RPF Exam Key Terms April 2020

External Yarding Distance

(EYD) The slope distance from the landing to the furthest reachable point within the cutting unit's boundary.

Anthropogenic

(chiefly of environmental pollution and pollutants) originating in human activity. "anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide"

Dioecious

(of a plant or invertebrate animal) having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals. (separate sexes).

Autochthonous

(of an inhabitant of a place) indigenous rather than descended from migrants or colonists. Geology (of a deposit or formation) formed in its present position.Often contrasted with allochthonous.

Cal Fire Administrative Stop Order

4602.5. Temporary suspension of operations pending judicial remedies; procedures; violations; penalties. (a) This section provides an administrative procedure to suspend Timber Operations temporarily while judicial remedies are pursued pursuant to this article. (b) An inspecting forest officer may issue a written Timber Operations stop order if, upon reasonable cause, the officer determines that a timber operation is being conducted or is about to be conducted in violation of this chapter or of forest practice Rules adopted by the board pursuant to this chapter and that the violation or threatened violation would result in imminent and substantial harm to soil, water, or timber resources, or to fish and wildlife habitat. A stop order shall apply only to those acts or omissions that are the proximate cause of the violation or threatened violation. The stop order shall be effective immediately and throughout the next day. (c) A supervising forest officer may, after an onsite investigation, extend a stop order issued pursuant to subdivision (b) for up to five days, excluding Saturday and Sunday, provided that he or she finds that the original stop order was issued upon reasonable cause. A stop order shall not be issued or extended for the same act or omission more than one time. (d) Each stop order shall identify the specific act or omission that constitutes the violation or threatened violation, any timber operation that is to be stopped, and any corrective or mitigative actions that may be required. The department may terminate the stop order if the responsible parties enter into a written agreement with the department assuring that the parties will resume operations in compliance with this chapter and the Rules adopted by the board and will correct the violations. The department may require a reasonable cash deposit or bond payable to the department as a condition of compliance with the agreement. (e) Notice of the issuance of a stop order or an extension of a stop order shall be deemed to have been made to all persons working on a timber operation when a copy of the written order is delivered to the person in charge of operations at the time the order is issued or, if no persons are present at that time, then by posting a copy of the order conspicuously on the yarder or log loading equipment at a currently active Landing on the Timber Operations. If no persons are present at the site of the timber operation when the order is issued, the issuing officer shall deliver a copy of the order to the Timber Operator either in person or to the operator's address of record prior to the commencement of the next working day. (f) As used in this section, "forest officer" means a registered professional forester employed by the department in a civil service classification of forester II or higher grade. (g) Failure of the Timber Operator or an employee of the Timber Operator, after receiving notice, to comply with a stop order is a violation of this chapter and is punishable as provided in Section 4601; provided, however, that in all cases the Timber Operator, and not another person or the employee, shall be charged with this violation. In determining the penalty for any Timber Operator found guilty of violating a validly issued stop order, the court shall take into consideration all relevant circumstances, including, but not limited to, the following: (1) The extent of harm to soil, water, or timber resources or to fish and wildlife habitat. (2) Corrective action, if any, taken by the defendant. Each day or portion thereof that the violation continues shall constitute a new and separate offense. (h) Nothing in this section shall prevent a timber operator from seeking an alternative writ as prescribed in Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1084) of Title 1 of Part 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, or as provided by any other provision of law.

Cumulative Environmental Impacts

912.9, 932.9, 952.9 Cumulative Impacts Assessment Checklist. Page 39 of 2020 FPR. Each individual Timber Harvest Plan (THP) completed must be approved by the California Department of Forestry (CDF) with input from other government agencies and the public. In order for an individual harvest plan to be approved, it must contain an adequate assessment of the cumulative impacts of any harvest activities. The California Forest Practices Rules (CFPR) dictate the manner in which cumulative impacts must be addressed within each THP. Currently, the items evaluated in every THP include the following: A. Watershed Resources Impacts to watershed resources within the Watershed Assessment Area (WAA) based on on-site and off-site cumulative effects on beneficial uses of water, as defined and listed in applicable Water Quality Control Plans. Watershed effects produced by timber harvest and other activities including the following: a. Sediment Effects b. Water Temperature Effects c. Organic Debris Effects d. Chemical Contamination Effects e. Peak Flow Effects f. Watercourse Conditiong. Gravel Embedded h. Pools Filled i. Aggrading j. Bank Cutting k. Bank Mass Wasting l. Downcutting Scoured m. Organic Debris n. Stream-Side Vegetation o. Recent Floods B. Soil Productivity Organic Matter Loss Surface Soil Loss Soil Compaction Growing Space Loss C. Biological Resources Known rare, threatened, or endangered species or sensitive species directly or indirectly impacted Significant known wildlife or fisheries resource within the immediate project area and the biological assessment area (BAA) Aquatic and near-water habitat conditions in the THP and in surrounding areas a. Pools and riffles b. Large woody debris (LWD) c. Near-water vegetation Biological habitat condition of the THP and immediate surrounding area a. Snags/den/nest trees b. Downed LWD c. Multistory canopy d. Road density e. Hardwood cover f. Late seral (mature) forest characteristics g. Late seral habitat continuity h. Special Habitat Elements D. Recreational Resources Recreational activities involving significant numbers of people within 300 feet of logging area Recreational special treatment areas (STA) identified by the Board of Forestry within or adjacent to the plan E. Visual Resources STAs designated by the Board of Forestry because of their visual values Distance the proposed timber operation is from the nearest point that significant numbers of people can view the timber operation. Identify the manner in which the public affected by the above 1 and 2 will view the proposed operations F. Vehicular Traffic Impacts Identify whether any publicly owned roads will be used for the transport of wood products Identify any public roads that have not been used recently for the transport of wood products and will be used to transport wood products from the proposed timber harvest Identify any public roads that have existing traffic or maintenance problems Identify how the logging vehicles used in the timber operation will change the amount of traffic on public roads, especially during heavy traffic conditions

Equilibrium

when the concentration of a substance is the same in two areas. Diffusion stops when this occurs

CC 66

A HT- indexed(tree height) variable where crown closure is at 66% of tree height. Advantages is that it accounts for differences in vertical canopy profiles, which makes them effective measures of one-sided competition in mixed-species and uneven aged stands. Book: Forest Growth and Yield Modeling https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ4_S8srXx4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Box Plots

A box and whisker plot—also called a box plot—displays the five-number summary of a set of data. The five-number summary is the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum. In a box plot, we draw a box from the first quartile to the third quartile. A vertical line goes through the box at the median. The whiskers go from each quartile to the minimum or maximum. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/summarizing-quantitative-data/box-whisker-plots/a/box-plot-review

Defensible Space

A defensible space is an area around a building in which vegetation, debris, and other types of combustible fuels have been treated, cleared, or reduced to slow the spread of fire to and from the building. Information about local vegetation, weather, and topography is used to determine the Fire Severity Zone of an area, which can help determine the most effective design of a defensible space. A defensible space is one of the most cost-effective ways to protect a building from a wildfire and can often be created by the property owner. From the FPR's: (c) Fuelbreak/Defensible Space. Where some trees and other vegetation and fuels are removed to create or maintain a shaded fuel break or defensible space in an area to reduce the potential for wildfires and the damage they might cause. Minimum stocking standards within the timber operating area shall be met immediately after harvest and shall be those found in 14 CCR 912.7 [932.7, 952.7]. The RPF shall describe in the plan specific vegetation and fuels treatment, including timing, to reduce fuels to meet the objectives of the Community Fuelbreak area or other objectives identified by the RPF with the written concurrence of a public fire agency and determined by the Director to be consistent with the purposes of the Act.

