

The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is

true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

sensorimeter is to Piaget as oral is to Fredu, and as _______ is to Erikson

trust versus mistrust

___________ seemingly is related to serotonin in the brain. deficits of serotonin are thought to cause depression

tryptophan, an amino acid

Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that _______ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined.

two hours per session

If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be

two-way ANOVA or MANOVA

Assume the experiment in question 708 is conducted. The results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case. The researcher has made a

type I error

an achievement test measures maximum performance or present level of skill. tests of this nature are also called attainment tests, while a personality test or interest inventory measures

typical performance

positive transference is to love or affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to

uncertainty

id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______ is to topographical theory

unconscious, preconscious, conscious

in psychoanalytic family therapy the term introjects really means that the client

unconsciously internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves

A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of

underemployment

an experiment is said to be confounded when

undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.

You are a well-known cognitive behavioral therapist who heads up a private practice in NJ. For the next two years, you will be in Canada doing research. Your practice has 6 other counselors. The practice is sending brochures to schools, agencies, and hospitals in attempts to boost referrals. Your name appears on the front of the brochure, as if you are available for referrals. This is:

unethical

a counselor is treating a woman for a mood disorder. the counselor has sex with the woman's daughter. this is considered

unethical

a client asks you (and you have NCC status) for classical psychoanalysis yet you have no training whatsoever in this area. if you agree to analyze the client, you are

unethical as this is misrepresentation

in gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as

unfinished business

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by

universal culture

all of the following are examples of anne roe's "fields" except

unskilled

a client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. a gestalt therapist would most likely

urge the client to stay with the feeling

before _______ child psychologists studied the child, sociologists studied the family, anthropologists studied society, economists analyzed the economic framework, and political scientists investigated the political structure

urie brongenbrenner

a counselor is performing CBT. he believes his client is not dealing with the real or core issue causing the difficulty. the most effective ploy would be to

use the downward arrow technique, created by david d. burns, M.D.

measures of central tendency are used to summarize data. a counseling researcher wants to use a measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution. he will thus

use the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average

Career groups are often considered a theme group. The best intervention in a structured career group would be:

using activities such as a game

A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past six months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?" The counselor is

using concreteness

An adept multicultural counselor

usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy

utilizes fewer sessions per week, does not utilize the couch, is performed face to face

Which is more important, validity or reliability?

validity

the most critical factors in test selection are

validity and reliability

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the ____________.

variable ratio

As a gambling addiction counselor Laura is well aware that slot machines operate on a

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Attending behavior that is verbal is also called

verbal tracking

strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as

vertical interventions

An IQ score on an IQ test which has 3 SDs above the mean would be near the ____ level.

very superior

child-centered play therapy (CCPT) is experiencing rapid growth in popularity and spawning research. this modality was created by

virginia mae axline, an associate of Carl R. Rogers who penned dibs in search of self

experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of

virginia satir

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

volume or mass

a 39-year-old female secretary you are seeing in your assertiveness training group reveals that she is plotting to shoot her husband. based on the tarasoff case you should

warn the husband

a 14-year-old male threatens to blow up his parents' garage because he has been grounded. you believe his threat is genuine. you should

warn the parents that their property is in danger

A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them. The counselor

was testing reliability via the split-half correlation method

One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs,

was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) answer the question

was the money wisely spent or does the counseling center need a new program

An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that:

watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

groups promote the concept of universality, which suggested that

we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem

Murray Bowen is known for his work in intergenerational family therapy. When Bowen refers to triangulation he means

when a dyad (I.e., two individuals) is under stress a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. this could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict

in cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective

when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session

the in-basket technique would be best

when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position

In the field of testing, validity refers to

whether the test really measures what it purports to measure

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor

which evolves primarily during the oral age.

historically speaking, the first psychology laboratory was set up by

wilhelp wundt, in 1879 in leipzig, germany

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child

will develop a personality which gravitates (I.e., moves) toward people or away from people

according to virginia satir, the individual displaying an irrelevant style

will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics

a counselor who sports NCC after her name

will need a specified amount of continuing education contact hours before she can be recertified, or she will need to take the NCE again.

