RT310 Exam 2 Review

what is a volvulus

twisting of the bowel

what are helminths

worms

what are the effects of radiation therapy on the liver

skin changes, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, and radiation induced liver disease (enlarged liver, jaundice, ascites)

what is the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis

diverticulosis: small, bulging pouches (diverticula) develop in the digestive tract diverticulitis: diverticula become inflamed or infected

what is pancreatitis

inflammation of the exocrine pancreas due to autodigestion by pancreatic enzymes -massive inflammation and pancreatic necrosis -cysts and abscesses can develop -can cause shock, peritonitis, septicemia, death

True or false. Gallstones are more common obese people than in people with ideal weight.

true

1. Which of the following is not a systemic manifestation of a respiratory viral infection? A. Sinusitis B. Rhinitis C. Epiglottitis D. Esophagitis

D. Esophagitis

1. What causes hepatic cancer? A. metastatic tumors B. chronic hepatitis C. exposure to certain chemicals D. all of the above

D. all of the above

1. What usually initiates acute appendicitis? A. infection in the appendix B. an episode of severe diarrhea C. obstruction of the lumen of the appendix D. eating a low-fiber diet

D. eating a low-fiber diet

what are the common causes of peptic ulcer disease

H. pylori, NSAIDS

what is the definition of an infectious disease

invasion of the body by microorganisms, causing disorder and/or dysfunction

what is cirrhosis

irreversible end-stage liver disease, normal liver architecture is destroyed, nodules and vascular anastomoses form, blood won't flow properly through the liver

True or false. Liver fibrosis is not reversible.

true

what are the risk factors of primary liver cancer

-hepatitis b or c -cirrhosis -heavy alcohol/tobacco use -non alcoholic fatty liver disease -anabolic steroids

how can you lower your risk for primary liver cancer

-hepatitis vaccine -getting treatment for hepatitis -consume alcohol in moderation or cease use -don't use tobacco products -regular exercise -eating healthy

which infectious diseases are sexually transmitted

-herpes simplex virus -human papillomavirus -neisseria gonorrhoeae

how does nephrolithiasis develop

-higher than normal level of circulating calcium or uric acid -can obstruct urinary flow and cause hydronephrosis -as kidney backs up, capsule dilates and causes pain

what is barrett's esophagitis

when the esophagus becomes damaged by acid reflux, lining of esophagus becomes inflamed, lower esophageal sphincter begins to fail -caused by chronic GERD -can lead to esophageal cancer

what are spirochetes

spiral bacteria

who is higher risk for developing nephrolithiasis

-more common in men -those with low fluid intake

what are common causes and results of pyelonephritis

-obstruction or vesiculourethral reflux (urine backs up) -scarring, atrophy, fibrosis of renal parenchyma -can progress to end stage renal disease

what are the common consequences of cirrhosis

-portal hypertension -biliary cirrhosis causes damage to bile ducts -toxic cirrhosis causes damage and necrosis of hepatocytes -nodules and anastamoses

what is cholelithiasis and how does it develop

-presence of stones in gallbladder or biliary tree -most are due to high percentage of cholesterol in bile, obese people, women -can lead to cholecystitis

what are the common causes of cirrhosis

-severe or chronic hepatitis -metal storage diseases (esp. copper/iron) -alcoholism -toxic hepatitis -mostly alcoholism or chronic viral hepatitis

which factors determine which hosts will get symptoms of infection

1. genetic differences- pathogen binding molecule needs to connect with receptor on host cell 2. age differences 3. behavioral differences- smoking, STIs 4. compromised host defenses

what organism causes neisseria meningitidis, what type of organism is it, how is it usually spread, and what are typical signs and symptoms

1. meningococcus 2. bacteria 3. respiratory droplets 4. rapid onset fever, stiff neck, headache, shock, rash, bleeding

what are the host defenses our body uses to prevent infection

1. skin acts as a barrier 2. mucociliary blanket of airways 3. normal flora in GI tract 4. antimicrobial secretions in body orifices 5. gastric acid and bile

what organism causes influenza, what type of organism is it, how is it usually spread, and what are typical signs and symptoms

1. various strains of influenza virus 2. a virus 3. spread by respiratory droplets and secretions 4. rapid onset fever, chills, myalgia, severe fatigue, headache, dry cough, sick for 5-7 days but can take 4-5 weeks to feel normal

