RXRS final

Botulism history

(1820s) Sausage poisoning: drooping eyelids, difficulty breathing and swallowing. Bacterium on piece of ham, gave pathogen its same

JS Haldane

(1895)studied miner poisoning in coal mines. Observed that skin of miners killed in pit explosions had cherry-pink color rats survive CO poisoning at 2 atmps of oxygen designed respirators to rescue mine workers

Sparkling Champagne symptoms

--gasping for breath and convulsions -appear flush (cherry red) due to build up of oxygen in blood not blue-->mistake in book --cyanide salt would react in alcohol to make gas, 20-60% of people cant smell the bitter almond

Rachel Carson

-Silent Spring, book about DDT -led to nationwide ban on DDT and creation of US EPA

How did Grigori Rasputin escape death by Cyanide?

-alcoholic gastritis which lead to stomach lining thickening and reduction of stomach acid which could have reduced the conversion of cyanide salt to HCN -sugary cakes/wine acted as a antidote due to glucose

Minamata Disater

-caused by methyl mercury poisoning in Japan due to environmental pollutant in water contamination -Symptoms: numbness, lack of coordination, slurred speech, paralysis, convulsions 600 people died, several developmental issues in babies

Cassava

-contains more cyanide and is most dangerous plant regularly eaten by humans -Bitter cassava is most toxic, 300 mg to 1 g root -tapioca pearls, flour, chips

methyl mercury

-formed from inorganic Hg by bacteria in the soil, very mobile

Human exposure to mercury

-natural containment of coal -paint, wood preservatives, industry/factory exposures -calomel forms used to be used in medicines (laxatives)

Banned Persistent Organic Chemicals (POPs)

-takes 4 half lives for a compound to be removed from environment -exposure from soil, air, ingestion of contaminated food

Cyanide uses

-used in development of photos -blue pigment used by artists

Mercury in fish

.5 ppm for most fish 1 ppm for tuna, shark, swordfish

Cyanide antidote

1. inhale amylNitrite 2. IV sodium nitrate 3. IV sodium thiosulfate

Therapeutic Index of Botox

10 to 20

BoTN toxicity

1000 times more lethal than lethal dose of hemlock, HCN, etc...

Ludwig Mond

1800s chemist found that nickel valves were corroded by CO as an impurity in CO2 reactions found nickel carbonyl through green flame, broke idea that metal compounds could not behave like gases

arsenic eaters

1800s men in Alps regularly ate arsenic lumps lead to edema (fluid retention) giving impression or bulking up, rosy face flesh, little decay in corpuses

Prohibition

18th Amendment A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

government denaturing of alcohol

1926 government had industrial ethanol denatured with posions, primary ingredient was methanol -->resulted in mass death (400) 1200 blind

Iraq: poison grain disaster

1971, grain treated with a methyl mercury based fungicide only use din rural population, causing 6500 cases and 450 deaths

Diamorphine: heroin

2 acetyl groups, more fat soluble better able to cross the BBB,

Recent methanol posionings

2016 Russian lotion methanol poisoning, mislabeled as ethanol

Prohibition repealed

21st amendment

HbCO half life

4-6 hours , strong bond slow CO release

Hemlock poison molecules

5 toxic alkaloids coniine, y-coniceine (most poisonous), n-methyl

The exclusivity of Botox

600$ per treatment, usually sells at full price Not patent protected--its a trade secret like the formula of coke

BoNT types

8 types A-H -Type A,B,E cause disease in humans -Type A and B commercial available, spasm disorders -G to C less common, H newest , C and D in animals

endogenous opioids

A family of peptide transmitters that have been called the body's own narcotics.Play central ole in motivation, response to pain, regulation of foos, emotion

Poison in Cocktails

Agatha Christie, 3 Act tragedy : guest poisoned by a cocktail, tuned out to be nicotine before, as so trace of poisoning glass

Arsenic in Literature

Agatha Christie, Arsenic and Old Lace (two old ladies who murder their gentlemen-visitors), Dorothy Sayers Strong Poison ()

The Pale Horse

Agatha Christine novel. 1961. Murdered used thallium to kill relatives and covered up via black magic, credited to saving the life of victims of young girls on Qatar

poisons of society

Alchohol --88,000 deaths per year Cigarette -- 480,000 deaths per year Drug overdose -- 70,237 deaths

Botox manufacturers

Allergan Laboratories

Five Little Pigs Agatha Christie

Amyas Crale dead from Hemlock in beer, bottle of coiine empty, daughter reopens case, 5 interviews from day of, not Carolines posion given before beer

The Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea, opium traded

Antimony mechanisms of action

Antimony reacts with oxygen if heated and produces antimony trioxide (very toxic) uses respiratory irritation, pneumoconiosis, antimony spots on the skin, acrid metallic taste, gastrointestinal symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, profuse sweating, and vomiting, hair loss

Hemlock family

Apiacea family of plants, parsley, fennel and carrots

CO poisoning in ancient history

Aristiole and coal fumes, Arnold of Villanova poisonous gas produced by wood combustion

Arsenic mechanism of action

Arsenates (AsO43-) are structurally and chemically similar to phosphates. Phosphates are in bones and DNA and most importantly ATP, the energy source of the cell arsine gas causes sever GI issues, disrupts biochemical process of binding to sulfur atoms, and cuts off supply of energy to cells leading to organ failure

Aqua della Toffanina" by Toffana

Arsenic- containing liquids sold as poisons no oder or taste vomiting diarrhea symptoms that could be mistaken for disease

Frederick Gross

Brooklyn, wife poisoned children and mother in law

methyl alchohol

CH3OH(synthetic) used as fuel, antifreeze, and in gasoline toxicity often delayed

Cyanide formula

CN-

Actions of Morphine

CNS --sedation, euphoria Nausea and vomiting--stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone Respiratory--depresses respiratory system, main deaths attributed to this Cardiovascular-- hypotension GI--constipation, water absorption in colon increased Miosis- pupillary constriction. pinpoint pupills Cutaneous--flushed skin

Hypoxia

CO prevents O2, results in nausea and headache to unconsciousness

Opiate Wars

China trade boomed placed restriction on trade

Organic -CN nitriles in pharmaceuticals

Cimetidine (anti uler), Verapamil (angina) and Citalopram (antidepressant)

Thomas De Quincey

Confessions of an English Opium Eater, raved The Pains of Opium, harming him and addiction

Methylmercury-cysteine mimics methionine

Crossed BBB and cause neurotoxicity

Sparkling Cyanide

Cyanide administered by champagne, suicide by KCN Symptoms: face blue, finger twitching George Barton received a note that it was murder, accidentally takes a drink during toast and dies of same poison that killed his wife cyanide regularly used in pesticides, larger number of wasps that year??

Cyanide industrial use

Cyanide use in mining: cyanide forms strong bonds with metals, used to extract gold and silver from ore

Agatha Christie

Cyanide used in 10 novels, injection, oral inhalation, author of Sparkling Cyanide

Amygdalin

Cyanogenic glycoside in apricot and peach pits that can be a source of cyanide poisoning if consumed

Persistence of toxic substances in the environment

DDT, half-life in soil is 10 yrs

Karen Wetterhahn

DMD seeped though glove of Dartmouth professor symptoms not detected until 6months after: resulted in coma and death lead to new lab safety standards

Symptoms of acute mercury poisoning

Damages tissues rapidly by disrupting cellular process, causing GI issues (vomiting), renal failure and death

Medicinal Uses of Mercury

Denial amalgam syphilis treatment in 1400s skin complaints 1200s "Blue mass" taken by Abraham Lincoln for"hyochondirasis"

Who made arsenic famous?

Dioscorides (Greek physician), Lex Cornelia, Toffana

First Morphine Murder

Edem Castaing killed Auguste Ballet via morphine in wine

W Cruickshank

English chemist identified the blue flame as an oxide of carbon

Joseph Priestley

English chemist who discovered toxicity of high levels of CO and showed its difference from CO2

Socrates death in Phaedo

Executed by drinking hemlock, numbness spread to his feet and legs then lied down to die inaccurate: should have caused convulsions, gasping of breath, slurred speech

lead poisoning

Exposure primarily via ingestion and inhalation Symptoms: anemia, CNS damage renal damage. A long history was mainly occupational poisoning

Arsenic

FDA guidelines in rice, apple juice, food colorings, EPA drinking standard 10 ppb

Ecotoxicology

Fate & effects of toxic substances on an ecosystem

Detection of Arsenic

First detected by Albertus Magnus Breaks down slowly and can be seen in victims hair and fingernails slows down mummification

Cyanide in US Executions

First used in gas chamber in NV airtight rook with KCN and dropped in bucket of sulfuric acid--> produces high concentrations of HCN canceled bc prisoner could hold breath and prolong death

Joseph de Lassoe

French chemist, first to produce CO in a pure form by heating powered zinc oxide and coke (Carbon) resulted in blue flame

El Borrachero

Fruit of the druken tree, flowers used to make Burundanga a street drug given as date rape, zombie affects contained scoplamine, used in rituals as well

Symptoms of chronic mercury poisoning

GI tract, nervous system,, kidneys fatigue, weakness,, tremors, paranoria, swelling gums, blindness, coma , death

Breathalyzer

Gettler and Tiber studied 6000 brains and developed a scale for brain levels which lead to the creation

Ginger Jake

Ginger flavored with ethyl alcohol, sold as a tonic. organophosphate nuerotoxcins lead to Jake leg/walk (ALS)

Carbon Monoxide toxicity

Greatest effects on CNS and heart (O2 dependent) memory loss, slurring speech, irritability

Toxicity of Cyanide

HCN is the most toxic, lethal doses 50-150mg/adult

Opioid regulations

Harrison Narcotics Act 1914--restricted manufacturing 1950s industry started to synthesize opioids Uniform Controlled Substances Act (1970)

Symptoms of CO poisoning

Headache/dizziness/drowsiness, visual disturbances, muscle weakness, seizures, nausea, depression, hallucinations

Mercury

Hg

Mechanism of action for Mercury

Hg can binds to cysteine in proteins, and inactivates/reduces activity Leads to a decrease in glutathione, decreased capacity to respond to oxidative stress and CNS effects

Mad Hatter Disease

Hg poisoning among hat makers in factories in 1600s France Symptoms: slurred speech, neurological symptoms, depression, tremors

Opium in ancient Greece

Homer mentions it in the Odyssey Nepenthes "drug of forgetfulness" -- opium drug used widely

atropine overdose

Hot as a Hare (Temp), Mad as a Hatter (confusion/delirium), Red as a Beet (flushed face) and Dry as a Bone (Thirsty)

Hemlock Coturnism

Illness triggered by eating European quail that fed on hemlock in Africa and Europe Acute rhabdomyolysis: muscle cell breakdown, vomiting and weakness, absence of nuero symptoms cooking methods do not affect

Grigori Rasputin

Influential person in Russian Politics, made enemies with Russian Aristocrats. Prince Felix Yusupov and Vladamir offered him sweet wines and desserts laced with cyanide Rasputin became drunk but did not die due to cyanide, and then was shot multiple times

Datura stramonium

Jimsonweed, stinkweed, devils apples, zombie cucumber, contains scopolamine, atropine and hyoscyamine , used in sacred rituals by native americans (visions)

Alexander Litvinenko

KGB officer poisoned in London, anti putin radiation from Po-210 emitted at a cellular level after ingesting tea, likely given PoCl2 as it is water soluble causes vomiting, divided cells throughout body, effects immune system, liver damage, alpha particles dangerous once inside no antidote traces of it found over london and people who came into contact

Robert Buchanan

Killed wife Anna through belladonna and morphine originally not caught due to victim not having pupil pinpointing

Death of the Jacksons

Landlord used HCN to fumigate hotel pests, maid relevant fumigation had occurred during day of the death

Lillian Goetz and huckleberry pie

Lillian Goetz and huckleberry pie •1872 Mary Ann Cotton: 15 victims

Atropine and Cleopatra

Longed that she committed suicide but some argue poisoned by atropine due to dilated eyes, and popularity of the poison

Hemlock References

Macbeth (spell),

Organic mercury forms

Methyl mercury-->the most toxic

Other Thallium poisonings

Nikolai Khokhlov (given in cup of coffee but did not drink), Saddam Hussein used it for years, plot to kill Nelson Mandela

Tylenol Poisoning

Painkiller capsules contained KCN, tampering on store shelfs 1980s James Lewis wrote letter to J&J demanding change J&J recalled 31 million bottles, then cyanide poisons occurred with Execdrin -->lead to tamper proof seals

Lead

Pb one of the most concerning substances for human health becomes highly toxic once mined and transformed into man made products

Jamestown Massacre

Peoples Temple Agricultural Project, Jim Jones cult 1978 all members drank cyanide-laced punch, some tried to escaped an died

Atropine Antidote

Pilocarpine poisoning , binds to the muscarinic receptor but stimulates the receptor rather than blocking (agonist) -->slows heart rate, mouth

Phthalates

Plastics, cosmetics. Endocrine disruptors. Feminization of males. high production volume chemicals

Paul Agutter

Poisoned wife with atropine via tonic water, wife started to hallucinate and he called 911 after waiting, wife recovered, Paul had poisoned multiple bottles of tonic to cover up, surveillance footage of him at store

Alexander the Great

Possible hemlock poisoning--fever, convulsions, delirium, weakness, but also stomach pain tremors and painfulness with touch

Execedrin Cyanide Poisonings

Susan Snow died from taking pills, investigators found a chemical used to clean alage in fish tanks mixed with cyanide Stella husband bruce died from poison, tampered w multiple bottles

Lead in Gasoline

Tetrethyl (TEL) was a gasoline additive that had lead by products that concentrated in the lungs, Brian, and bones called the looney gas due to mental disorientation and bursts of rage officially banned in1986 still deposits leftover today

Bioaccumulation

The accumulation of contaminants from environment & food

Opioids Tolerance/Addiction

Tolerance begins to develop resulting in the need for higher doses for an effective response withdrawal symptoms are due to the increased number of receptors without ligands to engage them

Botox's accidental discovery

Vancouver decorates Jean Carruthers stumbled upon Botox anti-aging as she was treating eye spasms and then saw the cosmetic results

Datura use in Haiti

Voodoo, zombification in Haiti by datura powder which will cause hallucinations

CO case history

WWII NAzi poisonings, 611 CO-related deaths in New York City from use of illuminating gas,

Flint Water Crisis

a new water source was fed through old pipes that was more corrosive, and lead leaked out around 99,000 people affected, elevated levels of above 5ug lead/dl

Botox potency

a single gram in crystallized form would will more than 1 million people, lots of metrics in lab in CA

Corrosive sublimate (HgCl2)

a strong disinfectant and was used for this Victorian era

methyl mercury Bioaccumulation

accumulates up the food chain and is the source of mercury in fish

Operating cycle of a nicotinic receptor

act through binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain and in Peripheral nervous system

Hunter Russel syndrome

acute meythl mercury poison reports among workers as a seed factory in 1930s--methyl mercury used as a preservative/disinfectant

in 30 mins

air containing 0.1% CO will convert 50% of Hb from oxyHb to carbonHb

amyl nitrite (antidote)

amyl nitrite forms methemoglobin which prefers to bind to cyanide

Arsenic hair test

arsenic bonds to sulfur atoms in hair leaves a record of exposure behind, as hair grows at a regular rate

Wallpaper and Napoleon

asenic based dyes were used in wallpaper, Napoleon's hair tested high levels of arsenic

belladonna alkaloids

atropine, hyposcyamine, hyoscine, scpolamine

Belladonna, Henbane, Mandrake, datura

belong to the Solanaceae (nightshade) family, beauty aide for women, used in magic, speeds up heart rate and body temp

CO affinity for hemoglobin

binds 250 times for strongly than O2

CO mechanisms

binds with Hb whiches converts to carboxyhemoglobin which is unable to carry O2, cells die

Michaek ad Deborah Mason

blackbird nest cut of ventilation of gas and CO poisoning resulted in death

Murder of the Garcia children

blankets outside doors and paced a charcoal BBQ in hallway

CO poisoning

carboxyhemoglobinemia, cherry red skin

Atropine in juice from berries

causes pupil dilation, modern uses in eye exams, extensive use can lead to blindness

Mitchell Brin

chief scientific officer for Botox Tested Botox on patients with sever muscle contraction and helped it get approved for 20 different medical uses

Inorganic mercury salts

chloride salts, HgI2, ect -soluble in water/alcohol -vapors very dangerous

Polonium exposure

collects in liver, kidneys and bone marrow, lead to lukemia

Symptoms of acute, high level lead

coma, convulsions, death, impaired balance, stupor, hyperirratiability

Tokyo subway

combination of acid and cyanide salt used in restrooms in Tokyo, Japan Aum Shinrikyo performed act using sodium cyanide, enough to kill 10,000 people, found by clenaing lady

Electuary

combination of powders mixed with honey, syrup, or sugar and formed into round balls or pills

Inorganic Cyanides

commonly used in murder and suicide, toxic because they dissolve in water and -CN

Veninum Lupinum

consisted of a mix of aconite, yew cones, caustic lime (calcium oxide), arsenic, bitter almonds, and powdered glass mixed with honey

raw opium

contains over 25 alkaloids, morphine constitutes 10-20% of raw opium

Accidental hemlock poisoning of livestock

cows especially sensitive, symptoms include gastritis , loss of movement, calfs born with skeletal malformations and cleft palate

Landanum

created by paracelsus, reddish brown liquid that contains almost all opium alkaloids: morphine, codeine used mostly as an analgesic and cough suppressant, controlled diarrhea until 20th century sold without a prescription

Sodium thiosulfate

cyanide anitdote

Dicobalt ETDA, Kelocyanor (antidote)

cyanide bonds with cobalt

M44 cyanide device

cyanide capsule used to kill animals

Testing for atropine

destroyed by heat, sample is tested for heavy metals, Jean Stas extract plant alkaloids Chromatography today

Processing Bitter Cassava

detoxification via processing root (evaporates HCN) --> failure to process can lead to konzo

Biomagnification

dietary bioaccumulation due to food digestion and absorption, increase w trophic level Banned PCBs still in wildlife (in Arctic environment)

Claude Bernard

discovered the affinity between carbon monoxide and hemoglobin. CO shown to produce hypoxia by reversible combination with Hg

Atropine medical use

dries up secretions, used in cold medicines, decrease bowel movements, bladder lakes

Thallium symptoms

early symptoms similar to flu muscle weakness, tingling an numbness, leg pain, mood swings, hallucinations, hair falls out, mees lines coma, death w

Lead Toxicity in Roman Empire

ease of use, low melting point, durable disease of the wealthy, who used it in cooking pots, wine containers, makeup intake during roman time is estimated to be ~35 to 250mg/day

Thallium

element 81, Crookes and Lamy discovered in 1861, identified using falme spectroscopy (green flame), not water soluble, soft grey metal, Ti+ salts most common

polonium

element, 84, disocvered by Curie sisters, emits alpha particles, rare and very radioactive element no stable isotopes, natural isotope 209, atomic weight 212, half life of 102 yrs made via nuclear reaction

lead poisoning in adults

extremely high level: 460 uh/dL 40-120 ug/Dl forless severe symptoms: irritability decreased libido, headache, mood changes, fatigue, nervousness

Bryers actue lead poisoning

first to prove poisoning in children leads to devastating developmental affects, IQ, learning and behavior disorders

Ferrocyanides

food additives in salt, stable

BoNT effects

food poisoning, wound infections, infant botulism

atropine used as an antidote

for organophosphate poisoning which inhibits ACh,

C. Botulinum spores

formed in response to stress, killed by chlorine, resistant to desiccation can survive for 30 years

Brominated Flame Retardants (BDEs)

found in fabrics, electronic, household dust, skeletal changes in pups, endocrine disrupter

Hyoscine

from plan Scopolia carniolica, found in many plants, pure form is a viscous liquid

Lead exposure

gasoline exhaust, smelter emissions, peeling paint construction workers, jewelers, general industry Mexican candies, potteries, toys cosmetics

Botulinum toxin

gram positive, rod prokaryote, nuerotoxic proteins from C. botulinum found in soil, water plants, intestinal tracts of animals colorless, odorless, can be inactivated by heating (spores more resistant)

Antimony

gray metalloid found in nature as the sulfide mineral stibnite used in cosmetics

The Poppy plant

grow in the Middle East since 3400 BC poppy capsule is the fruit of the plant, and a single plant bears around 5-8 poppy capsules opium collected from lancing raw capsules and drying the sap

Exposure measure carbxyhemoglobin levels

heavy smoking results in 10% carboxyhemoglobin 20% heavy breathing 30% headache 60% death

Harold Shipman

herion, morphine, sedative in IV, doctor had access to patients, caught via altering computer records for time of death 215 people murdered

Enviromental Toxicology

how chemicals in the environment affect individuals

Margaret Jones

husband murdered her by CO through drilling a hole in bedroom wall connected to gas exhaust

moonshine

illegally distilled liquor

Arsenic toxicity

impaired gluconeogenesis, substitution for P, uptake in liver enzymes

Renal Effects of Lead

impairment of proximal tubular function, irreversible

BoNT exposure

improperly stored food items, contaminated honey, contaminated drug use, infected wounds

Cyanide use in poison, baits and pesticides

in 1900s used KCN and NaCN for insecticides

Mitochondrial rhodanase

in most cells, converst CN to SCN --> body's define to cyanide poisoning

DDT

increases sensitivity of nerves, DDE (metabolite) is an androgen receptor antagonist

Opioid receptors activate

inhibitory G-protein pathways analgesic aspect to to GAGA inhibition

Mechanisms of lead poisoning

inhibits/mimics calcium, can replace CA2+ which alters cell function protein inhibition decreasing hemoglobin synthesis

how to prevent CO poison in your home

install detectors never burn charcoal indoors never use a gas range for heating

The murder of Dr Crippen's wife

killed wife and cut up and burned body, tissues preserved, remains showed high levels of hyoscine, rail evidence of the plant alkaloid convicted of murder

Cyanide mechanism of action

kills via interaction of cytochrome c oxidase, which stops energy production in the mitochondria binds to heme of hemoglobin, displacing oxygen and preventing it being transported to tissues

Monkshood

known as aconite or wolfsbane is an herbaceous perennial plant mounts of the highly toxic aconitine and related alkaloids, especially in the roots and tubers

Elemental mercury

least toxic kind of mercury, liquid at room temp.

Allergan

licensed Oculinum from Scott and changed to Botoxin 1991

Allan Scott

looking for crossed eyes treatments, turned the toxin into a pharmaceutical, Oculinum (twitchy eyelid)

Mandrake

looks like a person, produced harmless fruit when ripe, in Bible, Harry potter, witchcraft

Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)

looks similar to white carrot, in fennel and parsley family, white umbrella of flowers, associated w poisoning from witch craft centuries, death of Socrates, Seasame street Europe, North america

CO in the body

makes it through constitutive or inducible enzymes, CO (in under 15% as Chb) can reduce inflammation and stress and increase blood flow

Jimsonweed

mass poisoning from settlers in Jamestown eating local plants: went crazy, unclean conditions

Qin Shi Huang, 1st Emperor of China

may have died from ingesting mercury pills that gave him "life" Gold used in gliding processes as early as

Codeine

metabolized to morophine, differs by a meythl group, very abundant opioid in opioid liquid muscle relaxant, pain releif

Methanol metabolism

methanol --> formaldehyde --> formic acid formaldehyde to formic acid which is toxic to optic nerve 18-24 hours onset

CO in cellular actions

mitochondrion is common organelle target and modulated by O2 reactivity Pharmaceutical development takes advantage of these systems to design drugs simulate these pathways.

laudanum

mixture of opium and alcohol commonly used in 1800s

Early uses of opium

moms smoothed nipples, pain suppressant

Opioid effects

mood enhancers, activation of central dopamine reward pathways that modulate euphoria analgesic and sedative

Opioids bind to

mu, kappa, delta receptors in CNS, colon

opioid receptors

mu, kappa, delta, mimic endorphins G-protein coupled/GABA

Organic cyanides = nitriles (cyano)

much less toxic than inorganic due to covalent bond to -CN is stronger

BoNT symtoms

muscular weakness, cramps, vomittings, respiratory paralysis, flaccid paralyses, slurred speech, double vision, problem of urinating

Morphine

names after: Morpheus god of dreams invented by Friedrich Serturner pain suppressor

CO in nature

natural in earths atmosphere, volcanic gas, bacteria, CO is a normal byproduct of senescence RBC in liver

History for water hemlock poisoning

nausea and vomiting, cardiac issues, CNS

Historical symptoms of Hemlock poisoning

nausea and vomiting, tachycardia, abdominal pain, coma, respiratory failure, tremors

Konzo

neurological disease associated with chronic CN poisoning, symptoms: paralysis of legs, vomiting, headache, speaking difficulty

BoNT Mechanism of action

neuromuscular blocking agent prevents the release of Ach from ends of motor nerves and muscle cannot contract heavy chain allows the protein to bind to and enter the nerve terminals light chain is a protease (zinc)

How poison hemlock kills

neurotoxins similar to nicotine-->acts on peripheral nervous system Biphasic effect: activation, then blockade of nACh receptors

fetal alcohol syndrome

no safe dose of alcohol. May include: small eyes, distinctive facial features, limbs deformities, heart defects, thin upper lip CNS/NS: rapidly changing moods, learning disabilities, poor memory Functioning/interacting: poor social skills, difficulty in school, concentration issues

Occupational mercury poisoning

observed by Paracelsus in mine workers

Mass CO poisoning Italy

packed trail stalled in tunnel burning low grade coal and 521 people died due to CO poisoning

Symptoms of Hemlock poisoning

peripheral paralysis and loss of sensation, CNS depression (numbness, weakness) and activation (sweating, pupil dilation

John Tawell

pharmacists who murdered mistress with cyanide used prussic acid into drink attorney claimed from apples (would take 20-500 apple cores) first use of telegraph

Herbicide: Atrazine

photosynthesis inhibitor Feminization of frogs, forms estrogen decrease viability of semen quality

Henbane

produces a significant amount of hyoscine, white flowers, grown in CA, Hamlet's father killed unlce by poring henbane in ear

Carbon Monoxide

product of incomplete combustion of organic matter (coal, wool) Polar molecule, forms carbonnyl, low boiling point gas is colorless and tasteless

Volstead Act

prohibited intoxicating beverages, regulate sales and manufacturing and to ensure a supply for religious/research reasons

CO antidote

pure oxygen (breathing is regulated by CO2 levels in blood)

Schantz

purified BoTN toxin for the US military, became a supplier of toxin to Scott,

Cyanide

relatively non-toxic, can produce hydrogen cyanide if mixed with acid (HCN very toxic), smell of bitter almonds

Lead Later Effects

renal, hypertension, reproductive problems,

Arsenic Act of 1851 (UK)

required anyone purchasing arsenic to sign a long, and amount sold and purpose has to be recorded, no restriction who could sell it

Opioid Epidemic

rural areas more affects more men and white, and native americans, fentanyl has increased

Banning of Lead in Ulm, Germany

severe outbreak of colic (abdominal pain) traced back usage of a white oxide of lead used to sweeten wine

Ethanol Toxicity

short term: GI issues, dehydration Long term: liver damage

Methanol toxicity

short-term: headache, dizziness, nausea, confusion Long-term: blindness, coma death Pulmonary toxicity