Privileged communication refers to the fact that anything said to a counselor by a client

will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission

the placater is a people pleaser under stress while the blamer

will sacrifice others to feel good about himself will often say " if it weren't for you....." will point the finger at others to avoid dealing with his or her own issues

The group IQ test movement began

with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I.

a time-series design is a quasi-experimental design

without randomly chosen control and experimental groups, which relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable (I.e., the thing you measuring_ before and after the treatment occurs

All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except

wolpe

a counselor can assume that, in general

women make less money than men for the same job most complaints against counselors for exploitation come from women complaining about male counselors women are not as comfortable as men when they are involved in competitive situation

according to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination

women make less than men for doing the same job

lifestyle include

work leisure style of living

Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a _______ setting.

work/organizational

counseling because popular after the 1931 publication of

workbook in vocations by william proctor, glidden ross benefield, and gilbert wrenn

a woman who is being robbed

would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases

daniel levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He

wrote the 1978 classic seasons of a man's life and the 1997 sequel seasons of a women's life; postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately five years earlier

you are counseling a 29-year-old man in your private practice who is seeing a primary care physician (PCP) for severe headaches

yes, but only if the client is abusing a child or a senior citizen

assume that you have decided to refer a client elsewhere because you were unable to help her. upon you mentioning this, the client insists that she has seen several other therapists and you are the finest one. ethics guidelines would dictate that

you are not obligated to continue the relationship

a malpractice or liability insurance company is least likely to defend you if

you are sexually involved with a client

In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare items to one another. The result is that

you cannot legitametely compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test

you are a counselor in a state that does not legally support privileged communication. you refuse to testify in court. in this situation

you could be help in contempt of court

in a cyclical test

you have several sections which are spiral in nature

which of these responses is the best example of the double-bind concept used in Haley's strategic therapy? you are trying to help a client stop smoking

you hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. after you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days

You pass your exam and now have NCC status. You perform a battery of tests on your client. After you complete the testing you discover your client is in imminent danger. You receive a legal court order to turn over the test scores. You:

you must turn over the test records complete with the test scores

Type I errors occur when

you reject null when it is true

A client wants to read her record. Pick the statement which is not accurate.

you should allow her to read it, however, you should go back and change things you don't want her to see, for example, the fact that you said she was schizophrenic

You conduct a true experiment. The results between the several groups are statistically significant. You have rejected the null hypothesis:

you should still provide an effect size (ES) statistic

virginia satir felt that a major goal of therapy was to improve intrafamily communication (I.e., communication between family members). according to satir, four basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. these defensive postures or stress positions are: placating, blaming, being overly reaonsable, and being irrelevant. placating means

you try to please everybody out of a fear pf rejection

jay hayley believes in giving clients directives. you are counseling a family and during the session the 14-year-old daughter exclaims that she is suicidal. the best example of a directive would be

you turn to the family and say, "if your daughter threatens sucide this week I want the entire family -- including your daughter -- to stay home and nobody leaves for the day

if you compare group career counseling to noncounselor interventions

you will discover that group career counseling is more effective

which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product

you wince whenever Jane raises her voice

your supervisor insists you rely on a telecological approach with a client. pick the correct statement

you would focus on the client's goal to become a stock broker in four years when she finishes her business degree

A question on your comprehensive exam asks you to compute the coefficient of determination. You are given a correlation coefficient of .70. How would you mathematically accomplish this task?

you would square the .70

you are supervising graduate student. the client she is discussing was raped and robbed several days prior to your session with this student. when you ask your supervisee for more information she says "well, I'm certain the fact that she was carrying a very expensive handbag and wearing tight clothes was an issue," based on gestalt psychologist fritz heider's concept of attribution theory

your supervisee is relying on dispositional attributions

Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels.

6; 3

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists

allow clients to work through early conflicts

Imprinting - rapid learning during a critical period of development - is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by:

Konrad Lorenz

which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency

Konrad Lorenz

according to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may - a given psychosexual stage

become fixated at

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means

behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species

An empiricist view of development would be

behavioristic

In terms of parenting young children

boys are punished more than girls.

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as

concrete operations -- ages 7-11

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called

equiliberation

when comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general

girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by age 2, girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles

has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development, is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral prinicples

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow

interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is

intimacy versus isolation - ages - 23-34 years

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles

is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level

marital satisfaction

often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests

one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape

a theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position

organicism

Stage theorists assume

qualitative changes between stages occur.

the schema (I.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

sensorimotor stage - birth to 2 years

Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is

sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by

sex-role socialization

Piaget felt

teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation.

erikson's middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. generativity refers to

the ability to do creative work or raise a family, the opposite of stagnation, the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time

trust versus mistrust is

the basis of morality according to Kohlberg

When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to

try to face the group member

The zone of proximal development

was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky