RSU humanities 2 final study guide.
The content of Francisco Goya's The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters can be interpreted in at least two diametrically opposed ways: when reason "sleeps," or is suppressed, ignorance (the bats) and folly (the owls) run rampant; or, it is only when reason "sleeps" that emotion, imagination, and the creative processes are set free. The latter interpretation seems to be supported by a (perhaps deliberately vague) caption that Goya wrote to accompany the etching. What is the caption?
"Imagination abandoned by reason produces impossible monsters; united with her (monsters united with imagination?), she is the mother of the arts and the source of their wonders."
Luther and Calvin encouraged lay education, urging their followers to read the Bible for themselves in a doctrine known as
"universal priesthood
How many movements are typically in a Classical symphony?
4
Ironically, the style of painting that had the least impact on the development of modernism was _____ so called because its style and subject matter were derived from conventions established by the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) in Paris, established in 1648. Artists educated in the academy painted traditional subjects (history, nudes, mythological subjects) rendered with precise drawing and highly polished surfaces. The academy maintained a firm grip on artistic production for more than two centuries and pretty much controlled the art scene by sponsoring annual juried exhibitions (salons) that featured only the work of artists whose style complied with academy standards.
Academic Art
In The Artist in the Character of Design Listening to the Inspiration of Poetry, who is the Muse of Design?
Angelica Kauffman
Raphael's Philosophy mingles Classical-era thinkers with humanists, artists, and architects of the Renaissance to emphasize their close relationship. Between what two figures is the vanishing point?
Aristotle and Plato
In Vincent van Gogh's Starry Night, an ordinary painted record of a sleepy valley town is transformed into a cosmic display of swirling fireballs that assault the blackened sky and command the hills and cypresses to undulate to their sweeping rhythms. Van Gogh's palette is laden with vibrant yellows, blues, and greens. His brushstroke is at once restrained and dynamic. His characteristic long, thin strokes define the forms but also create the emotionalism in the work. He presents his subject not as we see it but as he would like us to experience it. His is a feverish application of paint, an ecstatic kind of drawing, reflecting at the same time his joys, hopes, anxieties, and despair. Where was van Gogh when he painted his famous Starry Night?
Asylum of Saint Paul de Mausole
The English intellectual group who modeled themselves on the heroic poets of ancient Rome were called
Augustans.
Both Petrarch and Christine de Pisan modeled their own works on this author
Augustine
(1)_____(1804-1876), better known by her pseudonym George Sand, wrote the autobiographical novel Lucrezia Floriani, which chronicles as thinly disguised fiction, the remarkable course of the author's relationship with (2)_____, albeit very much from its author's point of view.
Aurore Dupin Chopin
In Paris, the period between the establishment of the Third Republic in 1871 and the First World War in 1914 is known as _____—literally, the beautiful age. But this new "spirit of the age"—this zeitgeist of optimism—did not necessarily filter down to the masses for which change would carry with it damaging consequences.
Belle Epoque
The elliptical piazza in front of the basilica, shown here, is caressed by the arms of colonnades that extend from the façade and seem to draw one into the spiritual comfort of the bosom of the church. This piazza was designed by_____.
Bernini
This author campaigned against social injustice and used his books to focus on individual institutions and their evil effects. In Hard Times (1854), he turned to the evils of industrialization and pointed out some of the harm that misguided attempts at education can do. Yet, better known today is Oliver Twist (1837-1839), which attacks the treatment of the poor in the workhouses and reveals the author's view of crime as the manifestation of a general failing in society.
Charles Dickens
Despite the apparent chaos of The Abduction of the Sabine Women, Nicolas Poussin had rejected the excess of the Baroque in favor of what artistic style?
Classicism
Galileo also proved with his telescope that the earth revolved around the sun rather than that the sun revolved around the earth, according to the doctrine of the Catholic Church (Ptolemaic view of the universe: that the Earth formed the center of the universe around which the sun, moon, and planets circled). Whose theory from the 15th century about the earth revolving around the sun had Galileo proved?
Copernicus
James Abbott McNeill Whistler' s famous Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1(also called Portrait of the Artist's Mother) exhibits a combination of candid realism and abstraction that indicates two strong influences on Whistler's art: ________ and Japanese prints.
Courbet
In addition biblical tradition, the narrative of Michelangelo's Last Judgment owes its origins to
Dante
The last panel of the Garden of Earthly Delights shown below structures the punishments of Hell according to sin, much as illustrated by which of the following?
Dante
Francisco de Goya's Romantic portrait The Family of Charles IV is deliberately modeled on a work of what Baroque artist?
Diego Velazquez
This new cultural movement held that reason would unseat age-old, repressive traditions and lead to scientific knowledge and societal reforms.
Enlightenment
Much of Haydn's experimentation with music--including operas, string quartets, piano sonatas, and more than 100 symphonies--is attributed to his stable and isolating employment with what Hungarian prince and his descendants?