Arsenic in medicines

skin treatments, whiten skin

pesticides

skin/eye irritations, inhibition of enzymes and neurotransmitter activities

Medical uses of hyoscine

sleep and dreamless sleep, sedative, hallucinations, used topically in eyes, slowing food down in GI tract,

Medical uses of BoTN

spastic movement disorders, hyperhidrosis, hyper salivation, migraine, dermatology/cosmetic uses

Ludwing Mond and Stainless steel

stainless steel 35% Ni, lead to Ni(CO)4 gas--> toxicity

Allergan history

started as pharmacy in LA, developed the first antihistamine eyedropm Botox in Ireland, Botox laboratories in Irvine

Thallium poisoning treatment

stomach pump, activated charcoal, fluids, Dithizone is an antidote blood dialysis, Prussian blue

Sugar Fermentation

sugar to ethanol

Monkshood symptoms

sweating, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, headache, and confusion, death in 2-6 hours

BoNT activation

synthesized as a single inactive chain -->proteolytic cleavage of precursor activates dichain form. A,F,B fully activated by bacteria

Oxycodone

taken orally, or crushed and bused, Schedule II, pain relief

Dermatology BoNT side effecrs

temporary upper brows paralysis, numbness, weakness of muscles Dysport are forms of purified BoNT toxin A

Marsh Test

test for the presence of arsenic using zinc and acid. When arsine gas produced it was ignited and pure metallic arsenic deposited: mirror test

Biological availability

the degree and rate at which a substance is absorbed into a living system or is made available at the site of physiological activity

Nociception

the perception of pain by sensory receptors located throughout the body. Pain has both a somatic sensory component and emotional/motivational one Opioids suppresses nociception, by binding to pain modulating pathways

synthetic gas or syngas

the production of H2 gad and CO by blowing steam across a heated carbon source syngas is used in hydrocarbon fuels, poly methyl plastics, purification of metals, red color for meat

Rolan Roussel

tried to kill woman he thought responsible for moms death, atropin into wine, multiple people fell into coma, found a copy of 13 problems in home

Atropine

tropane plant alkaloid with bitter taste, readily taken up by the body, soluble in fats and oils, blocks muscarinic ACh receptors in CNS and opposes PN effects (upped heart rate)

City of Newark, NJ

use of faucet filters to combat lead in water sources

Adiponitrile

used as a precursor to nylon

Cyanide in Nazi Germany

used in gas chambers Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) used in gas chambers --> contains HCN, vaporizes quickly Mass Suicides in 1945; cyanide capsules provided by Hitler youth (Hermann Goring suicide before trail)

Nitrile Rubber

used in latex free gloves

Thallium uses

used in making electronics and glass, once used for medicine and cosmetics used to treat ringworms and as a pesticide

Methyl cyanoacrylate

used to make super glue

Positive effects of CO

useful in organ transplant surgery, reduces blockages i pulmonary arteries neurotransmitters, CHLA sickle cell,

Alkaloid levels

vary with climate, location, age of the plant,

Natural source of Cyanide

vitamin B12, plants, bacteria, fungi, algae

La cantarella

was a secret poison used by the Borgia, a variation of arsenic mixed with phosphorous and other compounds

Medical use of poison hemlock

was used for bronchitis, whooping cough asthma Greek/Persian used it to treat arthritis

Arsenic in food and plants

well water, plants, seafoods, cigarettes, tonic effect on race horses or food stimulants organic forms of arsenic less dangerous

Arsenic Industrial revolution

white arsenic a by product of metal process ing rat poisons, cheap and available to all, medicines, cosmetics, fly paper, dyes (wallpaper, toys, hats, candles)

Agrippina

wife who poisoned Claudius after her son Nero was declared heir and who was then put to death by Nero

Atropa belladonna

witchs berry, 10 to 20 berries can kill an adult, toxics, roots most poisonous, toxic to animals, native to Europe, north africa

Graham Young

young man in England poisoned family members. Worked at company that produced camera and had access to thallium poisoned 7 co workers

iron and CO bonding

•When one of the 4 iron binding sites in Hb binds CO, it affects the ability of the other 3 sites to bind oxygen