Succession

A series of predictable and orderly changes within an ecosystem over time. Forest succession is the process by which species recover and regenerate after a disturbance. The type of disturbance, the climate and weather conditions, the presence of colonizing species, and the interactions among species all influence the path that succession will take. Species diversity and composition fluctuate throughout succession. The classic model of succession is known as relay floristics and refers to a relay of dominant species. After a stand-replacing disturbance, shade-intolerant species colonize and grow into a dominant canopy, but due to their shade-intolerance they are unable to regenerate under their own canopy; the understory (composed of shade-tolerant species) gradually replaces the canopy, and due to its shade-tolerance it can regenerate under its own canopy and therefore becomes the dominant species. Often succession is not so complete or directed as the relay floristics model describes. Species can be mid-tolerant of shade and survive by taking advantage of small amounts of light coming through the canopy, and further disturbances can create small gaps. These and other factors can lead to a mixture of dominant species and a not so obvious "end" to succession (climax community). Many successional trajectories follow a basic four-stage development pattern. The first of these stages, stand initiation, occurs after a major disturbance and involves many species arriving in the area of abundant light and nutrients. The second stage, stem exclusion, describes the growth and competition of these species as resources become less available; likely one or a few species outcompetes and becomes stand-dominating. The third stage, understory reinitiation, involves further disturbance and the creation of gaps; at this point stratification develops, with layers of canopy, midstory, and understory appearing. The final stage, known as old-growth, is the extension and completion of the understory reinititation; a complex multi-aged and multi-layered forest has developed. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=7984&context=etd_theses

Dry weight tons

A unit of weight equal to 2,240 pounds (1.016 metric tons or 1,016.05 kilograms). Also called long ton. Used to measure Biomass or fuel bed loading.

Bottomless Pipe Arch

A variation of culvert configurations. Bottomless culverts can have a span ranging from 1.5 feet to more than 35 feet. The difference is that in place of a hard surface (typically concrete) floor, the culvert bottom is the natural stream bed material. Advantages to this are a more environmentally congruous stream paths and low cost. (embedment depth = footing depth +/- design bed elevation)

Crook

Abrupt bend in a tree or log.

Aeciospores

Aeciospores are one of several different types of spores formed by Rusts. They each have two nuclei and are typically seen in chain-like formations in the aecium. In WPBR, when the blisters rupture they release bright orange colored aeciospores which infect the alternate host (most commonly gooseberry or currant plants). While hosted on these other plants the rust produces basidiospores that are released in the fall and can infect the pines. The rust is shed from the gooseberry or current plant when the plant naturally drops its leaves in the autumn.

Afforestation

Afforestation is the process of planting trees, or sowing seeds, in a barren land devoid of any trees to create a forest. The term should not be confused with reforestation, which is the process of specifically planting native trees into a forest that has decreasing numbers of trees. While reforestation is increasing the number of trees of an existing forest, afforestation is the creation of a 'new' forest.

Agroforestry

Agroforestry is a land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. This intentional combination of agriculture and forestry has varied benefits, including increased biodiversity and reduced erosion. Agroforestry practices have been successful in sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of the United States. Agroforestry shares principles with intercropping. Both may place two or more plant species (such as nitrogen-fixing plants) in proximity. Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. Two or more interacting plant species in a given area create a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of fauna. Agroforestry is important for biodiversity for different reasons. It provides a more diverse habitat than a conventional agricultural system. Tropical bat and bird diversity for instance can be comparable to the diversity in natural forests. Although agroforestry systems do not provide as many floristic species as forests and do not show the same canopy height, they do provide food and nesting possibilities. A further contribution to biodiversity is that the germplasm of sensitive species can be preserved. As agroforests have no natural clear areas, habitats are more uniform. Furthermore, agroforests can serve as corridors between habitats. Agroforestry can help to conserve biody having a positive influence on other ecosystem services.

Appurtenant Roads

Appurtenant Road means a Logging Road under the ownership or control of the Timber Owner, Timberland Owner, Timber Operator, or plan submitter that will be used for log hauling. Logging Area means that area on which Timber Operations are being conducted as shown on the map accompanying the Timber Harvesting Plan, and within 100 feet, as measured on the surface of the ground, from the edge of the traveled surface of APPURTENANT ROADS owned or controlled by the Timberland Owner, Timber Operator or Timber Owner, and being used during the harvesting of the particular area. The traveled surface of such appurtenant roads is also part of the logging area.

Equipment limitation zone (ELZ)

Area as explained in the THP where heavy equipment associated with the timber operations is limited for protection of water quality, beneficial uses of water, and/or other forest resurces

Logging Area

Area on which Timber Operations are being conducted as shown on the map accompanying the Timber Harvesting Plan, and within 100 feet, as measured on the surface of the ground, from the edge of the traveled surface of appurtenant roads owned or controlled by the Timberland Owner, Timber Operator or Timber Owner, and being used during the harvesting of the particular area. The traveled surface of such appurtenant roads is also part of the logging area.

Brood Development

Article: Exploring the Role of Captive Brood Stock Development. file:///C:/Users/Ofiori/Downloads/ExploringRoleOfCaptiveBroodstock.pdf

County Record of Survey

Basis for Records In the American free enterprise system the private sector, represented by licensed land surveyors and certain civil engineers, has the responsibility for locating, describing and measuring parcels of private land. The government's role in this process is limited as far as private lands are concerned. The government's primary role is in the ownership and management of publicly owned lands such as National Forests, State Parks, and county and city properties. Other than ownership and management of those lands, at the federal level, the United States Geological Survey maintains the system of township, ranges, and sections that are often used to describe properties but the location and description of each private parcel remain the responsibility of the private sector. California Records In California, the state government's role is primarily restricted to the description of lands adjoining waterways and bodies of water such as swamp and overflow lands which are also used by civil engineers and surveyors in locating and describing private parcels. At the local level, municipalities and counties are responsible for controlling the use of private lands. However, changes in parcel configurations such as subdivision maps, parcel maps, lot line adjustments, etc are prepared by the private sector for submission to local agencies for approval. Reviews One method of locating, describing and measuring private parcels is the record of the survey. A record of survey is prepared by a licensed land surveyor or civil engineer authorized to practice land surveying using the most current technology and supplemented by the research of records on prior surveys and property transfers. The record of survey, whether in a municipality or the unincorporated area, is submitted to the Napa County Surveyor for review. Under the Professional Land Surveyors Act (California Business and Professions Code 8700 et sequentes), the review by the County Surveyor is limited in its scope and covers the mathematical accuracy and technical sufficiency of the submitted record of survey. Completing the review does not express the concurrence of the County Surveyor in the determinations made in the survey. If the County Surveyor chooses, he or she may attach notes expressing the County Surveyor's opinions regarding the record of survey, or the methods or procedures utilized or employed in the performance of the survey. It most instances any differences of opinion between the surveyor and the County reviewer are worked out prior to recordation without notes being attached. Judgements on Parcels A Record of Survey is one professional's opinion of the boundaries and size of a specific private parcel of land. The fact that the survey has been filed with the County Recorder does not mean that the information contained in the survey is definitive. Disputes over parcel location, description and size are resolved in the one branch of government where private issues are settled, courts of law. A person wearing a black robe makes the final determination of the characteristics of any given parcel of real property including boundary disputes and easement questions unless the parties involved can agree in writing.

Board Feet Log Scale

Board Foot and the Doyle Log Scale https://nfs.unl.edu/documents/ruralforestry/tree%20and%20log%20scale%20Doyle%20WEB.pdf A board foot is 12" x 12" x 1". It is a specific unit of measure used in the United States and Canada for the volume of lumber. It is often abbreviated as FBM (Foot, Board, Measure). To estimate how many board feet in our log, there are a variety of scales that have been created. The Doyle scale is one of the most commonly used formulas for calculating board feet. Developed in the 1800's, it is based on a mathematical formula and is most prominently used in the South and the Midwest United States. The Doyle scale is the standard by which hardwood lumber is bought and sold. It estimates large or medium logs very close to the actual number but underestimates in smaller logs. Because it comes in below the price, this is the scale most log buyers want to use. Doyle Scale Log buyers typically keep a Doyle scale with them. It looks like a folding ruler with the footage labeled at each inch marker. The Doyle scale formula is based upon a tapered cylinder. Straight legs without minimal tapering will produce more board feet than the scale estimates, but it typically balances out since most logs are imperfect. To estimate the board feet from a log, measure the average diameter of the smaller part of the log in inches. Then, measure the length of the log in feet. Move the scale's marker over to where these two measurements meet. Where the two measurements intersect is the approximate board foot output. If there are any defects, you can reduce the number based on how significant that flaws are, such as rot or curvatures.