Esterhazy
Similar to Machiavelli in the 15th century and Schopenhauer in the early 19th century, this philosopher argued that Christianity was a slave religion and democracy as little better, calling it the rule of the mediocre masses. The only valid life force is the "will to power." Anything that contributes to power is good. He believed society could only improve if strong and bold individuals could establish new values of nobility and goodness. These superior individuals were to be Übermenschen--"supermen."
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
One reason Symphony No. 40 shows Mozart's darker state of mind is that is almost entirely written in a _____.
G minor
Saint Patrick's Cathedral, designed by James Renwick, was created in the _____ style, one of the dominant strains of architectural design associated with Romanticism. This movement in architecture originated in the mid-19th century in England and can also be seen in the design of Westminster Palace (the Houses of Parliament) in London. The Gothic Revival was used to reinforce a philosophical separation between rationalism (and liberal values) linked to the Neo-Classical style on the one hand and spiritualism (Christian values) that was evoked by medieval traditions in architecture on the other.
Gothic revival
A lack of an adequate sewage system and street cleaning led to cholera and typhoid fever, the result of water polluted with human and animal waste and the flies it attracted, as well as the spread of lice among humans. By the middle of the 19th century, London was at a breaking point; in 1858, the _____ emanating from the polluted Thames River forced the British Parliament to take legislative measures to stop the crisis. This is the London that features so prominently in stories by Charles Dickens like Hard Times and Oliver Twist—stories of a world that could not have seemed farther removed from the London of Westminster Abbey and the Houses of Parliament.
Great Stink
Regarded as the greatest living composer, _____ agreed to give Beethoven lessons, but the young Beethoven's impatience and suspicion, and the Classical composer's deficiencies as a teacher, did not make for a happy relationship
Haydn
Unlike Haydn, who enjoyed creative freedom under his employer, Mozart's final 10 years of employment under _____ were marked by continued quarreling. Finally, in 1781, when Mozart could take no more and asked the archbishop for his freedom, he was literally kicked out the palace door.
Hieronymus Colloredo
The minimal palette of white, browns, and cool blues communicates the essence of winter, a bleak backdrop against which humans huddle, work, and play. There is inevitability—even beauty—in the way that people and nature are bound together by a sense of order and purpose. This work likely reflects the influence of _____, which was encountered by Bruegel during his trip to Italy and reinforced by philosophers active in Antwerp.
Humanism
Jacques Louis David was a _____—a member of a fairly exclusive political club of mostly well-off men who supported individual and collective rights for the citizens of France—and a rabid supporter of the revolution against the monarchy.
Jacobin
Mary Cassatt's The Boating Party, with its flat planes, broad areas of color, and bold lines and shapes, illustrates her interest and skill in merging French Impressionism with elements of _____.
Japanese art
The excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii by what man is in large part responsible for Neo-Classicism
Johannes Winckelmann
________ 's notion of "disinterested satisfaction" asserts that the world only holds meaning when filtered through the human mind.
Kant
The death of what king marked the end of absolute monarchy?
Louis XIV
The resurrection of Christ from the tomb is not an unusual subject for artists of the 16th century. What is unusual about Fontana's Do Not Touch Me is her choice to make what figure the focus of her painting?
Mary Magdalene
Identify the artist who created this painting, and the artistic technique it made famous
Masaccio used linear perspective.
The most powerful of the banking and trading families of Florence was the
Meditchies
St. Peter's Basilica was designed by which of the following?
Michelangelo
Mozart spent the last years of his life (from 1781 to 1791) in Vienna, trying in vain to find a permanent position while writing some of the most sublime masterpieces in the history of music. When he died at age 35, he was buried in a pauper's grave. Despite the hardships he faced, Mozart's compositions, such as the Piano Concerto No. 27 in B Flat, K. 595 composed a year before his death, reflect what aspects of human nature?
Mozart's Piano Concert No. 27 reflects the restrained aspect of human nature, lacking the harshness of some of his other works around that time.
Although Napoleon I's coronation took place in the Gothic cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris the site was transformed to reflect Napoléon's taste for Neo-Classicism; architects were hired to create a stage set of sorts, featuring sweeping arches and thick piers inlaid with patterned stone. Napoleon also dictated changes to the content of Jacques-Louis David's commemoration of the event in the painting The Consecration of Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Joséphine in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, 2 December? What were the two changes Napoleon ordered of David that essentially rewrote history?
Napoleon insisted that David paint the pope with the the look of blessing which was not originally recorded. He also asked him to put the emperors mother into the painting as well even though she was not at the event at all. she was placed in the seat of honor. it was intended to record the events that had taken place.
Thomas Jefferson proposed a competition for a design for the Capitol in 1792, and he was inclined toward French models. He had lived in Paris for a number of years, having served as a diplomat and then the minister to France, and was a great admirer of _____ as reflected in the structure.
Neo Classicism
Which of the following humanist authors asserts that a ruler must not be deterred from his tasks by any consideration of morality beyond that of power and its ends?
Niccolo Machiavelli
How much did Mozart earn for the composing of his symphonies 39, 40, and 41?
Nothing
In Symphony No. 9, Op. 125, Beethoven introduced a chorus and soloists to give voice to the " " ( click the link and enjoy) by his compatriot Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805).
Ode to Joy
Which of the following is NOT an artistic movement that occurred between the age of Realism and World War I?
Pointillism
Despite its subject and the period in which it was painted, the following work, titled Nymphs and Satyr, best represents which of the following artistic styles?
Realism
Which of the following artistic movements was favored by Karl Marx because it is the only one appropriate for the class struggle and can be understood by the widest audience?
Realism
The penetrating realism of a work such as The Gross Clinic stems from Eakins's endeavors to become fully acquainted with human anatomy by working from live models and dissecting corpses. Eakins's dedication to these practices met with disapproval from his colleagues and ultimately forced his resignation from a teaching post at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. The spotlight technique exhibited in Thomas Eakins's The Gross Clinic reflect the influences of what Baroque artist?
Rembrandt
Alexander Pope (1688-1744), the greatest English poet of the 18th century, was one of the Augustans, yet the lightness and elegance of his wit reflect the _____ spirit of the age. His genius lay precisely in his awareness that the dry bones of Classical learning needed to have life breathed into them.
Rococo
As was the Renaissance, the Baroque Era was born in
Rome
The discovery and collection of the art and literature of what two ancient cultures served as the inspiration for humanist learning and the Renaissance?
Rome and Greece
Having traveled to Rome where he studied Classical (and Neo-Classical) architecture firsthand, Jacques-Germain Soufflot's Le Pantheon displays references to _____and _____ as well as to Saint Paul's Cathedral in London and Paris's own Église du Dôme (or Church of the Invalides) completed only 50 years earlier.
St Peter's Basilica and Bramante's Tempietto
As illustrated in Vision After the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel), Paul Gauguin developed a theory of art called _______, in which he advocated the use of broad areas of unnaturalistic color and "primitive" or symbolic subject matter.
Synthetism
While many Impressionists were influenced by Japanese woodcuts, which were becoming readily available in Europe at the time, The Rehearsal, by Edgar Degas, also reflects the influence of what art form? Give two reasons to explain how this art form is reflected in the work
The Rehearsal, by Edgar Degas, reflects the influence of photography. Two details showing this influence are the figures that are cut off by the edge of the frame, and the curved layout of the scene that gives the impression of a photograph
Identify the artist (arguably the most influential painter to emerge in Paris between the movements of Realism and Impressionism) of Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe, and give two reasons why the centuries' old practice of including a nude in art was considered scandalous in this work
The artist was Edouard Manet, and two reasons that his work was considered scandalous was because, firstly, that the nude figure is just casual with two normal people, and secondly that the figure who was nude is seemingly looking directly at the viewer.
Identify at least three details in Elisabeth Vigee Lebrun's Marie Antoinette and Her Children designed to instill sympathy for the monarch.
The first detail that instills sympathy for the monarch is the empty cradle, which represents her fourth child, who died. A second and third details are the positioning of the child on her lap, which plays two points: it creates a similar image to Mary and baby Jesus, and portrays her as a mother just like any other woman, having to take care of her children.
Unlike the generic definition many music listeners of today attribute to the term, what is the more precise and technical meaning of the term "Classical" and with what two composers did it reach its height?
The original Classical Symphonies were specified by them having the four part structure, and reached its height with Bach and Mozart.
Jeane Honore-Fragonard's The Happy Accidents of the Swing is a prime example of the aims and accomplishments of the Rococo artist. In the midst of a lush green park, whose opulent foliage was no doubt inspired by the Baroque, we are offered a glimpse of the love games of the leisure class. A young, though not so innocent maiden, with petticoats billowing beneath her sumptuous pink dress, is being swung by an unsuspecting chaperone high over the head of her reclining gentleman friend, who seems delighted with the view. The subjects' diminutive forms and rosy cheeks make them doll-like, an image reinforced by the idyllic setting. This is 18th-century life at its finest—pampered by subtle hues, embraced by lush textures, and bathed by the softest of lights. This painting also reflects what political failure on the part of the ruling class?
The ruling class ignoring the poorer people
As illustrated by Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise, the Impressionist artists had common philosophies about painting, although their styles differed widely. Select the characteristics shared by the Impressionists from the list below (there is more than one).
They juxtaposed complementary colors such as red and green to reproduce the optical vibrations perceived when one is looking at an object in full sunlight. They duplicated the glimmering effect of light bouncing off the surface of an object by applying their pigments in short, choppy strokes. They advocated painting out of doors and chose to render subjects found in nature. They all reacted against the constraints of the Academic style and subject matter. They studied the dramatic effects of atmosphere and light on people and objects and, through a varied palette, attempted to duplicate these effects on canvas.
Jean Honore-Watteau is best known for his paintings of fêtes galantes (elegant outdoor festivals attended by courtly figures dressed in the height of fashion). Yet the charming scenes are sometimes touched with a mood of nostalgia that can verge on melancholy. How this this melancholy portrayed in Return from Cythera? (Be specific, and write in complete sentences.)
This melancholy is portrayed in Return from Cythera by the body language of the figures in the painting, who are painted in a way that makes them seem almost remorseful to have to leave Cythera
Jacques Louis-David's Oath of Horatii demonstrates how Neo-Classicism came to embody the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. In a bow to Classical themes, three brothers—the Horatii—swear their allegiance to Rome on swords held high by their father. They pledge to come back victorious from the fight or not at all. The sharp, unwavering gestures and stable stances convey strength, commitment, and bravery—male attributes. How does this painting reflect the roles women were assigned by David and the Enlightenment?
This painting reflects the role of women at the time by putting them in the background, small and in shadow. This keeps them out of the main focus of the painting, which is on the three sons.
Identify the artist and the artistic movement the painting below represents. Further, explain the double meaning implied by the title of the work.
This painting, titled Kindrid Spirits and made by Asher Durand. It is representative of the Hudson River School, specifically landscape paintings. The title of the painting is a double meaning, as it represents the relationship between the two figures in the work, and between the figures and nature around them.
Paul Cézanne's method for accomplishing a radical departure from tradition did not disregard the Old Masters. Although he allied himself originally with the Impressionists and accepted their palette and subject matter, he drew from Old Masters in the Louvre and desired somehow to reconcile their lessons with the thrust of Modernism, saying, "I want to make of Impressionism something solid and lasting like the art in the museums." Cézanne's innovations include a structural use of color and brushwork that appeals to the intellect, and a solidity of composition enhanced by a fluid application of pigment that delights the senses. Cézanne's most significant stride toward Modernism, however, was a drastic collapsing of space, seen in works such as Still Life with Basket of Apples. Provide three details in the painting that illustrate this
Three details that show the use of a drastic collapsing of space, are zooming the frame in to just a small area, showing the interaction between the individual objects, and being able to view objects from multiple angles.
What is Jonathan Swift's proposed solution in A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public?
To eat the children
Borrowing from Romanticism and Immanuel Kant, this U.S. and European philosophical movement of the 1830s and 1840s, was largely a reaction against the rationalism of the 18th century and, in the United States, the austerity of New England Calvinism. Proponents of the movement argued that people must be self-reliant, depending on their inner mental or spiritual essence, and people begin to reach their potential as individuals when they shed society and its institutions.
Transcendentalism
Emerging victorious after the War of the Roses, this family ruled England for most of the Renaissance.
Tudors
George Caleb Bingham (1811-1879) focused a great deal of his career on painting life on the American frontier, notably along the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The Jolly Flatboatmen, painted in 1846, was already becoming a scene of the past. Flatboats were used to carry freight along rivers and canals but, by mid-century other modes of transportation were being developed and deployed to meet the demands of what was becoming a highly industrialized society. Paddle-wheel steamboats would replace the flatboat, a human-powered vessel. Perhaps Bingham's painting was intended to reflect this transition. What two details in the painting show how the way of life being portrayed is becoming obsolete?
Two details that show how that way of life was becoming obsolete is that, firstly, the boat is void of any cargo, and secondly, the men on the boat seem bored, and looking for ways to keep themselves happy
On the surface, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère is "a feast for the eye," but key details suggest Manet is expressing a critical view of consumerism. Identify at least two. (Write in complete sentences, and be specific.)
Two details that suggest a critic of consumerism are the dead look in the girls expression, and the figure who is approaching her is made to be an upper class person.
Who among the following guides Dante through the nine circles of hell?
Virgil
The first two of Gulliver's four voyages, to the miniature land of Lilliput and to Brobdingnag, the land of giants, are the best known. In these sections, the harshness of Swift's satire is to some extent masked by the charm and wit of the narrative. In the voyage to the land of the Houyhnhnms, however, Swift draws a bitter contrast between the Houyhnhnms, a race of horses whose behavior is governed by reason, and their slaves, the _____, human in form but bestial in behavior. As expressed by the Yahoos, Swift's vision of the depths to which human beings can sink is profoundly pessimistic. His insistence on their deep moral and intellectual flaws is in strong contrast to the rational humanism of many of his contemporaries, who believed in the innate dignity and worth of human beings.