1. Most bacterial respiratory infections are caused by which of the following? A. Streptococci B. Viruses C. Influenza D. Staphylococci

A. Streptococci

1. Which age groups are most susceptible to contracting an infectious disease? A. babies B. school aged children C. teenagers D. adults E. elderly

A. babies E. elderly

1. Why does iron-deficiency anemia frequently develop with ulcerative colitis? A. loss of surface area for absorption in the ileum B. bone marrow depression by toxic wastes C. chronic blood loss in stools D. insufficient hydrochloric acid for iron absorption

A. loss of surface area for absorption in the ileum

compare and contrast hepatitis A, B, and C

HepA- spread via oral/fecal route, asymptomatic or flu symptoms, no treatment needed HepB- spread via body fluids, acute fulminate or chronic, mainly acute HepC- transmitted via body fluids, usually asymptomatic or mild illness, 50% of patients will get chronic hepatitis

what is esophageal diverticula

a protruding pouch in the lining of the esophagus including all 5 layers -symptoms: difficulty swallowing, feels like food caught in the throat, pain with swallowing, regurgitating food when bending, chest/neck pain

what is the definition of virulence

ability of an organism to achieve infection

what are common complications of crohn's disease

adhesions, ulcerations through intestinal wall, fistulas

what occurs with nonerosive gastritis

atrophy and inflammation of stomach mucosa -autoimmune gastritis: autoantibodies against parietal cells and intrinsic factor needed to absorb nutrients -chronic idiopathic gastritis: unknown cause -infectious gastritis: caused by H. pylori

what is ischemic bowel disease and its complications

blood flow to the intestines is decreased due to a blocked vessel or artery, volvulus, intussusception complications: death of intestinal tissue, perforation of the bowel, scarring or narrowing of the colon, peritonitis

what are the effects of radiation therapy on the stomach

bowel irritation, radiation enteritis (damage to lining of small and large intestines), nausea and vomiting, heart and lung damage, and kidney damage

what are the common symptoms of peptic ulcer disease

burning stomach pain, feeling full, intolerance to fatty foods, heartburn, nausea

what occurs with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

cells that line the esophagus become mutated -Symptoms: difficulty swallowing, weight loss, chest pain, worsening heartburn, coughing or hoarseness -Risk factors: GERD, smoking, Barrett's esophagus, obesity, alcohol consumption, radiation to chest or upper abdomen

1. True of false. 20% of gallstones are cholesterol stones.

false

what occurs with erosive gastritis

focal irritation and erosion of the stomach mucosa, often bleeding occurs -causes: aspirin and other NSAIDS, alcohol abuse, radiation and chemotherapy, severe physical stress, irritating foods

what is peptic ulcer disease

gastric or duodenal ulcers form, open sores develop

what occurs with jaundice

high levels of circulating bilirubin (byproduct of RBC breakdown) results in yellowed skin and sclera

what are the common complications of peptic ulcer disease

internal bleeding, perforation of the stomach wall, malignant transformation of benign gastric ulcer

what is enteropathic

intestinal bacterial infection

what is achalasia

occurs when nerves in the esophagus become damaged, as a result the esophagus becomes paralyzed over time and loses the ability to pass food into the stomach -symptoms: inability to swallow, regurgitating food, heartburn, belching, chest pain that comes and goes, night coughing, pneumonia from aspirating food, weight loss, vomiting

what is a hernia

organ or fatty tissue squeezes through a weak spot in surrounding muscle or connective tissue

what are the effects of radiation therapy on the bowels

radiation enteritis, radiation proctitis, diarrhea, radiation induced small bowel syndrome

what is diabetic nephropathy

renal failure due to diabetes, most common cause of kidney transplant -sclerosis of glomeruli causes ischemia, atrophy

How is hepatitis A spread, what kind of signs and symptoms does it cause, and what are the typical consequences

spread- via oral fecal route, often through contaminated food or water s/sxs- often asymptomatic, but can cause flu like symptoms that resolve on their own consequences- often not diagnosed unless symptoms develop, no treatment needed (needs to run its course), vaccine available for travel

what occurs with gastroesophageal reflux disorder

stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, irritates the lining, caused by sphincter abnormally weakening or relaxing -chronic GERD can lead to esophageal fibrosis

how does post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis develop

type 3 hypersensitivity reaction -strep antigen-antibody complexes form -complexes circulate throughout body -get stuck in glomerular capillaries -causes activation of complement system and inflammation

what is a hiatal hernia

upper part of the stomach herniates through the diaphragm via the hiatus (opening where esophagus passes through the diaphragm) -symptoms: heartburn, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, acid reflux, chest/abdominal pain, shortness of breath, vomiting blood

1. Overall, the most common cause of cirrhosis in the United States is: A. viral infection B. alcohol abuse C. extrahepatic obstruction D. drug overdose

B. alcohol abuse

1. Host resistance to infectious diseases is promoted by all of the following except: A. prescribed immunizations B. chronic respiratory disease C. vitamin and mineral supplements D. appropriate inflammatory or immune response

B. chronic respiratory disease

1. Diverticulitis is a condition involving which of the following? A. small bowel B. colon C. stomach D. anus

B. colon

1. Which of the following applies to hepatitis A infection? A. it is also called serum hepatitis B. it is transmitted by the oral-fecal route C. in contains a double strand of DNA D. it frequently leads to chronic hepatitis

B. it is transmitted by the oral-fecal route

1. Barrett metaplasia is a pathology of which one of the following? A. Stomach B. Small bowel C. Esophagus D. Colon

C. Esophagus

1. What does leukocytosis frequently indicate? A. Immunosuppression B. Bone marrow damage C. Presence of inflammation or infection D. An allergic or autoimmune reaction

C. Presence of inflammation or infection

1. The structure of a virus includes: A. a cell wall and membrane B. metabolic enzymes for replication C. a protein coat and DNA or RNA D. a slime capsule and cilia

C. a protein coat and DNA or RNA

1. What would a perforated gastric ulcer cause? A. severe anemia B. obstruction C. gastric hemorrhage D. peritonitis

C. gastric hemorrhage

1. What is the primary cause of esophageal varices? A. portal hypertension B. chronic alcoholism C. poor nutritional status D. diabetes

C. poor nutritional status

differentiate between crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

-Crohn's disease: inflammation of anywhere in the digestive tract leads to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and malnutrition, malabsorption disease including B12 deficiencies. Affects all layers -Ulcerative colitis: inflammation and sores occur in the digestive tract in the innermost lining, only in the colon. Affects only the mucosa

what are some recent infectious diseases in our world

-H1N1 (swine flu) -SARS-COV-2

what staging is used for primary liver cancer

-TNM staging 1-4 -barcelona clinic liver cancer staging -cancer of the liver italian program system -okuda system -child-pugh scope (cirrhosis staging)

what are the 3 causes of pancreatitis

-alcohol abuse, esp. chronic -gallstones obstructing pancreatic drainage -high triglyceride levels

What are common causes of acute renal failure

-anything that blocks blood flow in/out of kidneys -nephrotoxins cause necrosis of renal tubule -mechanical obstruction: stones, clots, tumors -inflammatory processes of kidneys -heart failure or shock decreasing blood flow

what is cystitis

-bladder infection -bladder and urethra both inflamed, possibly ulceration of mucosa -reduced bladder capacity and dysuria

what are common causes of chronic renal failure

-chronic inflammatory kidney disease -polycystic kidney disease -hypertension -uncontrolled diabetes

what is chronic cholecystitis and how does it develop

-chronic irritation and chemical injury to gallbladder epithelium -almost always associated with stones -wall of gallbladder becomes thickened and firm, may be infected with bacteria

what are the basics of viruses

-consist of RNA and DNA in a protein shell -obligate intracellular parasites (need host to replicate) -mutate easily

what is acute cholecystitis and how does it develop

-diffuse inflammation of the gallbladder -usually due to obstruction of gallbladder outlet by stone -can lead to necrosis, perforation, peritonitis

what are the signs and symptoms of primary liver cancer

-hard lump on right side, just below ribcage -discomfort, pain, swelling of abdomen -jaundice -unusual fatigue or weakness -nausea/vomiting -loss of appetite -weight loss without trying

what are the common causes of a UTI

-incomplete emptying of bladder -obstruction of flow -instrumentation introducing bacteria -poor hygiene -glycosuria -vulvar/vaginal irritation or infection -irritation of urinary tract mucosa -urethral friction during intercourse