CACTOS

California Conifer Timber Output Simulator (CACTOS) CACTOS (CAlifornia Conifer Timber Output Simulator) is a mixed-conifer growth and yield simulator for northern California (Wensel and others 1986). This simulator is the result of a cooperative research effort. CACTOS is actually a suite of programs produced by researchers at the University of California. CACTOS itself is an interactive simulator that allows users to simulate the growth of sampled mixed conifer stands. Provided along with CACTOS are a number of related utility programs: STAG (a stand generation routine which allows users to fill in missing data), COMPARE (a routine which allows for comparison of actual and predicted yield for either CACTOS or CRYPTOS), YDAVG (produces average yields or summaries of average stocking condition for strata or management units), and SDAVG (a program for obtaining diameter distributions, stand and stock tables of sampled stands). Data were obtained from permanent sample plots distributed throughout the northern Sierra Nevada, southern Cascades, and southern Klamath Mountains of California (fig. 10). USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-174. 1999. 23 Data were provided by private landowners; there were no Forest Service data used in development of the CACTOS growth equations. However, development of the taper equations did include Forest Service data. The primary trees species are ponderosa pine, sugar pine, Douglas-fir, white fir, red fir, and incense-cedar. In addition, the simulator will accept input of lodgepole pine, western white pine, Jeffrey pine, miscellaneous conifers, chinkapin, California black oak, tanoak, and miscellaneous hardwoods. https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr174/psw_gtr174.pdf

Carbon Sequestration

Carbon sequestration refers to the removal of carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis. Carbon sequestration is the removal of carbon, in the form of CO2 either directly from the atmosphere or at the conclusion of various kinds of emissions, combustion and industrial processes. Long-term storage of carbon in trees and plants is a type of sequestration commonly referred to as terrestrial sequestration. Trees, like other green plants, use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into sugar, cellulose and other carbon-containing carbohydrates that they use for food and growth. Trees are unique in their ability to lock up large amounts of carbon in their wood, and continue to add carbon as they grow. The actual rate of carbon sequestration will vary with species, but in general, younger and faster growing trees have higher annual sequestration rates. Carbon sequestration or carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is the long-term removal, capture or sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to slow or reverse atmospheric CO2 pollution and to mitigate or reverse global warming. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes. These changes can be accelerated through changes in land use and agricultural practices, such as converting crop and livestock grazing land into land for non-crop fast growing plants. Artificial processes have been devised to produce similar effects.

Carbon Storage

Carbon storage refers to the amount of carbon bound up in woody material above and below ground. The carbon holding capacity of a tree species is termed as carbon storage capacity. Considering that one half of the weight of dried wood is carbon, trees in a forest hold a lot of carbon. When the enormous amount of carbon stored in forest soils is added to the trees' carbon, it becomes obvious that forests are major carbon storage reservoirs. Trees have almost 350 million years' experience in sequestering carbon. Carbon sequestration refers to the process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir, while carbon storage refers to the quantity of carbon stored in a reservoir.

Channel Migration Zone

Channel Migration Zone means the area where the main channel of a Watercourse can reasonably be expected to shift position on its floodplain laterally through AVULSION or lateral erosion during the period of time required to grow forest trees from the surrounding area to a mature size, except as modified by a permanent levee or dike. The result may be the loss of beneficial functions of the Riparian zone or Riparian habitat.

Avulsion

Channel avulsion refers to "the process of a stream jumping from its current location to another (often into one or more secondary channels) ...and can occur in any size stream." See CMZ.

Community Fuelbreak

Community Fuelbreak Area means a shaded fuelbreak approved by a public fire agency as part of a fire prevention plan for fire protection, ignition management, prefire management or other fire defense improvements. Within a shaded fuelbreak, vegetation is managed to reduce the potential for wildfire damage and provides a direct benefit to defensible space as defined in 14 CCR 1271. Community fuelbreak areas include defensible space areas within 200 feet of approved and legally permitted structures, as defined in 14 CCR 895.1, and those areas comprising systems of fuelbreaks that are designed or approved by a public fire agency as part of a fire prevention plan.

Divergent slope

Convex slope shape that disperses water over its surface. Divergent slopes are more stable than convergent slopes. Figure A. DIVERGENT Figure B. CONVERGENT

Coterminous USA

Coterminous or conterminous means sharing a common boundary, bordering or contiguous. For example, the northern border of the United States is conterminous with the southern border of Canada. It also means enclosed within a common boundary. For example, the conterminous 48 states.

CAI

Current Annual Increment. The growth observed in a tree or stand in a one-year period.

Evapotranspiration

Evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration from plants. Correlates with species richness.

Cut-to-Length Harvesters

Cut-to-length logging (CTL) is a mechanized harvesting system in which trees are delimbed and cut to length directly at the stump. CTL is typically a two-man, two-machine operation with a harvester felling, delimbing, and bucking trees and a forwarder transporting the logs from the felling to a landing area close to a road accessible by trucks. The capital costs for a typical CTL operation, with one harvester and one forwarder, are quite high. The price of the machines alone are approx. US$1,000,000. Advantages: Cleaner wood since the logs are not skidded on the ground to the landing (in tree length more than full tree) More fresh wood (in tree length more than full tree) Less damage to retained trees in thinning operations Typically requires fewer types of machines in an operation No need to clear large landings close to the road Greater personnel safety due to enclosed/protected machine cabs More environmentally friendly due to:less soil disturbance than in skidding operations (if improper skidding practices take place) no slash dumped at the landing higher retention of foliar nutrients within the harvested area Disadvantages: Somewhat higher capital cost per volume when used in large scale clear cuts Use of higher technology requires more operator know-how and training

Decreaser Plant

Decreasers Some plants tend to decrease from a range site when animals overgraze them because they usually are the most palatable and desirable forage plants. Increasers Some plants tend to increase when a range site is overgrazed. But, if the overgrazing continues for a long time, they, too, will decrease. They are called increasers. Increasers usually are less palatable than decreasers, and do not provide as much forage. Invaders Invaders are the least desirable plants. They tend to increase rapidly when a range site is over-grazed. All annual plants, introduced plants and only a few native plants, are invaders. Grazing animals will eat the plants that they like the best first. Shorter plants also sometimes escape grazing which might result in certain grasses being overgrazed while others are not grazed at all. As a result of overgrazing, increaser plants crowd out decreaser plants, and finally invaders crowd out increaser plants. While decreasers make up 70% or more of the vegetation of range in excellent condition, they make up less than 10% in a range in poor condition. While increaser plants make up most of the vegetation in a fair condition range, the invaders and increasers are the most common plants in the poor condition range. https://holisticmanagement.org/blog/grazing-systems-exclosures-increasers-and-decreasers/

Economic Demand

Desire for particular products by consumers;the force that drives a capitalist economy.

Discounted Cash Flow

Discounted cash flow (DCF) is a valuation method used to estimate the value of an investment based on its future cash flows. DCF analysis attempts to figure out the value of a company today, based on projections of how much money it will generate in the future. DCF analysis finds the present value of expected future cash flows using a discount rate. A present value estimate is then used to evaluate a potential investment. If the value calculated through DCF is higher than the current cost of the investment, the opportunity should be considered. DCF is calculated as follows: CF = Cash Flow r = discount rate (WACC) DCF is also known as the Discounted Cash Flows Model The purpose of DCF analysis is to estimate the money an investor would receive from an investment, adjusted for the time value of money. The time value of money assumes that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow. An investor could set their DCF discount rate equal to the return they expect from an alternative investment of similar risk. This is beneficial to ensure that other investments don't have a better rate of return. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dcf.asp

Dunnings Classification

Dunning's Classification Although initially devised exclusively for pine, here is intended to apply to all commercial coniferous species and means a system of tree classification based on maturity of trees, age, position of tree crown in stand, shape of top, diameter, density of foliage and risk or susceptibility of tree to insect and other mortality where trees are classed as follows: Class 1. Tree immature, 60 to 150 years of age, crown dominant or extending above general level of the crown cover, top pointed, d.b.h. up to 30 in. (76.2 cm), foliage dense and risk good. Class 2. Tree immature, 60 to 150 years of age, crown codominant or equal to general level of the crown cover, top pointed, d.b.h. up to 24 in. (61.0 cm), foliage dense and risk good. Class 3. Tree mature, 150 to 300 years of age, crown dominant or extending above general level of the crown cover, top rounded, d.b.h. 18 in. (45.7 cm) to 40 in. (101.6 cm), foliage moderately dense and risk fair to good. Class 4. Tree mature, 150 to 300 years of age, crown codominant or equal to general level of the crown cover, top rounded and risk poor to fair. Class 5. Tree overmature, over 300 years of age, crown dominant or extending above the general level of the crown cover, top flat, foliage thin, and risk poor. Class 6. Tree immature, 60 to 150 years of age, crown intermediate to or suppressed by the general level of the crown cover, top pointed, d.b.h. 12 in. (30.5 cm) to 15 in. (38.1 cm), foliage moderately dense and risk fair to good. Class 7. Tree mature or overmature, over 150 years of age, crown intermediate or suppressed by the general level of the crown cover, top flat, d.b.h. rarely over 18 in. (45.7 cm), foliage sparse and risk poor (Ref. Sec. 4531, PRC).

Pioneer Species

First species to populate an area during primary succession. The term pioneer is used to describe the species that first colonize new habitats created by disturbance. Although the term is usually applied to plants, microbial and invertebrate pioneer species are also sometimes recognized.

Growth and Yield Models

Forest and natural resource management decisions are often based on information collected on past and present resource conditions. This information provides us with not only current details on the timber we manage (e.g., volume, diameter distribution) but also allows us to track changes in growth, mortality, and ingrowth over time. We use this information to make predictions of future growth and yield based on our management objectives. Techniques for forecasting stand dynamics are collectively referred to as growth and yield models. Growth and yield models are relationships between the amount of yield or growth and the many different factors that explain or predict this growth. Yield: total volume available for harvest at a given time Growth: difference in volume between the beginning and end of a specified period of time (V2 - V1) Annual growth: when growth is divided by number of years in the growing period Model: a mathematical function used to relate observed growth rates or yield to measured tree, stand, and site variables Estimation: a statistical process of obtaining coefficients for models that describe the growth rates or yield as a function of measured tree, stand, and site variables Evaluation: considering how, where, and by whom the model should be used, how the model and its components operate, and the quality of the system design and its biological reality Verification: the process of confirming that the model functions correctly with respect to the conceptual model. In other words, verification makes sure that there are no flaws in the programming logic or algorithms, and no bias in computation (systematic errors). Validation: checks the accuracy and consistency of the model and tests the model to see how well it reflects the real system, if possible, using an independent data set Simulation: using a computer program to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. We use a growth model to estimate stand development through time under alternative conditions or silvicultural practices. Calibration: the process of modifying the model to account for local conditions that may differ from those on which the model was based Monitoring: continually checking the simulation output of the system to identify any shortcomings of the model Deterministic model: a model in which the outcomes are determined through known relationships among states and events, without any room for random variation. In forestry, a deterministic model provides an estimate of average stand growth, and given the same initial conditions, a deterministic model will always predict the same result. Stochastic model: a model that attempts to illustrate the natural variation in a system by providing different predictions (each with a specific probability of occurrence) given the same initial conditions. A stochastic model requires multiple runs to provide estimates of the variability of predictions. Process model: a model that attempts to simulate biological processes that convert carbon dioxide, nutrients, and moisture into biomass through photosynthesis Succession model: a model that attempts to model species succession, but is generally unable to provide reliable information on timber yield Growth and yield models are typically stated as mathematical equations and can be implicit or explicit in form. Growth and yield models can be linear or nonlinear equations. Growth and yield models have long been part of forestry but development and use has greatly increased in the last 25 years due to the accessibility of computers. There are many different approaches to modeling, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Selecting a specific type of modeling approach often depends on the type of data used. Growth and yield models are categorized depending on whether they model the whole stand, the diameter classes, or individual trees. Different types of models: 1. Whole Stand Models 2. Diameter Class Models 3. Individual Tree Models https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-natural-resources-biometrics/chapter/chapter-9-modeling-growth-yield-and-site-index/

Certification of Forestlands

Forest certification provides assurance that a forest manager is operating legally and ethically, and is complying with generally recognized standards for sustainable forest management. The idea of certification by nongovernmental institutions emerged in the 1990s as a way to slow deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. Proponents believed forest products that were certified as having come from responsibly managed forests would command a premium in the market, creating an incentive for owners to adopt sustainable forestry practices. Since then, the scope of forest certification has broadened to include temperate and boreal forests. Thus far, premiums for many certified products have not materialized, but certification has been important for market access. FSC - Forest Stewardship Council SFI - Sustainable Forestry Initiative

Even Aged

Forest stand composed of trees of the same or approximately the same age.

Domestic water supply

From FPRs: Supply of used water in homes, resorts, motels, organization camps, developed campgrounds, including the incidental watering of domestic stock for family sustenance or enjoyment and the irrigation of not more than one half acre in lawn, ornamental shrubbery, or gardens at any single establishment. The use of water at a developed campground or resort for human consumption, cooking or sanitary purposes is a domestic use.

"Good" Stand Vigor FPRs

From the FPRs: Stand Vigor is a measure of stand health. A measure of good stand vigor is an exhibition of characteristics which include large live crowns or leaf surface area, high needle retention, pointed tops, crown dominance relative to other trees in the same age or size class, and disease-free.

Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Redwood is endemic to the coastal area of northern California and southwestern Oregon. The redwoods occupy a narrow strip of land approximately 450 miles (724 km) in length and 5 to 35 miles (8-56 km) in width. The northern boundary of its range is marked by two groves on the Chetco River in the Siskiyou Mountains within 15 miles (25 km) of the California-Oregon border. The southern boundary of redwood's range is marked by a grove in Salmon Creek Canyon in the Santa Lucia Mountains of southern Monterey County, California. HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : Redwood is listed as a dominant or codominant overstory species in the following publications: Coast redwood ecological types of southern Monterey County, California. Terrestrial natural communities of California. The redwood forest and associated north coast forests. Forest associations of Little Lost Man Creek, Humboldt County, California: Reference-level in the hierarchical structure of old-growth coastal redwood vegetation. Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province. Tanoak series of the Siskiyou Region of southwest Oregon. WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : Redwood is one of California's most valuable timber species. The wood is soft, weak, easily split, and very resistant to decay. The clear wood is used for dimension stock and shingles. Redwood burls are used in the production of table tops, veneers, and turned goods. IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Redwood forests provide habitat for variety of mammals, aviafauna, reptiles, and amphibians. Remnant old-growth redwood stands provide habitat for the federally threatened spotted owl and the California-endangered marbled murrelet. In settlement times fire scar cavities at the base of larger redwood boles were used as goose pens; hence the name "goosepens" has been used to denote fire scar cavities. COVER VALUE : Redwood forests provide hiding and thermal cover for Roosevelt elk, black-tailed deer, and a variety of small mammals. The pileated woodpecker generally selects broken tree tops or snags with rot for nesting cover. The softness of redwood, however, allows the pileated woodpecker to use green trees of adequate size. In one study only half the nests of pileated woodpeckers were in redwoods that had broken tops with rot, while the other half were in sound green trees with no sign of decay in the excavation chips. In California, the state-endangered marbled murrelet nests exclusively in coastal old-growth redwood forests. VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : In a large cutover area acquired by Redwood National Park, both plantings and natural colonization of redwood on outsloped (recontoured into the hillside) logging roads were used with good success. This treatment curtailed erosion in the park by an estimated 6.6 million cubic feet (0.2 mil m3). Redwood was one of a number of native species used successfully to reclaim a riparian ecosystem in a city park in Berkeley; redwoods on the site had a high survival rate. Redwood can be propagated via seed or cuttings. Seeds should be sown from December to April. If planting with a seed drill, the recommended depth is 0.125 inch (0.32 cm), with a seeding rate that will yield 30 seedlings per square foot (333 seedlings/sq m) [8]. Cuttings from 2- to 3-year-old seedlings produce the highest percentage of rooted cuttings (up to 90 percent); cuttings from older trees are more difficult to root. Hedging (close-cropping) can maintain the rooting capabilities of the donor tree. By repeated hedging a single donor seedling and its clones can produce a million cuttings in 3 years. Redwood can also be successfully propagated in plant tissue culture. The callus can be induced to generate cultured plantlets. The cultured plantlets are usually twice the size of seedlings the same age. Millar and Libby have developed guidelines for redwood seed collection and for the use of redwood in the restoration of disturbed areas. OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Wildlife: The marbled murrelet is dependent on old-growth redwood forests for nesting habitat. This bird is listed as endangered in California and is under consideration for federal protection as a threatened species in California, Oregon, and Washington. Old-growth redwood forests of northern California also provide critical habitat for the federally endangered northern spotted owl. Black-tailed deer numbers increase after clearcutting in the redwood forest type as a result of the sudden increase in available understory forage. After canopy closure (20 to 30 years), black-tailed deer numbers decrease rapidly. Competition: Evergreen hardwoods are strong competitors in the redwood forest type. Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) often sprout when cut, and reoccupy the site before redwood. These competitors can be controlled by trunk injections of triclopyr (Garlon 3A), with two to three treatments over a 4- to 5-year period giving the best results. Foliar spraying with triclopyr can also control hardwoods but has adverse effects on redwood. Mulching and the use of ground covers increase survival of planted seedlings by reducing water evaporation and reducing competition from shrubs. Seedling survival can also be enhanced with the use of shades. Damage: Damaging agents include insects, branch canker (Coryneum spp.), and heart rots (Poria sequoiae, P. albipellucida). The insects associated with redwood cause no significant damage, but the branch canker girdles stems and branches, which can be especially harmful in plantations. Heart rots cause extensive cull in the redwood forest type. Wood rats girdle and strip the bark of redwood seedlings, and can seriously limit redwood regeneration. Where this is a problem, site preparation should include destroying wood rat nesting areas. Redwood is susceptible to damage from soil compaction in areas of heavy foot traffic. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/seqsem/all.html#DISTRIBUTION%20AND%20OCCURRENCE Really helpful info at the link above with fire ecology info and more.

Ecosystem carbon storage pools

Globally, forests and their associated soils store an estimated 45% of all available carbon (C) and contribute approximately half of the total terrestrial net ecosystem production1. Forests contain about 90% of the C stored in terrestrial vegetation and account for about 40% of the carbon exchange between the atmosphere and earth2. Forest C stocks are dynamic, being influenced by changes inland use, harvesting, natural disturbances, climatic stressors, and vegetation growth. Forests play a key role in global biogeochemical cycles, in particular the C cycle. To quantify the size of the terrestrial C pool, the amount of, and changes to, total tree biomass needs to be measured. Forest dynamics, and the related C storage, play an important role atmospheric CO2 concentrations3. Slight changes in the forest C pool could have important impacts on the global C balance. Consequently, accurate information concerning the quantity of biomass and C storage in forest ecosystems is needed to improve our understanding of the global C cycle4.

Headwater Stream

Headwater streams are the smaller tributaries that carry water from the upper reaches of the watershed to the main channel of the river. They are rarely named and are often so small that it takes little effort to jump across them. Headwater streams are the smallest parts of river and stream networks, but make up the majority of river miles in the United States. They are the part of rivers furthest from the river's endpoint or confluence with another stream. Many headwater streams have been lost or altered due to human activities such as urbanization and agriculture, and this can impact species and water quality downstream.

3P Sampling

IN PROGRESS Probability Proportional to Prediction (3P) system of timber inventory designed for situations in which a highly precise estimate of volume or value of standing trees is required. Components: 1. Selection. A rule (3P) for selecting sample trees. 2. Measurement. A method for observing the variables of interest on sample trees selected. 3. Computation. Use of a computer program to transform the sample observations to estimates for the whole forest.

Climax Community

In scientific ecology climax community, or climatic climax community, is a historic term for a boreal forest community of plants, animals, and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession in the development of vegetation in an area over time, have reached a steady state. This equilibrium was thought to occur because the climax community is composed of species best adapted to average conditions in that area. The term is sometimes also applied in soil development. Nevertheless, it has been found that a "steady state" is more apparent than real, particularly if long-enough periods of time are taken into consideration. Notwithstanding, it remains a useful concept.

Fish Barrier

Incorrect culvert installation can impede or prevent fish passage through a stream crossing. Culvert conditions that block fish passage include: A) water velocities too great, B) water depths too shallow, C) insufficient resting area or jumping pool depth at culvert outlet, and D) culvert outlets that are too high above the streambed (Modified from: Furniss et. al., 1991).

DFSIM

Link: https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/olympia/silv/publications/opt/221_CurtisEtal1981.pdf The Douglas-fir Simulator A managed stand simulation program for coast Douglas-fir developed from remeasured plot data in the Pacific Northwest. It produces yield tables for managed stands which include estimates of effects of initial spacing, precommercial and commercial thinning, and nitrogen fertilization. 13 organizations contributed data to form the basis for the model, including the USFS Pacific Northwest Research Station and Weyerhauser Company.

Map contour intervals

Line on a map connecting points of equal elevation. Help to visualize terrain on map.

Flood flow

Magnitude of peak flow that would on average, be equaled or exceeded once every specified period of years

MAI

Mean Annual Increment Total growth of a tree or stand up to a given age divided by that age MAI = 5 year growth (in)/5 years

Cruising Accuracy

NEED (Better) DEFINITION Accuracy - Success of estimating true value of subject

CO2 Fertilization Sink

NEED A BETTER DEFINITION. The CO2 fertilization effect or carbon fertilization effect is the increased rate of photosynthesis in plants that results from increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. The effect varies depending on the plant species, the temperature, and the availability of water and nutrients.[1] However, enhanced rates of photosynthesis in plants due to CO2 fertilization are only partially transferred to enhanced plant growth and any hypothesized CO2 fertilization response is unlikely to significantly reduce the human-made increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration over the next century. When a terrestrial ecosystem absorbs more carbon from human carbon dioxide emissions than it emits, it is called a carbon sink; otherwise, it is a carbon source. Scientists have found that rising carbon dioxide concentration in the air enhances the land carbon sink, a process known as carbon dioxide fertilization. Quantifying carbon dioxide fertilization is critical for understanding and predicting how climate will affect and be affected by the carbon cycle. *carbon dioxide fertilization is primarily responsible for the observed increase in global terrestrial carbon sink.*

Conditions that demonstrate forest sustainability

NEED BETTER DEFINITION SFI Standardss: 1. Sustainable Forestry To practice sustainable forestry to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs by practicing a land stewardship ethic that integrates reforestation and the managing, growing, nurturing and harvesting of trees for useful products and ecosystem services such as the conservation of soil, air and water quality, carbon, biological diversity, wildlife and aquatic habitats, recreation and aesthetics. 2. Forest Productivity and Health To provide for regeneration after harvest and maintain the productive capacity of the forest land base, and to protect and maintain long-term forest and soil productivity. In addition, to protect forests from economically or environmentally undesirable levels of wildfire, pests, diseases, invasive exotic plants and animals, and other damaging agents and thus maintain and improve long-term forest health and productivity. 3. Protection of Water Resources To protect water bodies and riparian areas, and to conform with forestry best management practices to protect water quality. 4. Protection of Biological Diversity To manage forests in ways that protect and promote biological diversity, including animal and plant species, wildlife habitats, and ecological or natural community types. 5. Aesthetics and Recreation To manage the visual impacts of forest operations, and to provide recreational opportunities for the public. 6. Protection of Special Sites To manage lands that are ecologically, geologically or culturally important in a manner that takes into account their unique qualities. 7. Responsible Fiber Sourcing Practices in North America To use and promote among other forest landowners sustainable forestry practices that are both scientifically credible and economically, environmentally and socially responsible. 8. Legal Compliance To comply with applicable federal, provincial, state, and local forestry and related environmental laws, statutes, and regulations. 9. Research To support advances in sustainable forest management through forestry research, science and technology. 10. Training and Education To improve the practice of sustainable forestry through training and education programs. 11. Community Involvement and Social Responsibility To broaden the practice of sustainable forestry on all lands through community involvement, socially responsible practices, and through recognition and respect of Indigenous Peoples' rights and traditional forest-related knowledge. 12. Transparency To broaden the understanding of forest certification to the SFI Standards by documenting certification audits and making the findings publicly available. 13. Continual Improvement To continually improve the practice of forest management, and to monitor, measure and report performance in achieving the commitment to sustainable forestry. 14. Avoidance of Controversial Sources including Illegal Logging in Offshore Fiber Sourcing* *Applies only to the SFI 2015-2019 Fiber Sourcing Standard To avoid wood fiber from illegally logged forests when procuring fiber outside of North America, and to avoid

Aerosol-enhancement of diffuse illumination

NEED DEFINITION

Cruising Error

NEED DEFINITION

Deductions taken by log scalers for observable defects

NEED DEFINITION

Delivered Sawlog

NEED DEFINITION

Design Peak Flows

NEED DEFINITION

Forest Mites

NEED DEFINITION

Line plot sampling

NEED DEFINITION

Cruising Precision

NEED DEFINITION Precision - clustering of sample values around their own mean.

Core Values

NEED DEFINITION/CITATION

FORECAST

NEED MORE INFO Ecologically based forest growth modeling software. Used to evaluate the impacts of alternative stand-level management scenarios on long-term site productivity. Projects future forest biomass yield + a variety of other ecosystem variables and social values under a range of management conditions. Represents stand-level net primary production and nutrient cycling. Utilizes the concepts of site quality and the state of the ecosystem (the ecostate) at run-time.

Abiotic

Not associated with or derived from living organisms. Abiotic factors in an environment include such items as sunlight, temperature, wind patterns, and precipitation. Compare biotic.

Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM)

Organic molecules dissolved in water that were lost or released from living organisms. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems and is often the predominant form of organic C, N, and P. It originates within aquatic ecosystems, arises from groundwater sources, and is imported from the surrounding terrestrial landscape. The quantity and composition of what is available can affect the rate at which ecosystem processes progress. Understanding the role that DOM composition and abundance plays in regulating ecosystem function and structure remains a key question in stream ecology. Thus, understanding the natural and anthropogenic processes affecting its abundance and composition is an important challenge for ecologists and biogeochemists. Organic matter (OM) in water is composed of two major fractions: dissolved and non-dissolved, defined on the basis of the isolation technique using filters (0.1-0.7 μm). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the fraction of organic substances that passes the filter, while particulate organic matter (POM) remains on the filter.

BLM Caps????

Part of the BLM's surveying strategy for monumenting property corners. This information can be found in the BLM's Survey Manual. Corner Monument Material 4-7. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has adopted regulation posts for monumenting the official surveys unless exceptional circumstances warrant the use of other material. Substitutions are permitted only when authorized by the officer in administrative charge. In such cases a statement should be given in the field notes explaining why regulation posts were not employed. 4-8. Currently there are three types of regulation posts. The posts are made from either Type 304 or 316 stainless steel with a silicon bronze alloy "brass" cap, 6063-T52 aluminum alloy with an aluminum cap, or alloyed iron, zinc-coated with a silicon bronze alloy "brass" cap. The posts are 2½ inches outside diameter, cut to 30 inches in length. The monuments are manufactured with the base of the pipe split for several inches, to facilitate flanging of the monument. The final length of a properly flanged regulation post is 28 inches. The caps on the posts are 3¼ inches in diameter, securely attached, fitted with a magnet permanently attached to the underside of the cap, and manufactured with an inscription in the circumference of the top surface of the cap indicating it was authorized by the BLM. https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/Manual_Of_Surveying_Instructions_2009.pdf

Good Moral Character

Profession Forester's Law in FPR: 769. Qualifications. An applicant shall meet all of the following qualifications: (a) Be of good moral character and have a good reputation for honesty and integrity. (b) Furnish evidence of having completed seven years of experience in forestry work. Possession of a degree of bachelor of science, or equivalent degree as determined by the board, with a major in forestry, shall be deemed equivalent to four years of experience in the actual practice of forestry work. At least three of the seven years of experience shall include having charge of forestry work, or forestry work under the supervision of a person registered, or qualified for, but exempt from, registration under the provision of this article. Work completed prior to July 1, 1973, shall qualify if it was under the supervision of a qualified forester, as defined in Section 754. The award of a master of forestry degree shall be acceptable as evidence of one year of such qualifying experience. (c) Has successfully completed such examination or examinations as are prescribed by the board.

Diagram Rule

The Scribner Rule is based on circles showing the number/quantity of 1 INCH boards that can be cut from a cross-section equal in diameter to the SMALL END of a log. One must account for SAW KERF (the thickeness of the blade and thickness of the cut the blade makes). The total number of square inches in boards is divided by 12 to convert to board feet and then multiplied by LOG LENGTH in feet to get total yield. (*1/4" of saw kerf is accounted for. Tree taper is NOT accounted for). The Scribner Rule was first published in 1846 by J. M. Scribner. This diagram rule is for 1-inch lumber in widths of 4, 6, and 8 inches with 1/4 inch kerf allowance. Log taper is again ignored. Volumes increase only when log diameter increases in such a way that board width increases or additional boards can be added.