Yahoos
Galileo fundamentally changed what two branches of science with his work?
astronomy and physics
Composers such as Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848) and Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835) used their music to express sincere and deep emotions, even drama, but the emotional expression was achieved primarily by means of _____ (beautiful singing) and not by the unfolding of a convincing plot.
bel canto
While difficult to define, Romanticism does NOT include which of the following characteristics?
belief in the supremacy of human reason and ingenuity
Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary is an attack on what class of society
bourgeois
As if the scene were not dramatic enough, the Cornaro family is viewing Bernini's The Ecstacy of Saint Teresa from
box seats
Followers of Emmeline Pankhurst, founder of the Women's Social and Political Union in Britain, took what actions on behalf of women's rights?
chained themselves to the railings of official buildings one follower allowed herself to be trampled to death smashed the windows of London's most exclusive shops staged hunger strikes when sent to prison
The competition for what commodity between France, England, and Germany was a major contributing factor to World War I?
colonies
Like his mentor Géricault, Ferdinand-Eugène-Victor Delacroix supported the liberal movements of the day. His painting The Massacre at Chios depicts a particularly brutal event in the Greek War of Independence. In 1824, the year in which the poet Lord Byron died while supporting the Greek cause, the Turks massacred some 90 percent of the population of the Greek island of Chios. Delacroix's painting on the subject was intended to rouse popular indignation. It certainly roused the indignation of the traditional artists of the day, one of whom dubbed it "the massacre of painting," principally because of its revolutionary use of color. Whereas David and other Neo-Classical painters had drawn their forms and then filled them in with color, Delacroix used _____. The result is a much more fluid use of paint.
color to create form
Rosalba Carriera's Louis XV as a Boy displays her talents as a portrait artist who worked in what unusual medium?
colored chalk
Like Géricault's The Raft of the Medusa, Joseph Mallord WilliamTurner's The Slave Ship deals with a social disgrace of the time; in this case, the horrifyingly common habit of the captains of slave ships jettisoning their entire human cargo if an epidemic broke out. Turner only incidentally illustrates his specific subject—the detail of drowning figures in the lower right corner seems to have been added as an afterthought—and concentrates instead on _____.
conveying his vision of the grandeur and mystery of the universe.
Henry VIII founded the Church of England because the pope would not grant him a _____.
divorce
Two paintings by Goya—The Second of May 1808 and The Third of May 1808 (shown here) portray the bloody events surrounding what became known as the _____. Both paintings were commissioned by the restored monarch Ferdinand VII after the French were finally driven out of Spain. The first depicts fierce hand-to-hand combat as the Spanish defend themselves against their mounted Mamluk attackers; the second, still and somber in tone, focuses attention not on the action and confusion of the clash in the city but on the point-blank-range summary execution of peasants in the countryside. Nothing is idealized. The horror and the terror of the victims, their faceless executioners, and the blood streaming in the dust all combine to create a cry of protest against unbearable human cruelty.
dos de mayo uprising
The earliest painters of landscapes that were intended to glorify nature in America are known collectively as the Hudson River school. The foundations of their style were laid by Thomas Cole (1801-1848), born in England, whose later paintings combine the effect of grandeur with an accurate rendering of detail based on close observation. Which of the following characteristics of Cole's View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm—The Oxbow are representative of the Hudson River School?
dramatic sky contrast between raw nature and human presence bird's eye perspectiv
On what scientific characteristic is Realism based?
empiricism
Ironically, medical advances led to what new issues in Europe?
food and housing shortages
In Impressionist Berthe Morisot's Young Girl by the Window, the face is tranquil, the head is strongly modeled, and several structural lines, such as the back of the chair, the contour of her right arm, the blue parasol across her lap, and the vertical edge of drapery to the right, anchor the figure in space. What is all the more remarkable about the painting is that it appears to have been completed through an array of loose brushstrokes, applied, it would seem, at a ________.
frantic pace
Unlike the Renaissance artists of Florence and Rome who used techniques of line and chiaroscuro to create their masterpieces, Titian used what technique for his works, such as Venus of Urbino?
glazing
The design of theaters in Elizabethan England allowed—indeed encouraged—people of all classes to attend performances regularly, because the price of admission varied for different parts of the theater. The more prosperous spectators sat in the galleries, where they had a clear view of the stage, while the poorer spectators stood on the ground around the stage. Dramatists and actors soon learned to please these so-called _____ by appealing to their taste for noise and spectacle.
groundlings
Beethoven's musical prowess is all the more remarkable considering that by 1802 he lost his_____
hearing
Rather than to accurately record her actual appearance, Nicholas Hilliard's Ermine Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I was intend to symbolize the monarch's_____.
hey royalty and wealth
John Milton owed his grounding in the classics to the Renaissance. In composing his masterpiece Paradise Lost, an epic poem that touches on the whole range of human experience, Milton was deliberately inviting comparison to what two ancient poets?
homer and virgil
Typical of many of his works, Rembrandt's Self-Portrait focuses on what aspect of the subject rather than surface characteristics?
how he feels and his inner self.