what is pyelonephritis

-infection of the kidneys -affects ureter, renal pelvis, and renal medulla -purulent exudate obstructs renal artery/vein

what is urethritis and a common cause

-inflammation of urethra -pain, burning with urination -can be caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea

what occurs with zollinger-ellison syndrome

-islet cell tumor secretes large volume of gastrin, which regulates stomach acid -patient often presents with peptic ulcer disease that does not respond to treatment -most are malignant, but start benign

what are the treatment options for primary liver cancer

-surveillance -surgery -transplant -ablation therapy -embolization therapy -targeted therapy -immunotherapy -radiation therapy -clinical trials

what occurs with portal hypertension

-sustained increased portal vein pressure -almost always due to obstructed blood flow in portal system -causes backup of venous drainage of entire GI system -congestion of spleen, esophageal varices (sometimes bleeding), ascites

what occurs with beta cell tumors

-usually benign, beta cells make insulin, insulinomas -tumors secrete large amount of insulin -patient will have severe hypoglycemia

how can viruses cause disease

1. directly kill the host cell 2. release chemical mediators to cause inflammatory or immune reaction 3. causing cells to proliferate and form tumors 4. reactivating after a latent period

1. What pain is typical of diverticulitis? A. lower left quadrant B. lower right quadrant C. sharp, around the umbilicus D. lower abdominal pain radiating into the groin

A. lower left quadrant

1. What is an opportunistic infection?

An infection that starts because the patient is immunocompromised. Due to their depleted immune system, they catch these infections that would normally not affect a health person.

1. What is the likely effect of long-term exposure to a hepatotoxin? A. full recovery to normal tissue after the toxic material is removed B. acute onset of vomiting, fatty stools, and jaundice C. continued mild inflammation of the liver without permanent damage D. gradual irreversible damage to the liver and cirrhosis.

D. gradual irreversible damage to the liver and cirrhosis.

1. The primary pathological effect of the influenza virus is: A. destruction of the mucosa in the lower respiratory tract B. replication of the virus in respiratory secretions C. destruction of leukocytes and macrophages in the lungs D. inflammation and necrosis of both the upper respiratory epithelium

D. inflammation and necrosis of both the upper respiratory epithelium

1. Why may a fistula form with Crohn's disease? A. lack of peristalsis leading to dilated areas of intestine B. fibrosis and thickening of the wall causing obstruction C. erosion of the mucosa causing bleeding D. recurrent inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis forming a connection between intestinal loops

D. recurrent inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis forming a connection between intestinal loops

1. Why does mild hyperbilirubinemia occur in newborns? A. blood incompatibility between mother and child B. damage to many erythrocytes during the birth process C. poor circulation and albumin transport for bilirubin D. the immature liver cannot process bilirubin quickly

D. the immature liver cannot process bilirubin quickly

1. What type of disorder is celiac disease? a. Intussusception b. Malabsorption c. Hernia d. Peptic ulcer disease

Malabsorption

1. True or false. Chicken pox is a form of a Herpes virus.

T

1. True or false. In order for a pathogen to set up an infection, the patient has to have that particle receptor present on the cells of their body.

T

1. True or false. Streptococcal infections should be treated with antibiotics.

T

what increases the risk of developing colon and esophageal cancers

colon: older age, African American race, personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps, inflammatory bowel diseases, family history, low fiber high fat diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, alcohol, radiation therapy to the abdomen esophageal: peptic ulcer disease, alcohol, smoking, barrett's esophagus

what is the definition of pathogen

disease causing microorganism

what are the three causes of jaundice

increased destruction of RBCs (hemolytic anemia), liver disease such as cirrhosis, and obstruction of bile flow

what are the effects of radiation therapy on the esophagus

narrowing of the esophagus, lung damage, shortness of breath, painful sores in the mouth, pain with swallowing

what are common complications of ulcerative colitis

obstruction, hemorrhage, colon cancer, malnutrition, toxic megacolon

provide and example of a malabsorption syndrome and its underlying cause

small intestine is too short to absorb enough nutrients -Symptoms: diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, malnutrition, edema of lower extremities -Causes: parts of bowel removed during surgery, birth defects

what is clostridia

spore forming bacteria that are obligate anaerobes

what is intussusception

telescoping of 1 bowel segment into a adjacent segment