Differential Rectification

Rectification: Removing geometric distortion from a raster or a vector object. Rectification is usually achieved by aligning raster features or vector coordinate positions with features on a base map or other coordinate reference framework. Photographs have inherent distortions and displacements in them and the most common distortion in aerial photography is height distortion, followed by tilt displacement due to the aircraft's movements. These distortions are easily removed through various photogrammetric processes. Other distortions such as image distortion are more difficult to correct. To understand the process of rectification one has to understand the inherent distortions and displacements in an aerial photograph. Distortion: A shift in the location of an object that changes the perspective characteristics of the photo. There are four types of distortion that cause changes in the apparent location of objects in photos. 1. Film and Print Shrinkage- due to atmospheric conditions such as humidity, heat etc. 2. Atmospheric refraction of light ray- effectively displacing the image of an object on a photograph (i.e refraction). The effects from these sources are usually very small 3. Image motion - due to aircraft movement 4. Lens distortion - inherent in the manufacture of the lenses resulting in flaws in the optical components. These effects are radial from the center of the photograph making objects appear either closer to or farther from the principal point than they actually are. This can be photogrammetrically corrected. Scale distortion (Also called Height distortion) This distortion is due to the height of the terrain. The higher the terrain is, the closer it is to the aircraft. Objects appear larger than those on terrain at a lower elevation. For example, a soccer field on top of Table Mountain would appear larger than the same size soccer field down at sea level, if the height of the aircraft above sea level is the same when both pictures are taken. This is because the ground on top of Table Mountain is closer to the aircraft than the ground down at sea level.When these soccer fields are represented on a map they must be the same size and shape, therefore the scale distortion must be removed. http://www.ngi.gov.za/index.php/technical-information/remote-sensing-and-photogrammetry/rectification

Red Tree Vole

Sonoma Tree Vole article: https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr238/psw_gtr238_389.pdf (Below info is from California WHRS) file:///C:/Users/Ofiori/Downloads/LHA_M132.pdf DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND SEASONALITY Distributed along the North Coast from Sonoma Co. north to the Oregon border, being more or less restricted to the fog belt. Reported to be rare to uncommon throughout its range, but the difficulty of locating nests and capturing individuals makes abundance hard to assess. Occurs in old-growth and other forests, mainly Douglas-fir, redwood, and montane hardwood-conifer habitats. SPECIFIC HABITAT REQUIREMENTS Feeding: Specializes on needles of Douglas-fir and grand fir. Needles and twigs are gathered primarily during the night, and may be consumed where found, or brought to the nest. Needle resin ducts are removed. The remaining part is eaten, and the resin ducts may be used to line the nest cup. Young, tender needles often eaten entirely. Food may be stored. Tender bark of terminal twigs may be eaten as well (Maser 1965a, Maser et al. 1981). Cover: Males nest most frequently in a tree nest constructed of fir needles, or, less frequently, in shallow burrows at the base of fir trees, beneath litter. Females seem to spend most of their lives in trees, constructing large, domed nursery nests of Douglas-fir needles, from 2-45 m (6-150 ft) above the ground. Howell (1926) noted that medium to large nests generally belonged to females, whereas small nests more likely belonged to males. Nests may be occupied by succeeding generations, increasing in size with each generation. Reproduction: Nests of Douglas-fir needles are constructed in trees, preferably tall trees. Nest may be situated on whorl of limbs against trunk, or at outer limits of branches. In young second-growth Douglas-fir, the broken tops of trees frequently are used (Maser et al. 1981). Nest site varies from about 45 cm (18 in) in length, breadth and height, to 0.9 m (3 ft) in diameter, and 0.6 to 0.9 m (2 to 3 ft) in height (Howell 1926). Older nursery nests may encircle entire tree. Water: Drinking water is required, but in lab a colony maintained by Hamilton (1962) subsisted entirely on moistened needles. Under natural conditions, water probably is obtained from food, but individuals also lick dew and rain off needles of coniferous trees in the vicinity of nests (Maser 1965a). Pattern: Frequents mature and other stands of Douglas-fir, redwood, or mixed evergreen trees in fog belt. SPECIES LIFE HISTORY Activity Patterns: Yearlong activity. Mostly nocturnal outside the nest, but feeds throughout the day on needles stored in the nest. Seasonal Movements/Migration: None. Home Range: The home range probably encompasses one to several fir trees, with females often living in one tree and males visiting several trees (Howell 1926). Territory: No data found. Reproduction: Breeds year-round, but mostly from February through September. Gestation is 26 days for non-lactating females, up to 48 days for lactating females, including delayed implantation. Females may breed 24 hr after giving birth. Litter size averages 2 (range 1-4). There are 1, or more, litters per yr, and 2 litters of different ages may occupy a nest at the same time. Young are altricial, cared for by the female only. Weaning occurs at 30-40 days. The lengthy gestation and weaning periods may be related to the physiological cost of obtaining nutrients from coniferous foliage. Also has survival value for this arboreal species, as balance and self-sufficiency are increased. Niche: The spotted owl is the main predator of red tree voles throughout the geographical distribution (Forsman 1976), but saw-whet owls also are predators and perhaps raccoons. Howell (1926) suggested that Steller's jays may be the most important predators of tree mice. Severe winter storms probably affect local populations adversely.

1972 Federal Clean Water Act

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, initially enacted in 1948, is now commonly known as the Clean Water Act. The 1948 legislation served to establish goals, recognize the importance of research, provide funding for the construction of waste water treatment and other civil works facilities, and laid the groundwork for resolving interstate pollution disputes. The Clean Water Act legislation enacted in 1972 laid the foundation for watershed and water quality protection that exists today. This law was amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977 and the Water Quality Act of 1987. The simply stated objective of the Clean Water Act is to "restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters." The Clean Water Act makes it unlawful to discharge any pollutant into "waters of the U.S." from a point source without a permit. In accordance with Clean Water Act Section 402, the EPA administers the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) to regulate the permit process. Forest roads are exempt from being regulated as point sources under the Clean Water Act regulations if certain conditions are met. A few specific road-related activities that sometimes occur on national forests, rock crushing, gravel washing, and log sorting, log storage, and log transfer facilities, however, classified as point sources and, therefore, are subject to the permit authority of the EPA on a case-by-case basis. Because forest roads are generally exempted from being treated as point sources under the current law, they are regulated as non-point sources, which under Clean Water Act are defined as diffuse sources of pollution not regulated as a point source. Portions of the Clean Water Act which are relevant to water/road interaction are Sections 208, 319, and 404, which relate to requirements for identifying, managing, controlling, or permitting non-point source pollution.(36,37,38,39) The phrase "waters of the U.S." defines the geographical extent of the applicability of the laws and regulations. Its meaning has been established by judicial precedents and encompasses virtually all bodies of water, perennial and intermittent streams, mudflats, sandflats, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, and wetlands. Wetlands are defined as "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency or duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soils."(40) Navigable waters, aquatic environments, and aquatic ecosystems that serve as habitat for interrelated and interacting communities of plants and animals are all "waters of the U.S."

Break Even Value

The break-even point (BEP) in economics, business—and specifically cost accounting—is the point at which total cost and total revenue are equal, i.e. "even". There is no net loss or gain, and one has "broken even", though opportunity costs have been paid and capital has received the risk-adjusted, expected return. In short, all costs that must be paid are paid, and there is neither profit nor loss. The break-even value is not a generic value and will vary dependent on the individual business. Some businesses may have a higher or lower break-even point. However, it is important that each business develop a break-even point calculation, as this will enable them to see the number of units they need to sell to cover their variable costs. Each sale will also make a contribution to the payment of fixed costs as well. NEED AN EQUATION. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break-even_(economics)

Headwater Depth

The depth of water above the culvert inlet bottom is known as the Headwater Depth. This depth represents the amount of energy available to convey water through the culvert. Headwater depths are a function of the entrance shape, along with the depth and velocity immediately inside the culvert. Headwater depths are determined by summing the energy losses associated with entrance shape, exit expansion and friction of the culvert. Culverts are typically sized using the estimated 100-year design flood flow and a culvert sizing nomograph that relates culvert size to design discharge, culvert inlet type, and headwater depth ratio. The "Headwater Depth Ratio" is the ratio HD/D where HD is the headwall depth from the height of the fill where water would begin to spill out of the crossing (this could be the low point in the fill or an adjacent road ditch) to the bottom of the culvert invert (culvert bottom), and D is the diameter or rise of the culvert inlet. It is not recommended to design a stream crossing culvert with a HW/D ratio greater than 1, even though the fill may be considerably higher and a large pond could be physically accommodated. To calculate use the FHWA Culvert Capacity Inlet Control Nomograph in the PWA Forest Ranch and Road Rules Book.