By stripping away all uncertainties, Rene Descartes reached a basis of indubitable certainty on which he could build: that he existed. The very act of doubting proved that he was a thinking being. As he put it in a famous phrase in his second Meditation, "Cogito, ergo sum," which means_____
i think there for i am
Bronzino's Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury) weaves an intricate allegory, with many actors and many symbols in a Mannerist representation known as
iconography.
Byron figures again in another of Delacroix's best-known paintings, because it was on one of the poet's works that the artist based The Death of Sardanapalus. The Assyrian king, faced with the destruction of his palace by the Medes, decided to prevent his enemies from enjoying his possessions after his death by ordering that his wives, horses, and dogs be killed and their bodies piled up, together with his treasures, at the foot of the funeral pyre he intended for himself. The opulent, violent theme is treated with appropriate drama; the savage brutality of the foreground contrasts with the lonely, brooding figure of the king reclining on his couch above. Over the entire scene, however, hovers an air of unreality, even of fantasy, as if Delacroix is trying to convey not so much the sufferings of the victims as the intensity of his own _____.
imagination
Which of the following contributed to the belle epoque ("the beautiful age") during the last quarter of the 19th century?
improved standards of living through science and technology more equitable forms of government through social and political revolution mood of cheerfulness, especially for those with money widespread sense that life would not and could not continue as it had been
Unlike his predecessors, Donatello and Verrocchio, Michelangelo sculpts a David
in the moment between contemplation and action.
Martin Luther's "95 Theses" principally attacked what Roman Catholic practice?
indulgences
For both Dante and Thomas Aquinas, the essence of damnation lay in
intellectual estrangement from God.
Explain how the composition and detail of Jean-Louis-Andre-Theodore Gericault's The Raft of the Medusa is a critique of the French government. What specific elements of the painting exemplify this critique
it explores the hardship of human emotion and duress. most scenes take place along the diagonal. also the corpses that will soon be swept into the sea. the man on top waving their shirts t words rescuers. its a human battle against nature and one another for their own survival.
Degas won the reputation of being a misogynist because many of his representations of female nudes lack the idealizing qualities of Renoir's and other painters' works. In a series of pastels, he shows women caught unawares in simple, natural poses. The Tub, with its unusual angle of vision, shows why these were sometimes called ________. Far from posing, his subjects seem to be spied on while they are engrossed in the most intimate and natural activities.
keyhole vision
Which of the following characterizes the works of the Mannerists?
lack of compositional balance and defined focal point; flattened and ambiguous space discordant pastel hues distortion and elongation of figures
Often called the Father of Capitalism, Adam Smith adapted a central Enlightenment theme—individual liberty—for his new economic theory in The Wealth of Nations; it was published in 1776, the year that the American colonies declared independence from Britain. Smith promoted an economic approach called _____, which means "let it be." He believed that if market forces were allowed to operate without state intervention, an "invisible hand" would guide self-interest for the benefit of all. He further postulated that open competition would place a ceiling on prices and lead to the improvement of products.
laissez faire
Behind many of Richard Wagner's writings on opera and drama lay the concept that the most powerful form of artistic expression was one that united all the arts—music, painting, poetry, movement—in a single work of art, the Gesamtkunstwerk(total artwork). He also placed new emphasis on the orchestra, which not only accompanies the singers but also provides a rich musical argument of its own. This orchestral innovation is enhanced by his device of the_____, which gives each principal character, idea, and even object a theme of his, her, or its own as exemplified in "The Ride of the Valkyries" from act 3 of The Valkyrie from The Ring of the Nibelung.
leitmotiv
Of all the Impressionists, Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) was perhaps the most significant figure painter. Like his peers, Renoir was interested primarily in the effect of _____ as it played across the surface of objects. He illustrated his preoccupation in one of the most wonderful paintings of the Impressionist period, Le Moulin de la Galette.
light
Charles Baudelaire's "The Painter of Modern Life," Emile Zola's Au Bonheur des Dames, and Edouard Manet's A Bar at the Folies-Bergere all offer commentary on what subject?
mass consumption
In the richest countries in Europe—France, England, and Germany—the poor compared their lot to that of the more affluent. Simultaneously, in the poorer European countries, including Ireland, Spain, Portugal, and almost all of Eastern Europe, people looked with envy—and resentment—upon their wealthier neighbors. The disparity in wealth between classes and between nations led to the greatest period of __________, where it was rumored—fancifully, to be sure—that the streets were paved with gold.
migration to the United States
The third movement of a symphony is usually a slow, stately dance for groups of couples known as a_____
minuet
Monet's preoccupation with the effects of light and color reached its most complete expression in his numerous paintings of water lilies in his garden. In version after version, he tried to capture in paint the effect of the shimmering, ever-changing appearance of water, leaves, and blossoms. The result, as in the Nymphéas (Water lilies, water study, morning) of 1914-1918, reproduces not so much the actual appearance of Monet's lily pond as an abstract symphony of glowing colors and reflecting lights. Paradoxically, the most complete devotion to naturalism was to pave the way for abstraction and for what we know as _____.
modern art
The result was the introduction of a musical form known as _____, or recitative, which consisted of the free declamation of a single vocal line with a simple instrumental accompaniment for support.
monody
Charles Darwin had written the following, which defines his theory known as _____, the means by which organisms with genetic characteristics and traits that make them better adjusted to their environment tend to survive, reach maturity, reproduce, and increase in number, such that they are more likely to transmit those adaptive traits to future generations.
natural selection
Just as they are in Lorenzo de' Medici's poetry, references to _____________ spiritual fulfillment made possible by the contemplation of ideal beauty are evident in Botticelli's paintings, such as his most famous--The Birth of Venus.
neo- platonist
Frederic Chopin's concerts created a sensation throughout Europe, while his piano works exploited (if they did not always create) new musical forms like the _____—a short piano piece in which an expressive, if often melancholy, melody floats over a murmuring accompaniment.
nocturne
In a masterful blend of comedy and tragedy, Miguel Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) makes use of what new literary form in Don Quixote?
novel
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the art of the Baroque Era as a rule?
order and restraint
Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson's The Entombment of Atala reflects many characteristics of Neo-Classicism but also contains which element(s) of Romanticism
pain and emotion of the individual unfulfilled love exotic location eroticism
One of the first pieces to express the characteristically Beethovenian spirit is his Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 13, generally known as the "Pathétique." Beethoven's sonata is characteristic of Romantic music in its strong expression of ____
personal feelings
Which of the following decidedly Impressionist influences are reflected in Postimpressionist Henri de Toulouse-Latrec's At the Moulin Rouge
photography Japanese woodcut
Which of the following techniques distinguish George Seurat's A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte from works of the Impressionists?
pointillism
To find a bride, such as Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII hired Hans Holbein the Younger do what?
portraits prospective brides
Which of the following is true of Rococo art and architecture?
presents an often unrealistic view of life aimed at aristocratic audiences anti-Baroqu
Julius Caesar demonstrates Shakespeare's growing interest in ________________ rather than simple sequencing of events.
psychological motivation
In addition to a sewer system, the ills of the industrialized 19th century city were relieved by the design and construction of _____, which served both hygienic and humanitarian purposes.
public parks
While seeming to be modeled on Michelangelo's fresco in the Sistine Chapel, Annibale Carracci's The Love of the Gods differs in one distinct way that makes use of what technique?
quadro riportato
Whereas Gainsborough combined naturalism with elements of French Rococo, John Singleton Copley combined English naturalism with an American taste for _____ and _____ as shown in his Portrait of Paul Revere.
realism and simplicity
As displayed in Thomas Gainesborough's Mary, Countess, Howe, which of the following elements are characteristic of the Grand Manner?
relatively large figure in relation to its surroundings deep, lush landscape a simple pose and a dignified gaze
Which of the following is a cause of the Protestant Reformation
rising sense of nationalism in Europe low moral and intellectual condition of much of the clergy idea of reform had been maturing for centuries
What feature in William Hogarth's portrayal of the English middle class sets him apart from his contemporaries?
satire
For the third movement of "Eroica," Beethoven replaces the stately minuet of the Classical symphony with a _____—the word literally means "joke" and is used to describe a fast-moving, lighthearted piece of musi
scherzo
Bernini combines what three media to create the Baldacchino in St. Peter's?
sculpture architecture stained glass
The first notes of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony are probably the best known of any symphony. Nothing could be further from the Classical balance of Haydn and Mozart than Beethoven's Romantic drive and passion. The mood of pathos and agitation is present from the opening hammering motive that permeates the entire movement and eventually drives it to its fatal conclusion. The careful listener will hear that Beethoven constructs his torrent of sound according to the principles of traditional _____form.
sonata
The structure almost invariably chosen for the first movement of a Classical symphony is called _____: a musical form having three sections: exposition (in which the main theme or themes are stated), development, and recapitulation (repetition) of the theme or themes.
sonata
In the Baroque period, composers such as Bach had felt free to combine instruments into unusual groups that varied from composition to composition. Each of Bach's Brandenburg Concertos was written for a different set of solo instruments. By about 1750, however, most instrumental music was written for a _____, the nucleus of which was formed by the string instruments: violins (generally divided into two groups known as first and second), violas, cellos, and double basses. To the strings were added wind instruments, almost always the oboe and bassoon and fairly frequently the flute; the clarinet began to be introduced gradually and, by about 1780, had become a regular member of the orchestra. The only brass instrument commonly included was the French horn. Trumpets, along with the timpani or kettledrums, were reserved for reinforcing volume or rhythm. Trombones were never used in classical symphonies until Beethoven did so.
standard orchestra
In paintings such as The Calling of St. Matthew, Caravaggio utilizes a technique known as _____ that puts a spotlight on the subjects of his paintings.
tenebrism
The sense of restrained passion, awesomeness, common in the sculptural and painted figures of Michelangelo, such as shown, is known as
terribilita
Commissioned by Napoleon III, this plan was a coding system that governed all aspects of the designs of buildings in Paris—including height—so as to create beauty through consistency. The resulting boulevards, with their sweeping vistas, often culminated with something spectacular to look at, such as a splendid monument or building as exemplified by the Palais Garnier.
the Haussmann Plan
Vicent van Gogh describes The Night Café as "one of the ugliest I have done," but the ugliness was deliberate. Van Gogh's subject was "the terrible passions of humanity," expressed by the harsh contrasts between red, green, and yellow, which were intended to convey the idea that "__________________________."
the café is a place where one can ruin oneself, go mad, or commit a crime
Which of the following explains how da Vinci's Mona Lisa revolutionized portraiture?
the fine line between revealing and concealing, and thus our interpretation of the painting is limited only by our capacity to imagine. the sitter's confident eyes fix on the viewer when it would have been considered inappropriate for a woman to look directly into the eyes of a man the typical profile view of a sitter is replaced with a natural three-quarter-turned body position by which a visual dialogue could be established between the sitter and all of us outside of the picture space. the face (particularly the eyes) and the hands (their placement and gestures) convey much about the personality of the sitter, inviting us to "know" rather than just to see
Jacques-Louis David's most prodigious student, Jean-August-Dominique Ingres created pristine compositions in an even purer style of Neo-Classicism that was inspired specifically by Greek art. Ingres's work is a combination of precise linearity and sculptural smoothness on the one hand, and delicacy and sensuality on the other. Like David's, Ingres's forms are flawless and his painted surfaces as smooth as glass. But as did Girodet-Trioson, Ingres tapped into the early-19th-century audience's appeal for the exotic in his themes. His Grande Odalisque, although very much in the tradition of the art-historical reclining nude, presents a twist: a _____ has replaced the Venus figure.
the male gaze
What invention is primarily responsible for the rise of industry over agriculture as a source of national wealth in 19th century Europe?
the rail rode and steam power.
In Olympia, Manet sardonically references Venus of Urbino--a work by Titian, one of the Old Masters who served as a role models for the Academically trained artist. Which of the following details is included in Manet's "revision"?
the sleeping dog at the feet of Venus, which symbolized fidelity, is now a black cat supple glowing flesh now has "the tint of a cadaver in a morgue" the reclining nude in the Venetian work is another "goddess of love"—a prostitute the maid who presents Olympia with flowers from a potential client is black
From the Sistine Chapel, The Creation of Adam is most dramatic for what reason?
they do not touch each other.
Which of the following is a core belief of Calvinism?
total depravity perseverance of the saints unconditional election limited atonement irresistible grace
On the right side of Gustave Courbet's The Artist's Studio: A Real Allegory Summing Up Seven Years of My Artistic and Moral Life, are his friends--other artists, and art lovers, including Baudelaire, a bearded art collector, and a philosopher. On the left side, are what Courbet termed the "world of everyday life," including a merchant, a priest, a hunter, an unemployed worker, and a female beggar. There are also a guitar, dagger, and hat which, along with the male model, constitute a symbolic condemnation of traditional art. The painter stands in the middle as a mediator between these social types, affirming his view of the artist's cultural role in a scene painted on a grand scale. Who does the nude woman, the subject of the painter's painting, represent?
truth
Coined by Sir Thomas More, _____ is a philosophical romance, written in Latin in 1516, about an ideal island nation resembling Plato's Republic.
utopia
Giovanni da Bologna's Abduction of the Sabine Women encourages the viewer to do what in order to view the entire piece?
walk around
In title and subject matter, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo's Allegory of Merit Accompanied by Nobility and Virtue implies that the palace of the Italian merchant family who commissioned the work_____.
was made possible through earnest accomplishment.
Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist is German painter Caspar David Friedrich's (1774-1840) best-known painting. Inspired by ice-topped mountains in central Europe, it was completed in the studio, where its content was filtered through the mind of the artist. The wanderer, having reached the pinnacle of a rocky promontory, finds himself agaze in wonderment at the vastness and splendor of nature. He has ascended to the summit, perhaps has lost his way, and finds distant peaks reaching farther yet into the sky. Claiming the center of the composition, however, the wanderer is as prominent as the vista. If a divine spirit animates nature, it also circulates through the wanderer, connecting the two. Where must the viewer most likely be to see the wanderer from this vantage point? What is the intended effect of this vantage point then?
we are standing right behind him, even possibly suspended in mid air. because of where we see him in our view point it also puts us in his experience.