Agrilus auroguttatus

The goldspotted oak borer is a buprestid beetle which is native to oak forests of southeastern Arizona, USA, where it has not been reported as a pest. It was first detected in California in 2004 in San Diego County and has since contributed to the mortality of more than 80,000 oak trees over approximately 4,900 km2. Host plants and other affected plants include: Quercus agrifolia (California live oak) Quercus chrysolepis (Canyon live oak) Quercus emoryi (emory oak (USA)) Quercus engelmannii Quercus hypoleucoides (silverleaf oak) Quercus kelloggii (California black oak)

Association of Consulting Foresters of America Mission

The mission of the Association of Consulting Foresters of America, Inc. is: To advance the practice of professional consulting forestry. To establish and maintain high ethical standards for its members. To improve the competency of and provide a forum for its members. And to promote and encourage stewardship of the forest resource. The objectives of the Association of Consulting Foresters includes protecting the public welfare and property in the practice of forestry, and raising the professional standards and work of ACF consultants and all other consulting foresters.

Genetic Diversity

The range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of a species.

Map Scale

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface. May be shown as a Representative Fraction. RF= map dist between points/ground dist between points

Blind Lead

The situation on a convex slope where the line of sight from the tail block to the yarder tower's mainline or skyline fairlead block (bull block) is obstructed. May result in hangups to the logs being yarded if ground leading rather than full suspension is being used or available. Dykstra defines blind lead as occurring when the line of sight between the tailblock and top of the tower is obscured by the ground line of the corridor profile. Reutebuch and Evison use a more conservative definition of blind lead, however; they define it as occurring whenever the line of sight between a ground point along a highlead profile and the top of the highlead tower is obscured by the ground line.

Ecotone

The transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another, such as the transition from a forest to a grassland. Forest Ecology Definition: The interface or zone of transition between 2 plant communities that differ in life form (physiognomy) or in species composition, or both (e.g. the forest/grassland interface). Characterized by higher environmental, species, and structural diversity than the adjacent communities.

Active Channel Width

The width of a Watercourse channel at the height of the Active Channel. The Active Channel width may be indicated by absence of vegetation or the presence of actively scoured sediment. It is smaller than Bankfull Width.

Dying trees

Tree that exhibits one of the following: 1. 50% or more of the foliage bearing crown is dead or fading in color from normal green to yellow, sorrel, or brown. 2. Successful bark beetle attacks with indications of dead cambium and brood development distributed around the circumference of the bole. 3. 75% or more of the lower bole is girdled by wildlife. 4. Tree is designated to by RPF to die within one year.

CEQA

What is CEQA? CEQA, or the California Environmental Quality Act, is a statute that requires state and local agencies to identify the significant environmental impacts of their actions and to avoid or mitigate those impacts, if feasible. When and why was it enacted? The impetus for CEQA can be traced to the passage of the first federal environmental protection statute in 1969, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). In response to this federal law, the California State Assembly created the Assembly Select Committee on Environmental Quality to study the possibility of supplementing NEPA through state law. This legislative committee, in 1970, issued a report entitled The Environmental Bill of Rights, which called for a California counterpart to NEPA. Later that same year, acting on the recommendations of the select committee, the legislature passed, and Governor Reagan signed, the CEQA statute. Who must comply with CEQA? CEQA applies to certain activities of state and local public agencies. A public agency must comply with CEQA when it undertakes an activity defined by CEQA as a "project." A project is an activity undertaken by a public agency or a private activity which must receive some discretionary approval (meaning that the agency has the authority to deny the requested permit or approval) from a government agency which may cause either a direct physical change in the environment or a reasonably foreseeable indirect change in the environment. Most proposals for physical development in California are subject to the provisions of CEQA, as are many governmental decisions which do not immediately result in physical development (such as adoption of a general or community plan). Every development project which requires a discretionary governmental approval will require at least some environmental review pursuant to CEQA, unless an exemption applies. If it applies, what are the basic requirements of environmental review under CEQA? The environmental review required imposes both procedural and substantive requirements. At a minimum, an initial review of the project and its environmental effects must be conducted. Depending on the potential effects, a further, and more substantial, review may be conducted in the form of an environmental impact report (EIR). A project may not be approved as submitted if feasible alternatives or mitigation measures are able to substantially lessen the significant environmental effects of the project.

Advection Fog

When moist air and water vapor moves in from the Pacific Ocean onto the cold ground of the coast. This warm, moist air is brought towards the coast by what is called the California Current. The current can carry water that, on average, will reach temperatures as high as 79 degrees Fahrenheit. This warmer water occurs in the spring and summer, causing these times of year to bring more fog throughout the North and Central Coast. Fog has a relatively large impact on the Redwood forests in CA, providing almost half of their moisture in some seasons throughout the year

epiphytic

a plant that grows above the ground, supported nonparasitically by another plant or object, and deriving its nutrients and water from rain, the air, dust, etc.; air plant; aerophyte.

Exotic Species

a species that is not native to a particular region

Disturbance regime

describes the spatial and temporal characteristics of disturbances affecting a particular landscape over a particular time. Forest disturbances are events that cause change in the structure and composition of a forest ecosystem, beyond the growth and death of individual organisms. Disturbances can vary in frequency and intensity, and include natural disasters such as fire, landslides, wind, volcanic eruptions, rare meteor impacts, outbreaks of insects, fungi, and other pathogens, animal-caused effects such as grazing and trampling, and anthropogenic disturbances such as warfare, logging, pollution, the clearing of land for urbanization or agriculture, and the introduction of invasive species. Not all disturbances are destructive or negative to the overall forest ecosystem. Many natural disturbances allow for renewal and growth and often release necessary nutrients. Small-scale disturbances are the key to creating and maintaining diversity and heterogeneity within a forest. Small-scale disturbances are events such as single-tree blowdowns, which create gaps that let light through the canopy to the understory and forest floor. This available light allows early-successional shade-intolerant species to colonize and maintain a population within the dominant forest, leading to the complex spatial mosaic forest structure recognized as old-growth. This process is referred to as patch dynamics or gap dynamics and has been described across many types of forests, including tropical, temperate, and boreal. The sets and patterns of natural disturbances that characterize a particular area or ecosystem are referred to as the ecosystem's DISTURBANCE REGIME. A natural community is closely linked with its natural disturbance regime. For example, temperate and boreal rainforests typically have a disturbance regime consisting of high-frequency but small-scale events, resulting in a highly complex forest dominated by very old trees. In contrast, forests that have a disturbance regime consisting of high-severity stand-replacing events, such as frequent fires, tend to be more uniform in structure and have relatively young tree stands.

Engineered wood composite

engineered wood products can be created by layering dried and graded wood veneers, strands or flakes with moisture resistant adhesive into blocks of material known as billets, which are subsequently resawn into specified sizes. Plywood, particle board, medium density fiberboard.

Eutrophication

excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

Disturbance - Recovery Regime

https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2014/nrs_2014_sturtevant_001.pdf See Disturbance Regime, Succession, Climax Community, and Pioneer Species

Evolutionary Significant Unit

is a population of organisms that is considered distinct for purposes of conservation

Large Woody Debris (LWD)

logs, sticks, branches, and other wood that falls into streams and rivers. This debris can influence the flow and the shape of the stream channel. Large woody debris, grains, and the shape of the bed of the stream are the three main providers of flow resistance, and are thus, a major influence on the shape of the stream channel. Some stream channels have less LWD than they would naturally because of removal by watershed managers for flood control and aesthetic reasons

Critical Dip

means a constructed dip or low point across a Logging Road surface down grade from, or over, a Logging Road Watercourse crossing that functions to prevent crossing overflow from draining down the road and minimizes fill erosion.

Habitat function

means the arrangement and capability of habitat features to sustain species, populations, and diversity of wildlife over time.

Basal Area

pursuant to PRC § 4528(a), means the sum of the cross-sectional areas at breast height of the tree stems of commercial species per acre.

magnetic declination

the angle between geographic (true) north and magnetic north to which a compass needle points. In North America corrections are made either East or West declination.

Ethics

the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions