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William Shakespeare

English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

David Ricardo

English political economist who is famous for the iron law of wages, essentially stating that wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving

Bacon

English politician and writer. Founded the new experimental method "Empiricism". Developed deductive reasoning.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women. In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), she demanded equal rights for women and advocated rigorous coeducation that would make women better wives and mothers, good citizens, and economically independent.

John Wesley

He was a catalyst for popular religious revival in England; he organized a Holy Club for similarly minded students, who were soon known as Methodist, because they were so methodical in their devotion

Who was Jethro Tull? What were some of his ideas?

He was an English agricultural scientist. Some of his ideas included: replacing slow oxen with horses, mechanical seed spreaders, and breeding livestock.

Who was Arthur Young? Why was his work criticized?

He was an English farmer who sought to widely improve the efficiency of English farming by the enclosure system. His work was criticized because of the massive upheaval of peasant life it caused. The enclosure system resulted in many poor peasants losing common land privileges, which forced them to become proletarian, landless wage workers.

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

He wrote "Emile or on Education"; argued that boys education should include plenty of fresh air and exercise and that they should be taught practical craft skills in addition to rote book learning and insisted that girls' education focus on their future domestic responsibilities

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Infamous 1790 act of the National Assembly by which both Catholic priests and bishops were to be elected by the people and paid for by the state; it proved counterproductive as the forces of counterrevolution rallied against it

What was different about the textile putting out industry?

It was a family operation. The male would spin while the other family members would preform side tasks in the spinning process. Also, many women were taken up a spinsters for a very modest pay.

Describe "Equiano's Economic Arguments for Ending Slavery." Why was it progressive? Was it successful?

It was a mass movement in Britain to end slavery. It was progressive because it was the first active, organized protest against British slavery. It was partially successful, slavery was abolished in Britain, but trans Atlantic trade continued.

What was the Clothier's Delight about?

It was a protest from the workers of the textile industry. Merchant bosses would only cut pay and increase work load.

Describe the Anglo-Dutch wars. Who was it between? How was it fought? Who won?

It was between the Dutch and the British. Until the mid 17th century, the Dutch had dominated trade. So, not only was the war militaristic, but also economic. The British won by: passing the Navigation Acts which crippled Dutch trade, and seizing the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, now New York.

British French Wars Round Two: War of Austrian Succession Who won the economic war?

It was inconclusive, and only served to set up the next conflict, the Seven Years' War.

Catherine the Great

Russian monarch who's three main goals were westernization, domestic reform, and territorial expansion, and patronized the Philosophes but struggled with reform

Pugachevs rebellion

Russian uprising against Catherine the Great

Spanish Ulcer

Term used for Napoleon's invasion of Spain (1808) because the invasion was such a failure for Napoleon.

Pope Julius II

The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica.

How and why did life expectancy improve in the 18th century?

The "consumer revolution" created new expectations for comfort hygiene and self expression thus dramatically changing European daily life in the 18th century.

Renaissance

The "rebirth" of Classical culture that occurred in Italy between c.1350 and c. 1550; also, the earlier revivals of Classical culture that occurred under Charlemagne and in the 12th century

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time. Helped to restore peace with religious freedom and goal was to have peace. defeated Philip II in Spanish Armanda and Henry VIII's 2nd child and daughter.

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer. Jane Seymour was his mother.

German Confederation

(1815-1866)Created by the Congress of Vienna. Replaced the 300 independent states of the Holy Roman Empire with 38 German states, dominated by Austria and Prussia.

Carlsbad Decrees

(1819) designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, required German states to outlaw liberal political organizations, police their universities and newspapers, establish a permanent committee with soiled and informers to clamp down on liberal or radical reformers

National Assembly

(Frankfurt) national parliament met and represented social elite; called for constitutional monarchy, free speech, religious tolerance, abolition of aristocratic privilege (all components of moderate national liberalism); first proposed for the unification around Greater Germany

Ferdinand I

(r. 1835-1848) Habsburg emperor who capitulated and promised reforms and a liberal constitution; abolished serfdom

Frederick William IV

(r. 1840-1861) promised Prussia a liberal constitution and to merge Orussia into a new national German state

New Netherland

A Dutch colony along the Hudson River that would become New York.

Amerigo Vespucci

A Florentine that went on many voyages and described the land he saw in letters; his name was used to name the Americas.

Jamestown

1st permanent English settlement in North America

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome. Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.

Reform Bill of 1832

A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.

Mines Act of 1842

A piece of legislation passed in Great Britain in response to dangerous working conditions and prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under ten

Rococo

A popular style in the 18th century known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids

Sans-culottes

A radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

Tariff protection

A support system by the government—laying high tariffs on other countries' imports to protect one's own economy

Encomienda System

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Pope Alexander VI

Approached by Columbus to work out land claiming in the new world. He worked out the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Pale of settlement

Area created by Catherine the Great in 1791 where the Jews were forced to live until 1917

Paul D'Holbach

Argued that human beings were machines completely determined by outside forces. Had his works published anonymously in Netherlands. Translated german/english works to german.

De Buffon

Argued that humans originated with one species that developed into distinct race largely to climate conditions

Von Herder

Argued that people couldn't be classified by skin color and each culture was as worthy as another

Mines Act of 1842

Banned women and boys under ten from any underground work due to the problems that had developed from both genders working together in the mines

Describe the forms in which popular religious culture remained in Catholic Europe.

Baroque art still lavished rich and emotionally exhilarating figures and images on Catholic churches. People in Catholic Europe on the whole participated more actively in formal worship.

Great Migration of Puritans

The Puritans who came to America in large numbers came to escape religious persecution, escape their insecurities about England, and find a better economic standing.

What did Adam Smith claim to be the two best discoveries in all of man kind? Why?

The discovery of America and the Cape of Good Hope. These two discoveries linked the world in trade and the sharing of ideals.

Bourgeoisie

The educated, middle class of France; provided force behind the Revolution

Thomas Newcomen and Thomas Savery

The english inventors who created one of the first practical steam engines for pumping water

First Estate

The estate comprised of Clergymen; wealthy; 2% of population; owns 10% of France

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and the New Worlds.

Boyle

The father of modern chemistry

The Great Fear

The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt.

Carnival

The few days of revelry in Catholic countries that proceeded Lent and that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that upset the established order

Directory

The five-man executive authority of the French government after the Constitution of 1795

Law of the Maximum

The fixing of prices on bread and other essentials under Robespierre's rule.

How important was the potato in the 18th century?

The humble potato provided an excellent new food source. Containing a good supply of carbohydrates, calories, and vitamins A and C, the potato offset the lack of vitamins in the poor person's winter and early spring diet, and it provided a much higher caloric yield than grain for a given piece of land.

Killing nurses

These nurses were types of wet nurses, but instead of caring for their baby, they killed them right off the bat just to receive the payment and move onto the next baby

Anabaptists

These were the "radicals" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptised. They were threats to the Protestants and Catholics because of popularity and different ideas.

Mary I

This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many people, Protestants. Henry VIII's first born.

The Third Estate; National Assembly; National Convention; National Constituent Assembly

What were the names of the revolutionary group in order?

Revolutions 1830

When Charles X repudiated the Constitutional Charter in a coup in 1830, thus taking away voting rights from the middle class and censoring the press, the people rioted in Paris for 3 days. Charles fled and was replaced with Louis Philippe who accepted the Constitutional Charter of 1814 and adopted the flag of the French Revolution. Otherwise, the revolution didn't accomplish anything.

Pass laws

When King Louis XVI was under a "suspensive veto" after the revolution had begun, what could he not do?

Lettre de cachet

a warrant formerly issued by a French king who could warrant imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal

English Supremacy Act of 1534

aimed at increasing the power of the English monarch and decreasing the influence of Rome. Henry VIII wanted to take control of the church and its assets to get more money. he did by asserting his legal right to act as head of the Church of England.

Holy Alliance

alliance of Austrian, Prussian, and Russian rulers that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe

Great Fire of 1666

also called the Fire of London, devastates the city but ends the plague because all of the rats were killed in the fire.

Quadruple Alliance

an alliance between the conservative aristocratic monarchies of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain

Royal Society

an honorary English society (formalized in 1660 and given a Royal Charter by Charles II in 1662) through which the British government has supported science

Taille

annual direct tax on land or property

Plague of 1665

Another resurgence of the Black Plague

Duke of Wellington

He defeated Napoleon in the historic battle of Waterloo

Austria, Prusia, Britain, Spain, Piedmont (Italy)

What countries were involved in the Brunswick Manifesto?

Michel de Montaigne

(1533-1592), introduced early modern scepticism, developed the essay to express his thoughts and ideas.

Jacobin Rule

"The Reign of Terror"; started as a debating society; mostly middle class; created a vast network of clubs

Republic

"The king must die so the _____ can live."

Roanoke

"The lost colony" founded by Sir Walter Raleigh

Something

"What is the Third Estate? EVERYTHING. What has it been thus far in the political order? NOTHING. What does it demand? To become _____."

Thomas Cromwell

(1485-1540) Became King Henry VIII's close advisor . He convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant., (1485-1540) King Henry III's Chief Minister; he confiscated the wealth of the Catholic church and divided administration according to its functions by creating separate departments of state

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism.established the Church of England in 1532. Had of total of 6 wives because of his desire to have a son did not get one until 3rd wife but he was a sickly child. Had two daughters Mary I and Elizabeth I.

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Congress of Vienna

-a meeting of the Quadruple Alliance to fashion a general peace settlement that began before the defeat of Napolean's France in 1814

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.Started off as studying law but had a religious crisis and converted to Protestantism he worked to establish a Christian society ruled by God. He believed in absolute sovereignty and omnipotent of God. Believed in predestination.

Twelve Articles

1525 - written by representatives of the Swabian peasants in a German city, expressed their grievances, summarized the agarian crisis of the early 16th century and had sympathy for Martin Luther.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. After all the religion wars Charles V finally agreed to this. Helped to restore peace.

Navigation Acts

1651 laws that required among other things that all goods to and from the colonies be transported on British ships. This helps the merchant and middle classes but is overall unpopular.

Martin Luther

16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticising Church practices and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith. He was the author of the 95 thesis and he was especially against indulgences. He was important because he helped the rest of his country to realise the corruption of the church and helped to start the Protestant church. Believed that you only got to Heaven through faith alone and the Bible was the only authority of the church.

Act of Union

1707 freed Scotland from England and Ireland

Seven Years War

1756 Maria Theresa allies with Russia and France to regain Silesia in attempt to conquer Prussia and divide their land; Frederick the Great fights off invasion from all sides and 1762 Peter III calls off attack

Battle of the Nile

1798 Great Britain vs. France. Horatio Nelson and the British defeat Napoleon and France.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Golden Age of Dutch Economy

17th century, Amsterdam was the richest city in Europe, they prospered through commercial power, and were great with dikes and land reclamation, and they controlled trade in Indonesia (spice Islands) with the Dutch East India Company. They had a free economy, which was urban and consumer based.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

A Portuguese explorer who discovered Brazil

Ferdinand Magellan

A Portuguese explorer who set out to circumnavigate the world, but died during the journey. His crew continued the voyage without him.

Francisco Pizarro

A Spanish conquistador and explorer. He conquered the Inca Empire, naming Peru's capital Lima. Helped discover the Pacific Ocean.

Vocation

A call from God to live a life of holiness in a particular manner and state of life.

Passive citizen

A citizen that could not/did not wish to pay the extra taxes required to vote

Active citizen

A citizen who wished to pay the extra taxes required to vote

Joint-Stock Company

A company in which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share of its future profits

Reliquary

A container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints)

Zollverein

A customs union among the separate German states to allow goods to move between these states without tariffs; supported by German journalist Friedrich List

Portolani

A descriptive atlas of the Middle Ages

laissez faire

A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.

Nuclear family

A family group consisting of parents and their children with no other relatives

Extended family

A family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household

Absolutism

A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power. France's strong rulers ended being more like this.

What is debt peonage? Who used it the most?

A form of serfdom that required a ranch boss to keep his workers or serfs in debt bondage.

Philosophes

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow ignorant creatures during the Age of Enlightenment

Assembly of Notables

A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king to discuss reform of the government.

Mexica Empire (Aztecs)

A large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.

Water Frame

A large spinning frame invented by Richard Arkwright in 1764 which required water power

Law of inertia

A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force

Maximilien Robespiere

A leader of Jacobin at one time, slowly gained power until he ruled France like a dictator. The period of his rule became known as the reign of terror. Executed people for virtually no reason at all.

Line of Demarcation

A line created by the Pope that goes through the Atlantic Ocean dividing lands in the Americas claimed by Spain and Portugal.

Stuart Dynasty

A line of monarchs that branched off of the Tudor Dynasty and ruled England from 1603 (after Elizabeth I, the last Tudor's, death) to May 1, 1707. The Stuart Dynasty ended when Queen Anne died on May 1 of 1707 because after this the act of settlement took place proclaiming that all other possible heirs to the throne must be protestant meaning no more of the remaining heirs could rule.

Andrew Ure

A man who stated that the conditions in most factories were quite good after studying the cotton industry; he opposed voices such as Friedrich Engels who stated conditions were terrible

Robert Owen

A manufacturer in Scotland; argued that employing young children in factories was inhumane

Spinning Jenny

A multi-spool spinning wheel invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves

The Directory

A new assembly chose a five member executive to govern France called_____.

Industrial Revolution

A period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when there were major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transportation

The October Days

A period in time when the king was forced to stay at the Tuileries Palace

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to *purify the Church of England*. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Neoplatonism

A revival of Platonic philosophy in the third century C.E., associated with Plotinus; a similar revival in the Italian Renaissance, associated with Marsilio Ficino, who attempted to synthesize Christianity and Platonism

Inflation

A rise in the general level of prices in an economy.

Ptolemy's Geography

A second-century-c.e. work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.

Freemasons

A secret egalitarian society existing across europe

Jansenism

A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope

Rationalism

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason

Class-consciousness

A sense of awareness of class; cause of conflicting classes during the Industrial Revolution

What is the industrious revolution? What were its benefits and detractions?

A shift that occurred in Europe that resulted in more peasants focusing on earning wages, not producing goods for their own household consumption. Women started focusing more on wage work and not in home production an example being the cottage industry. It was beneficial because wage earners could buy more goods in an emerging consumer economy but it required more work and labor hours.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Caravel

A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.

Dutch East India Company

A state supported monopoly which had its own army and controlled shipping in the Spice Islands and also shipped other country's goods.

King Phillip II of Spain

A strong Catholic King, Philippines were named after him, seized Portugal, and his Spanish Armada was crushed in a storm on it's way to British Isles

Pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group. practised by clergy of Catholic Church and reason for anti-clericalism.

Empiricism

A theory of inductive reasoning developed by Bacon that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa.

Counter-Reformation

A time when the Catholic church banned books and used its courts to punish people who protested Catholic ways, reaction of reformation. Wanted to reform the church for the better to gain back their followers and not lose anymore.

Plymouth

A town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Wet-nursing

A widespread and flourishing business in the 18th century in which women were paid to breast-feed the women's babies

Continental System

Abortive Napoleonic policy put in place after the defeat at Trafalgar that attempted to starve the British into submission

Who pioneered economic liberalism? What did it entail?

Adam Smith believed that economic liberalism, a belief in free trade and competition, could only help all classes.

The Hundred Days

After being exiled to the island of Elba, Napoleon returned to France upon hearing of tension in France and with large-scale popular support he regained control.

War of Liberation

All across Europe patriots called for a "war of liberation" against Napoleon's oppression, and on April 4, 1814, a defeated Napoleon abdicated his throne.

Code Napoleon

Also known as the Civil Code, many consider it Napoleon's towering political achievement as it preserved most of the revolutionary gains by recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, the right of individuals to choose their professions, religious toleration, and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism

Constituent Assembly

Alternative name for the National Assembly

Coercive Acts

American Revolution. This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

anti-Federalists

American revolution. People who opposed the ratification of the Constitution

Civic Humanism

An intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that saw Cicero, who was both an intellectual and a statesman, as the ideal and held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state

John Cabot

An Italian explorer that wanted to find a more northern route to Asia that would be shorter and easier.

Factory Act of 1833

An act passed by Parliament which limited the factory workday for children but consequently broke up family working patterns

Archbishop Laud

An advisory to King Charles I who was a High Anglican, he tried to force the Anglican Church onto Scotland which was Presbyterian which lead to a war with Scotland.

The Brunswick Manifesto

An alliance formed through the Duke of Brunswick, "If the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!"

romanticism

An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840's thay was on a part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment characterized bu a belief in emotional exuberance unrestrained imagination and spontaneity in both art and personal life.

Guy Fawkes and Gunpowder Plot

An assassination plot by English Catholics on King James I. It didn't work.

Bartholomew Dias

An early Portuguese explorer who traveled down the coast of Africa in search of a water route to Asia. He managed to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488, now the Cape of Good Hope. His motive was "To serve God and his majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich as all men desire to do."

Rocket

An early steam locomotive which travelled at a blazing sixteen miles per hour

Capitalism

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

Mercantilism

An economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.

What's an agrarian economy?

An economy where a large amount of the workers were farmers.

Steam Engine

An engine which burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the first two of these were made by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen; initially these were highly inefficient

Public sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged during the enlightenment where the public came together to discuses important issues relating to society, economics, and politics whether in lending libraries, coffee houses or Masonic lodges

Republic of letters

An imaginary transnational realm of the well-educated

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Hermeticism

An intellectual movement beginning in the 15th century that taught divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the 17th century and influenced many of the leading figures of the scientific revolution

Humanism

An intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on the study of Greek and Roman classics

Baroque Art

Art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

August 24, 1572 rioters killed 3,000 Protestants in one night at a wedding that was between Margaret of Valois who was Catholic and Henry of Navare who was Protestant and their wedding was ment to restore peace but ending in a huge massacre with the 3 Henry's against each other while the other two Henry's were killed Henry of Navare was king and worked to restore peace

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister from 1809-1848 and very conservative. He defended monarchy and tradition as the basic foundation of human society, had a pessimistic view of human nature as self-serving and erroneous, therefore believing that authoritarian government is necessary to protect society. Proposed principle of active intervention with Alexander I to maintain autocratic regimes, supported Karlsbad Decrees, helped form Holy Alliance, and fled to London during the Revolution of 1848 in Austria.

Marie Louise

Austrian princess, second wife of Napoleon

Olympe de Gouges

Author of the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen", which advocated equal rights for men and women

Abbe Sieyes

Author of the well-known pamphlet, What is the Third Estate?; took over France with Napoleon and the other guy

Georg Hegel

Believed history is "ideas in motion". His ideas influenced Marx. Believed that society, with diff anti-thesis, come together for a thesis.

Rousseau

Believed in the rigid division of gender roles and that basic goodness had to be protected from civilization

Immanuel Kant

Believed reality and perception were 2 different things.

Tycho Brahe

Believed that God was the center of the universe. And built the most sophisticated observatory of his day.

Spinoza

Believed that the mind and body were united as one substance and that God and nature were the same with good and evil being relative values

Nationalism

Besides the survival of the British, perhaps the key reason for the undoing of Napoleon's Grand Empire

Did preindustrial men and women practice birth control? What methods existed?

Birth control was not unknown in Europe before the 19th century, but it was primitive and unreliable. Condoms made from sheep intestines replaced uncomfortable earlier versions made from cloth. The most common method of contraception was coitus interruptus, withdrawal by the male before ejaculation.

What were the differences in the diets of the rich and the poor in the 18th century? What nutritional deficiencies existed?

Bread was quite literally the staff of life for peasants. The poor also ate a quantity of vegetables, such as peas and beans. Fruit was limited to the summer months. Milk was strictly used to make cheese and butter. The diet of the rich was quite different from that of the poor; a truly elegant dinner consisted of rich meat and fish dishes laced with piquant sauces and complemented with sweets, cheeses, and wine. The common people of Europe ate less meat in 1700 than in 1500.

Orders in Council

Britain blockaded the ports of France and its allies, thereby preventing neutral nations from trading with these nations

Describe the change in Britain's trade during the 18th century. What was the triangle trade?

Britain received a major spike in trading with Indian Ocean partners, exponentially rising. Not only did Europe's imports from the Indian Ocean increase, trade from and to the colonies increased too.

Describe the various forms popular leisure took in the 18th century and describe how and why changes were under way.

Blood sports and carnivals were the forms of leisure that took place in the 18th century. However, the change in leisure was at a dominant stage, as things that were once very popular as a form of leisure slowly disappeared.

Expansion

Both absolutist and constitutional monarchies focused on this during the 17th and 18th centuries

Which colonies received the most slaves? Why them?

Brazil and the Caribbean area colonies received the most, while British colonies only received about 3% of all slaves. This lack of slaves is likely due to the fact that they already relied on the native slaves of North America.

Which countries were pro guilds? Which ones were against them?

Britain was against guilds and took their power. Originally under Colbert, France was pro guild, but realizing that they could profit off of guilds and independent laborers changed their stance to neutral. Germany remained very pro guild.

Edmund Cartwright

English mechanic/inventor; invented the power loom in to lower labor costs, though it worked poorly at first and hand weavers continued to be paid well, it pioneered future power looms.

British French Wars Round One: War of Spanish Succession Who won the economic war?

Britain, France and Spain lost the land war and were forced to sign the Peace of Utrecht, which gave many rights to the British including: the French colonies of Canada, Spanish trading rights in Africa, and "asiento", the right for Britain to send one shipment of goods to Spanish colonies yearly.

British French Wars Round Three: Seven Year's War Who won the economic war?

Britain, they won many land battles in the New World against the French. Also, Britain had exclusive trading rights with India.

Corn Laws

British laws governing the import and export of grain which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people

Robert Peel

British policeman who established the London police force and helped pass the Catholic Emancipation Act.

Elizabeth I

British ruler who preceded James I and Charles I who were followed by George I

Charles Townsend

Brought Turnips to England. Passed the townsend acts that taxed imports to the Usa

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.Charles V and France were against it because they wanted to keep Germany weak. Led to the spiritual renewal of Catholic church and ended private marriages to end conflict. Basis for Roman Catholics faith, organization, and practice all the way to 20th century.

Girondin Rule

Campaigned for the end of the monarchy but then resisted the spiraling momentum of the revolution

Coke

Carbon fuel produced by the distillation of coal; made smelting iron much more efficient and allowed iron to become a staple in construction.

Torture

Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great both abolished or restricted this practice

Hussite Wars

Caused from unrest in Bohemia and the execution of John Hus. War against the Holy Roman Empire in Bohemia

Hume

Central figure of the Scottish enlightenment

1629

Charles I dissolved Parliament

English Civil War / Puritan Revolution 1642-1648

Charles I invades Parliament to arrest it's puritan leaders and this sets off the war. The Cavaliers (Charles I, Nobility) vs. the Roundheads (Parliament, Puritans, rising middle class, merchants). Scotland is on both sides of the conflict at different times. Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans beat Charles but it's a relatively mild war.

Long Parliament 1640-1648

Charles I is desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; *Star Chamber abolished*; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament. Laud will be put on trial and executed.

Execution of Charles I

Charles I is put on Trial by the Rump Parliament and Cromwell makes sure he is found guilty, he is executed which is a *big deal* because he is still technically King of England! This is regicide!

Cavaliers

Charles I, and Nobility who wanted to remain in power during the English Civil War

James II

Charles II's brother, a CATHOLIC (uhoh) who Parliament is basically waiting to see die so that his Protestant daughter Mary can take over. Unfortunately he has a son with his second wife and therefor an heir. He is overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and his daughter Mary and William take over.

Church of England

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife. Henry made himself head of church and with Thomas Cromwell they dissolved monasteries and dispersed nuns and monks bringing in more land and money into royal treasury.

High Anglican

Closer to catholic practice, but still technically Protestant

Maria Theresa

Co-ruled Bohemian Lands, ruled over Austria, believed all should receive education. Wasn't allowed to rule because of a Pragmatic law.

Marquis de Lafayette

Commander of the Parisian citizens' militia called the National Guard

Bayle

Concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt. Was a conservative

Execrabilis

Condemned appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical

Court of Star Chamber

Controlled irresponsible activity of the nobles, created by King Henry VII

Estates-General

Convened by Louis XVI in May 1789, this group had not met in nearly two centuries

Refactory Clergy

Created in response to when the Civil Constitution of the Clergy created a national church with 83 bishops and dioceses. They had the support of the King, formor aristocrats, peasants, and the urban working class.

Pride's Purge

Cromwell got rid of everyone who supported the monarchy, cut it down to only the intense Puritans.

Who wrote "A Plan of the English Commerce"? What was it about?

Daniel Defoe, It noted that increased labor by women and children actually was beneficial for them and the economy. It allowed more stability for a family and taught young kids values.

Concordat

Deal orchestrated by Napoleon with the RCC in 1801 which no longer made the church an enemy of the French government

Thomas Paine, Rights of Man

Defended Enlightenment principles and France's revolution - triumph of liberty over despotism

Girondins

Delegates in the National Convention who favored a republic but feared domination by Paris, formed mainly by middle classes who opposed more radical

Adam Smith

Developed the general idea of freedom of enterprise in foreign trade. "Nations of Wealth". Economic socialism.

Henry Cort

Developed the puddling furnace which would make it easier to produce iron. Also improved the efficiency of the steam engine by adding a second condenser.

Tabula rasa

Derived by Locke meaning that knowledge comes from perception

Doubt

Descartes and Bayle would agree on this importance

Cartesian dualism

Descartes view that all reality could ultimately be reduced to min and matter

Enlightened absolutism

Describes the rule of 18th century monarchs who without renouncing their own absolute authority adopted enlightenment ideas of rationalism, progress, and tolerance

How did women's rights increase during the 18th century industrious revolution?

Despite the fact that their earned little, Women for the first time were regularly participating in wage earning work, a right in itself by any standard.

Edward Jenner

Developed a smallpox vaccine.

Chartist movement

Developed after the collapse of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union; demanded an equal right to vote for all men, a decrease in the hours in a workday, and that wheat could be imported duty-free into Great Britain

Iron law of wages

Developed by English economist David Ricardo; expressed that wages would always fall to subsistence level due to the pressure of population increase

Boyles Law

Developed in 1662 stating that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with the volume

Galileo

Developed the experimental method and laws of inertia; publicly advocated the Copernican hypothesis

Galileo

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World written in 1632

Descartes

Discovered analytical geometry. Also worked with Francis Bacon on inventing new ways to experiment. His philosophy involved inductive reasoning.

Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood through veins and arteries and to explain that the heart functioned as a pump

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land but *Charles agrees but doesn't follow them*

"War of the Roses"

Domestic turmoil from a period of civil wars in 1450s Ducal house of Lancaster against ducal house of York

Louis XVIII

Drafted the Constitutional Charter in the Restoration of 1814 and kept many reforms of the French Revolution. He had representatives elected to the Chamber of Deputies and made it so more people could vote.

By 1700, less that half of the civilians worked as farmers in which two countries? Why?

Dutch Republic and Britain, they effectively were able to rotate crops so that they could farm more efficiently. Clovers, potatoes, turnips, and root crops all restored nitrogen, rather than depleting it.

Landscape

Dutch art was centered around this, very simple and Calvinist, no emotion.

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

Generally speaking, which lower class individuals had it worse? Western or Eastern Europeans? Why?

Eastern Europeans were worse off because they had harsher taxes and more bonding laws of serfdom. They were regularly bought and sold until the 19th century. Western peasants had more rights like hereditary land rights and no serfdom.

Meat

Eaten less of in the 1700s by peasants

Diderot

Edited the Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts.

Northern Renaissance Artists

Emphasis on illuminated manuscripts and wooden panel paintings for altarpieces. Masters at details.

Individualism

Emphasis on the interest in unique traits of each person

Grand Empire

Empire built by Napoleon and composed of three parts: an ever-expanding France, a number of dependent satellite kingdoms, and the largely independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia

What was enclosure? Who advocated for It?

Enclosure meant that the old, communal farm lands should be fenced and individually assigned so that they could be more efficiently farmed. Advocates were experimental scientists, government officials, and a few big landlords. They were pro enclosure because the individual nature would allow scientists to experiment more.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.

Peace of Lodi

Ended half-century of war, created an alliance system that was created that led to workable balance of power within Italy

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers, they were old fashioned, just wanted their own religion.

Horatio Nelson

English admiral who defeated the French fleets of Napoleon but was mortally wounded at Trafalgar (1758-1805)

Richard Arkwright

English carpenter, inventor, and jack-of-all trades; Invented the water frame, a water powered industrial spinner capable of several hundred spindles, which allowed for thread to produced efficiently and rapidly.

James Hargreaves

English chemist and inventor, most known for inventing the spinning Jenny

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity. "Society of Friends"

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army (Puritans) in the English Civil War (1599-1658). He will set up the "Commonwealth" or "Interregnum" or "Free state" and will claims to be "Lord Protector" but really is a Military Dictator. He will create the Rump Parliament after Pride's Purge, and then slim it down to the Barebone Parliament, until finally dissolving Parliament. He creates Blue laws that regulate social conducts, he mercilessly puts down Ireland, and passes the Navigation Acts. He is incredibly UNPOPULAR and died in 1658.

Secular

Enlightenment Philosophes work considered as

Why were the British colonies different in terms of heritage from the French and Spanish colonies?

Entire families moved to British colonies, not just one male. This meant that there would be less mixed race unions.

Economic nationalism

Established by the 1840's by Friedrich List; domestic control over the economy in Germany and other areas

Magyars

Ethnic group of the Hungarians

Bacon

First person to formally articulate the value of the empirical method

Blood sports

Events such as bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and that were popular with the 18th century European masses

Assembly of Notables

Failed, last ditch attempt by Charles de Calonne, Louis XIV's controller general of finance, to revamp the fiscal and administrative system of the French state

What was the demonic view of disease?

Faith healers and their patients believed that evil spirits caused illness by lodging in people and that the proper treatment was to exorcise or drive out the offending devil.

Fall of Constantinople

Fall of the Byzantine/Roman Empire to the Turks in 1453.

Trafalgar

Famous 1805 sea battle at which Napoleon's navy was destroyed by the British fleet under the command of Lord Horatio Nelson

Rembrandt

Famous Dutch artist who painted portraits of himself and businesses but sometimes upset the businessmen because of how they were painted. His art was very brooding and less emotional than Baroque art.

Jacques-Louis David

Famous Neoclassical painter of the French Revolution and Napoleonic era; his paintings include The Death of Marat and The Tennis Court Oath and several portraits of Napoleon

Womens March

Famous assault on Versailles in early October 1789 led by the Parisian fish-ladies (poissonards) who demanded bread for their children

liberalism in France

Favored the idea of the sovereignty of the people, but the government should rest on the organized consent of at least the most important sections of the community. A good constitutional monarchy was the best form of government. Valued liberty more than equality. Freedom of press, free right of assembly, written constitutions, laissez-faire economy, orderly change by legislative process, dislike of wars, conquests, standing armies, and military expenditures. Hated the idea of revolution!

Johannes Kepler

Formulated 3 planetary laws of motion. Believed that the universe was built on mathematical relationships and musical harmony of heavenly bodies.

Moses Mendelssohn

Fostered the Jewish Enlightenment

Lollardy

Founder John Wycliff. Belief that bible should be Christians sole authority, all practices not mentioned in Bible, rejected

Louis XIV

Founder of the French cultural preeminence

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, strengthen and spread Catholicism and special obedience to pope,had great political influence and goal was top help souls.

After Britain's manhandling of the Dutch Republic, who was their largest competitor? Why?

France, they had the largest army with a growing naval fleet. Also, France had a strict monopolization of their own colonial trade.

Eugéne Delacroix

French artists who painted dramatic colorful scenes that stirred emotions, fascinated with exotic and remote subjects

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France.

Emigres

French nobility who fled country to escape the Revolution. Napoleon granted amnesty to one hundred thousand émigrés on the condition that they return to France and take a loyalty oath.

Montesquieu

French philosophe who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Marat

French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)

Robespierre

French revolutionary leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat

Georges Jacques Danton

French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794). One of the leaders of The Mountain.

Marseillaise

French revolutionary war song that would later become the national anthem

Victor Hugo

French romantic writer who received a pension from Louis XII for his writings. Published Les Miserables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame.

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834)

Voltaire

French writer and philosopher. Exiled from France 3 times. Wrote "Dictionnaire Philosophique". Published "Candide". Best friend with Benjamin Franklin. Believed in freedom of thought.

Marquis de Lafayette

Frenchman who became one of Washington's most trusted generals

Second Revolution

From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics

Marquis de Montcalm

General who played a major role in taking Canada for the Frenchies. "The Tranquilist". Called the airstrike (predator missle 5 killstreak bro) on Jethro Tull.

Johann Herder

German pastor who argued that every person has its own particular spirit and genius. Developed some sort of nationalism "Us vs Them". Some ppl r more = than others.

Friedrich Engels

German philosopher, militant atheist, and communist. Worked alongside Karl Marx. Published "Das Kapital Volumes 2-3"

Constitutional Charter of 1814

Granted by Louis XVIII, it was basically a liberal constitution. The charter protected economic and social gains made by sections of the middle class and the peasantry in the French Revolution, permitted some intellectual and artistic freedom, and created a parliament with upper and lower houses...it was liberal but hardly democratic, only the wealthiest males were allowed to vote.

Medici Family

Greatest bank in Europe in 15th century, as well controlling interests in industrial enterprises for wool, silk, and mining of alum

What was a guild? Was it advantageous or not?

Guilds were an organization of artisans who received a monopoly over supplying trade and hiring workers. Critics have adamantly advocated against guilds due to their: unfair acceptance policies( only men and Christians) and how inefficient they were.

Luddites

Handicraft workers, against the Industrial Revolution due to their unemployment; attacked factories in northern England in 1812

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Having granted new rights to the peasantry, the National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 27, 1789, guaranteeing equality before the law, representative government for a sovereign people, and individual freedom.

Joseph II

He abolished completive orders, henceforth permitting only orders that were engaged in teaching, nursing , or other practical works; he also issued edicts of religious tolerance, including Jews, making Austria one of the first European states to lift centuries old restrictions on its Jewish population

How did Jethro Tull obtain his information and form his ideas?

He applied empiricism, the use of stats, to formulate and test his opinions.

Toussaint L'Overture

He led a slave revolt against French plantation owners in Hispaniola

Edward Jenner

He performed the first vaccination against smallpox on a young boy using matter taken from a milkmaid with cowpox

Jean-Paul Marat

He published the exceptionally popular and radical newspaper L'Ami du Peuple

Who was Cornelius Vermuyden? How did he help England?

He was from the Dutch Republic. He was skilled in drainage and even undertook large drainage projects in Yorkshire and Cambridge to drain swamps.

Geocentrism

Idea that a motionless earth is fixed at the center of the universe

Heliocentrism

Idea that a motionless sun is fixed at the center of the universe

Skepticism

Idea that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt

Man of Virtu

Ideal "Renaissance man"

Edmund Burke

In 1790, in reaction to the events of the French Revolution, British statesman Edmund Burke (1729-1797) published Reflections on the Revolution in France,which defended inherited privileges of monarchy and aristocracy.

German Confederation of the Rhine

In 1806 Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire and consolidated most of the 300 independent political entities into 15 German states called the German Confederation of the Rhine.

Holy Roman Empire

In 1806, Napoleon disbanded this loose collection of German states that had existed for over a thousand years and replaced it with the so-called Confederation of the Rhine

The 3 Estates

In 1775 France's 25 million inhabitants were still legally divided into three orders, or estates—the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.

Estates General

In 1787 Louis XVI's minister of finance proposed a general tax on all landed property, but powerful voices insisted that such sweeping tax changes required the approval of the Estates General, the representative body of all three estates, which had not met since 1614.

Declaration of Pillnitz

In June 1791 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempted to leave France, but they were arrested and returned to Paris, prompting the rulers of Austria and Prussia to issue the Declaration of Pillnitz two months later.The Declaration, which professed the rulers' willingness to intervene to restore Louis XVI's monarchical rule, was expected to have a sobering effect on revolutionary France without causing war, but the rulers misjudged the revolutionary spirit in France.

Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman

In September 1791, Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) published her "Declaration of the Rights of Woman," a direct challenge to revolutionaries to respect the ideals of the great 1789 declaration.De Gouges's arguments found little sympathy among the Revolution's leaders, as the vast majority of legislators and ordinary Frenchmen believed that women should focus on their domestic duties.

Abbe Sieyes

In his pamphlet What Is the Third Estate? the abbé Sieyès argued that the nobility was a tiny overprivileged minority and that the neglected third estate constituted the true strength of the French nation. Later changed view to "Confidence from below, authority from above."

National Convention

In late September 1792 the new, popularly elected National Convention proclaimed France a republic, a nation in which the people, rather than a monarch, held sovereign power.

What specific accusations did Adam Smith make against guilds?

In the "Wealth of Nations" he accused guilds of being outdated and obstructional towards innovation. Smith wanted a competitive economy, the exact opposite of the monopolized guild system.

James Watt

Increased the efficiency of the steam engine and produced them. Partnered w/Nicholas Doltan.

Manchester England

Industry—more specifically the development of the steam engine— caused a significant population increase in this city from 1750 to 1850

Why was there so much controversy over the smallpox inoculation? Was it safe?

Inoculation was risky and was widely condemned because about one person in fifty died from it. In addition, people who had been inoculated were infectious and often spread to disease.

Abbe Sieyes

Instigator of French Revolution through writing. Also conspired with Napoleon to bring him to power. Also instigated the American revolution with Townsend by prompting the passage of the townsend acts.

Cult of Supreme Being

Introduced by Robespierre. Deistic natural religion. Recognized god's existence and immortality of soul. New calender w/o religious holidays, new names of months days and holidays,

James Hargreaves

Invented the Cotton-Spinning Jenny (at first water-powered).

Kepler

Invented the laws of planetary motion which state that the planets orbit elliptically, they do not travel at a uniform speed but move faster the closer they are to the sun, and that the time a planet takes to make its complete orbit directly correlates to its distance from the sun

Saint Helena

Island that Napoleon was exiled to after his defeat at Waterloo (and where he died in 1821)

Declaration of Pilnitz

Issued on August 27, 1791, and authored by the kings of Austria and Prussia, it called on fellow European monarchs to help restore the rightful power of the French monarchy over their people

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

It provided the ideological foundation for the actions of the National Assembly; it was based on many of the core ideas of the Enlightenment philosophes and modeled after the American Declaration of Independence

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer that sailed for Spain and discovered the West Indies (New World) in 1492.

Pope Paul III

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.

Mountain

Jacobin radicals that favored regicide

Which leader of which country abolished guilds in 1776?

Jacques Turgot of France

True Law of Free Monarch

James I's book that claimed he was Divine and that he should have absolute power.

Worries about Ireland

James the II retreats here and English will start to crack down on the Catholics there because they are afraid that Catholics will launch attacks on them from there.

Robespierre

Key Jacobin leader and ultimately head of the Committee of Public Safety; his intellectual idol was Rousseau

Louis XVI

Killed Joseph IV in the Battle of Black Mountain. Was referred as the "Moon God". Black mountain is in Austria.

King Louis XVI

King at the time of the French revolution

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). Song of James I, this king had trouble dealing with people. He married a French Catholic, Princess Marie, which angered many Protestants. He was advised by Archbishop Laud, he didn't like Puritans but needed them in Parliament to raise taxes. His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) after the Short Parliament, and Long Parliament, in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649 by Oliver Cromwell and other Protestants.

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism. He's not a very effective King which allows Parliament to control a lot which they like! His nickname is the "Merry Monarch" because he liked to party. Many Protestants suspect he has pro French and Catholic tendencies because his wife is French Catholic and he passes the Declaration of indulgence. Louis XIV tries to pay him to become Catholic but it doesn't work, but he does become Catholic on his deathbed. He has many children but *all out of wedlock* which causes problems when looking for an heir because his brother is Catholic.

Saint Simon

Krafticism the belief y can create ur destiny. It was looked down bc whenever he would spread his ideas, he would contradict himself.

Reign of Terror

Lasted from July 1793 to July 1794 and claimed approximately 50K lives

Frederick William IV

Leader of prussia who submitted to revolution.

Ulrich Zwingi

Leader of reformation in Switzerland. Had same ideas of Luther and preached on Scriptures, Erasmus New Testament, and not on the church's prescribed reading. Killed on battlefield in1531.

Reading novels

Least popular leisure activity in 18th century

Hebert

Led the de-christianization that changed the calendar.

Factory Act of 1833

Limited the workday for young children and adolescents in the factories, and declared that children had to be enrolled in school; significantly decreased the number of employed children

Coup d'etat

Literally a "strike against the state"; Napoleon led one against the Directory in November 1799

Catherine the Great

Longest-ruling female ruler of Russia. Set up a bureaucracy based on ability so slaves could rise to power.

Rene de Maupeou

Louis XV's financial minister. , abolished the Parlement of Paris and exciled its members to the provionces; created a new and docile Parlement of royal officials; began to re-tax the privlege groups. The majority of philosophes and public sided with the old Parlement, however.

Storming of the Tuleries

Louis XVI and Queen were forced into jail after the Sanscullottes and the government stromed the Tuleries in August 10, 1792. King taken prisoner and guards slaughtered. Marks the beginning of the "second revolution."

Why were so many colonists of mixed heritage?

Men, not women, moved to the colonies. This meant that the second generation was mostly mixed. Often, these "mulato" could find a position of power in the colony.

John Locke

Maintained that people set up civil governments to protect life, liberty and property. A government that oversees its proper function protecting the natural rights of life, liberty, and property-becomes a tyranny. Believed people's souls grew as they grew older.

Tithe

Mandatory 10% tax paid by the third estate to the Church

How and why were the colonies affected by the Enlightenment?

Many colonists would have traveled because of their wish for religious freedom, a tenant of the Enlightenment. Also, many British colonists, who were the most Enlightened, would have come directly from Britain making Scottish Enlightenment ideals very important.

Legislative Assembly

Many members of the new representative body that convened in Paris in October 1791, called the Legislative Assembly, belonged to the Jacobin club, a political club that drew in men and women who debated the burning political questions of the day.

Peace of Westphalia

Marked the end of the 30 Years War and was a turning point because it signified the end of the religious wars started by the Reformation

It is said that when it came to medical care, the poor were better off than the rich because they could not afford doctors or hospitals. Why might this have been true?

Medicine, like food and fashionable clothing, thus joined the era's new and loosely regulated commercial culture. Since the new commercial culture was directed only at the wealthy and middle class, the poor could not partake in this. Nevertheless, even these poor people spent hard-won resources to seek treatment for their loved ones.

Methodist

Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion

Describe the basic tenants of European Mercantilism. How did Britain act on these policies?

Mercantilism was based of the theory that the true source of value in the world was gold and silver. Acting on this tenant, mercantilism themed states would seek to have more exports than imports. Britain acted on mercantilism's foreign trade policy by passing the Navigation acts: goods transported to Britain must be transported on British ships only. This included the colonies.

Describe the putting out system, why did it grow in the European Economy?

Merchant capitalist would give raw goods to cottage industry workers who would return a finished product. The putting out system was successful because: there were many poor peasants looking for any type of work, no matter the pay, it was completely unregulated allowing merchants to brutally deprive workers of rights and also to experiment.

Why did the merchants who controlled the textile industry resent their workers so much?

Merchants had little control over the peasants who often had to leave for a busy growing season. Frustrated with inconsistent results, they would often impose severe punishments for failing to meet an expectation.

principle of active intervention

Metternich and Alexander I proclaim the principle to maintain autocratic, conservative regimes because of the liberal revolutions in the 2 sicilies and Spain. Austrian forces put this principle into action when they invaded the 2 sicilies and restored Ferdinand I's power there.

Engels

Middle-class German, author of The Conditions of the Working Class in England, accusing the English middle classes and industrial capitalism as a whole of creating more poverty and murdering the working class

Thermidorean Reaction

Nickname of the relatively conservative period after the Reign of Terror in the powers of the Committee of Public Safety were curtailed by the National Convention and the Jacobin club shut down

Text Painting

Music style, tried to portray literal meaning of text

Great Fear

Name for the panic that spread like wildfire in France from July 20 to August 6, 1789 and which had been caused because a possible invasion of foreign troops aided by a supposed aristocratic plot

New France

Name of French colony in Canada and areas in North America ruled by the French.

Grand Army

Name of Napoleon's army, which had over a million soldiers, the largest force to date ever assembled in European history

Peninsular War

Name of the Spanish uprising (who were aided by the British) against Napoleon's rule that was fought between 1808-1814

Hundred Days

Name of the period that began with Napoleon's escape from Elba and ended with his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815

Paris Commune

Name of the radical Parisian group that controlled the local government; this group purged the National Convention of the Girondins in June 1793

Whiff of Grapeshot

Napolean's words of threat. Grapeshot is ammunition in cannons and it's a way of saying shoot the guys coming at us with cannons. White Terror.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Civil Code (1804)

Napoleonic Code; this code preserved most of the gains of the revolution by recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, etc.

Netherlands Background

Netherlands is Protestant and Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) is Catholic, Peace of Westphalia made Netherlands independent.

Rudolfine tablets

New and improved tables of planetary motion

Equality, Liberty, Fraternity

New government based on these ideals.

Temple of Reason

New name of the Cathedral of Notre Dame after dechristianization efforts

Law of universal gravitation

Newtons law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Did enclosure catch on quickly? Which countries adopted it first?

No, in countries like Britain and the Low Countries it caught in quickly, while in other places like Germany and France common fields could be found into the 19th century. So, common fields and enclosed fields coexisted for a few centuries.

Hanseatic League

North German Coastal towns that formed a commercial and military association

Third Estate

Order comprised of the commoners of society, which made up the vast majority of the French population; this order was divided by important differences in level of education, occupation, and wealth

Second Estate

Order comprised of the nobility (nobility of the robe or nobility of the sword); 2.5% of population; owned 25 of the land; generally exempt from taxes like the taille

War of Austrian Succession

Occurs when Frederick the Great invades Silesia violating Pragmatic Sanction and eventually receives the land in 1742 from Austria

Posting of the 95 Theses

October 31,1517 at the church of Wittenberg. Led to the start of reformation and the excommunication of Martin Luther.

Lord Protector

Oliver Cromwell's name for himself once he became Military dictator of England to make it seem less intense.

Tennis Court Oath

On June 17 the third estate voted to call itself the National Assembly, and on June 20 the members of the National Assembly pledged, in the famous Oath of the Tennis Court, not to disband until they had written a new constitution.

Women's March on Versailles

On October 5 some seven thousand desperate women marched the twelve miles from Paris to Versailles, invaded the National Assembly, and demanded bread.The women invaded the royal apartments, killed some of the royal bodyguards, and furiously searched for the queen, Marie Antoinette, who was saved only through the intervention of Lafayette and the National Guard.

Voting by Head

One delegate, one vote; favored by the Third Estate and reforming members of the other two

Voting by Order

One estate, one vote; favored by the conservative members of the First and Second Estate

Johann Sebastian Bach

One of the most influential musicians of all time wherein his death marks the end of the Baroque Era. His works were mostly written t order or fulfill a job. As a composer of the church, he managed to compose, rehearse and direct a new church cantata every Sunday of the year. By the time of his death, audiences have been attracted to his music because of its careful organization, clear tone direction, expressive nature, and intellectual brilliance.

Asia

One of the primary areas of trade from the 16th to 18th century

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Organized by Robert Owen in 1834; had around 500,000 members from different trades at its height

Madame Geoffrin

Owned one of the most famous salons. Wrote pamphlets on female etiquette.

Assignats

Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.

Short Parliament 1640

Parliament called by Charles I to raise taxes to fund fighting the war against Scotland. This Parliament refused to grant Charles his new taxes if he didn't *redress grievances* outlined in the *Petition of Right* and grant church reforms. Charles disbanded parliament after only a month.

Roundheads

Parliament, Puritans, and the rising middle class who wanted to take power from the King during the English Civil war. They all had bowl cuts so they were given this nickname.

realism

Period of art from 1830s-1900 that emphasized showing people and their lives as they really are. Depict situations from daily life, common people at work, casual clothing, non-idealized human bodies, unemotional faces, and realistic lighting.

Combination Acts

Passed by Parliament in 1799: outlawed unions and strikes; due to the fear of workers joining forces and rising up against the government

Voltaire

Philosophe who mixed the glorification of science and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions

Rousseau

Philosophe who wrote in favor of popular sovereignty

How was mental illness regarded and treated in the 18th century?

People were scared about its whereabouts and thus carriers were sent to madhouses. However, later they improved the living conditions and things started to get better. In this time period, have a mental illness was not safe as one would be isolated by society and looked down upon.

neoclassicism

Period of art from 1750-1850 that honored classical art of ancient Greece and Rome. Encouraged order, reason, and discipline, all characteristics of the Enlightenment. Features heroes, idealized figures, togas or other formal clothing, calm, unemotional faces, smooth brush strokes, and a spotlight effect.

Define pietism and describe how it is reflected in the work and life of John Wesley.

Pietism is a Protestan revival movement in early 18th century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs. Wesley's experience reflects this because it convinced him that any person, no matter how poor or uneducated might have a heartfelt conversion and gain the same blessed assurance.

Paracelsus

Pioneered the use of chemicals and drugs to address chemical imbalances

France

Place where the Age of Enlightenment was most prominent

Bartholomew Dias

Portuguese explorer that rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer that rounded the tip of Africa and began exploring the east African coast and India.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. was killed in the Philippines One of his ships returned to Spain thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

benefices

Positions in the church that provided good incomes also known as offices. Only made to bring more money to the church and not to help people or bring more people to God only corruption.

When did the custom of late marriage begin to change? Why?

Pregnancy simply set the marriage date once and for all. In the 17th century, a study of seven representative parishes in England showed that around 20% of children were conceived before the couple was married, while only 2% were born out of wedlock.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal who had two goals: Find an ocean route around Africa to Asia & locate a source of gold in Africa.

Newton

Principia written in 1684 integrating Kepler's revisions of Copernicus with Galileo's physics and laid the laws of motion

How do you explain that prior to 1750 there were few illegitimate children but that there was a growth of legitimacy thereafter?

Prior to 1750, premarital sex was not entered into lightly, and it was generally limited to those contemplating marriage. One important change in the second half of the 18th century was an increased ability for young people to choose partners for themselves. A less positive outcome of loosening social control was an illegitimacy explosion, or a sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births.

Cromwell

Protectorate described as a military dictatorship

Frequens

Provided for the regular holding of general councils to ensure church reform would continue

Newton

Provided the theory to explain Galileo's observation that the heavenly bodies have a uniform rate of acceleration

Edmund Burke

Published "Reflections on the Revolution in France". Glorified the monarchy

Karl Marx

Published the Communist Manifesto. Father of socialism.

Marie Antoinette

Queen at the time of the French Revolution; big spender

Joseph II

Radical Austrian monarch who abolished serfdom and gave peasants extended privileges

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. Divided into two groups: The Mountain (led by Danton and Robespierre) and the Girondins

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. Believed in Condescentionalism in 1825. The theory that says "as long as there is conflict, society would crumble into the medieval times".

Pope Clement VII

Refused to give Henry VIII an annulment

Salons

Regular social gatherings held by talented, rich women in their homes where Philosophes and their followers were invited to discuss literature, science and philosophy

Louis Philippe

Replaced Charles X. He accepted the Constitutional Charter and adopted the flag of the French Revolution. His reign served the wealthy elite and was characterized by government corruption and inaction. He abdicated in favor of his grandson in 1848 when liberals established the Second Republic.

Vesalius

Revolutionized the understanding of the human anatomy through his 200 precise drawings of the anatomy of the human body

Thermidorian Reaction

Robespierre arrested by the convention; tried and guillotined; revolt that ended Terror; constituted a swing to conservativism

Committee of Public Safety

Robespierre emerged as the leader of the Committee of Public Safety, formed by the Convention in April 1793 to deal with threats from within and outside France. Organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795.

Nicholas I of Russia

Ruled Russia during the period of revolutions and effectively crushed any revolutions and uprisings.

Politiques

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs and help to bring peace to their kingdoms such as Elizabeth I and Henry of Navare

Brahe

Scientist who kept detailed observations of the new star that appeared in 1572 and started the Rudolfine Tablets

James Watt

Scottish skilled craftsman who greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine by adding a separate condenser, which made the steam engine much more efficient. His steam engine would replace water power in mills, aid the iron industry with powerful steam driven bellows, and open the door for many new industries like the railway.

Jethro Tull/Smith Adams

Seed drill, selective breeding, horses over oxen for plowing. Founder of fitocism (farming will lead ppl to stability and peace).

Pantheism

Seeing divinity embodied in all aspects of nature and in the heavenly bodies as well as in earthly objects

Clarendon Code

Series of laws by Parliament that excluded Roman Catholics and Presbyterians from religious and political life and gave more power to the Anglicans.

Infanticide

The crime of killing a child within a year of birth; women in the countryside hid unwanted pregnancies by smothering their newborn infants

Lady Mary Montague

She had her son successfully inoculated with the pus from a smallpox victim and was instrumental in spreading the practice

Mary Queen of Scotts

She was a very devout Roman Catholic and when she married Philip of Spain. cousin of Elizabeth and also executed by Elizabeth due to planning a conspiracy of assassinating Elizabeth.

Six Acts

Six Acts placed controls on a heavily taxed press and eliminated all mass meetings, caused the Battle of Peterloo

Sans culottes

Small shopkeepers; tradesmen; artisans; favored direct democracy in their neighborhood clubs and assemblies; shared many of the ideals of their middle class representatives in government

What were some of the consequences and reactions of the enclosure system?

Some consequences were that there wouldn't be enough private land to divide so some farmers wouldn't have a job or common place to graze cattle. Generally, the very traditionalist peasants were against the enclosure system.

Russia

The disastrous invasion of this country in 1812 by Napoleon cost his army over 500,000 soldiers

What was the attitude toward children, and how and why and who changed this attitude?

Some scholars believed that parents maintained an attractive of indifference toward their children. Historians now believe 17th and 18th century parents did love their children. The Enlightenment produced and Enthusiastic new discourse about childhood. Critics called for greater tenderness toward children. They advocated safeguarding and developing children's innate qualities rather than thwarting and suppressing them. Jean-Jaques Rousseau argued for the education of both sexes of children.

Francis Joseph

Son of Archduchess Sophia, who wanted him to be the successor of Ferdinand. Joseph was eventually crowned emperor of Austria on his 18th birthday. He was a determined conservative.

Joseph II

Son of Maria Theresa. Passed the Edict of Resolution, enabling serfdom, making it much more stable.

Cape of Good Hope

Southern-most tip of Africa

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico.

Conquistadors

Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish solider-explorers, such as Hernando Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.

Bartolomede Las Casas

Spanish priest and writer who criticized Spanish treatment of the Native Americans.

Sacrosancta

Stated that a general council of the church received its authority from God; hence every christian, pope included, was subject to its authority

Cahiers de doléances

Statements of local grievances, which were drafted throughout France during the elections to the Estates-General; these statements tended to advocate a regular constitutional government that would abolish the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility as the major way to regenerate the country

Charles X

Successor to Louis XVIII. He wanted to re-establish the old order and tried to rally French nationalism through a conquest to Algeria. He revoked the Constitutional Charter, leading to the Revolution of 1830, then fled.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles

Jacques Necker

Swiss banker brought to France to help with their financial situation

Intendant System

System in France that tried to weaken nobility, under Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu - replaced local officials with civil servants who reported directly to the king.

Guild

System remained closed to women in 17th and 18th centuries

Tennis Court Oath

Taken by the members of the new National Assembly on June 20, 1789; declared they would continue to meet until they had written a French constitution

Treaty of Tordesillas

The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.

Which Country lead the way in advanced trade and agriculture during the 17th century? Why?

The Dutch. They had a very advanced system of crop rotation, enclosure and variety. This was not due to inherent advantages but disadvantages: the Dutch Republic was the mostly densely populated land in the world, forcing farmers to be efficient. Also, due to their thriving trade, the Dutch was a population boom which forced them to farm well.

Kepler

The New Astronomy Written in 1609 outlining his three laws of planetary motion

Montesquieu

The Persian Letters written in 1721; a satire for criticizing existing practices and beliefs

How important were the 18th century advances in medical science extending the life span?

The Enlightenments inherent optimism and its focus on improving human life through understanding of the laws of nature produced a great deal of research and experimentation in the 1700s. Medical practitioners greatly increased in number, although their techniques did not differ much from those of previous generations.

Haskalah

The Jewish Enlightenment led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn

Law of Suspects

The Law of Suspects was passed on September 17, 1793 and allowed the creation of revolutionary tribunals to try those suspected of treason. It made it much simpler for the Committee of Public Safety to prosecute revolutionaries. It also made it much more difficult for defendants to argue their case, and as a result many more people were convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal.

Chartists

The Movement in Britain, along with the "People's Charter" in 1838 inspire more liberal reform. It advocated universal male suffrage and democracy, and petitioned Parliament 3 times, and were rejected all 3 times.

83 Departments

The National Assembly established eighty-three departments to replace the historic provinces, and it prohibited monopolies, guilds, and barriers to trade.

Rousseau

The Social Contract written in 1762

Montesquieu

The Spirit of Laws in 1748

Nepotism

The appointment of family members to important political positions; derived from the regular appointment of nephews (Latin, nepos) by renaissance popes

Experimental method

The approach, pioneered, by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments, rather than speculation

Battle of Peterloo

The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws, name was a reference to British victory in Waterloo

Universal Male Suffrage

The basis by which the National Convention was elected

Waterloo

The battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the French.

Corsica

The birthplace of Napoleon

Crystal Palace

The building which house the Great Exhibition; this was considered an architectural masterpiece, made entirely of glass and iron - supplies which became cheap and abundant in wake of the Industrial Revolution

What was the cottage industry? Why did it grow so much in the 18th century?

The cottage system was rural workers using hand tools in their own homes to manufacture goods on a large scale. It increased so much because: many farmers had decreased wages due to agricultural revolution, and the population boom.

New monarchies

The governments of France, England, and Spain at the end of the 15th century, whose rulers succeeded in reestablishing or extending centralized royal authority, suppressing the nobility, controlling the church, and insisting on the loyalty of all peoples living in their territories

The Estates General

The group that Louis XVI called to meeting to get more money for his wars.

Increase

The growth of Europes population

Sensationalism

The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions as developed by John Locke

nationalism

The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state

Copernican hypothesis

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe

Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress

Rump Parliament

The intense Puritans that were allowed to remain in the Parliament after Pride's Purge.

Limited Monarchy

The kind of government in France after the Constitution of 1791

What was the open field system of farming? What were its problems?

The land was divided up into large portions that were not enclosed. The entire peasant village would work the fields. The soil became exhausted of nitrogen to easily meaning that a fallow period had to be implemented.

Queen Anne

The last Stuart to take the British throne. After her reign ended there was a large dispute as to who was take control of the country. She has 16 Children who all die before her.

Directory

The middle-class members of the National Convention wrote yet another constitution in 1795, reorganized the legislative assembly, and chose a five-man executive called the Directory.The Directory continued to support French military expansion abroad, using war as a means to meet ever-present, ever-unsolved economic problems. The French people quickly grew weary of the unprincipled actions of the Directory, who subsequently used the army to nullify the election of a number of conservative and even monarchist deputies.

Madame de Pompadour

The mistress of Louis XV who used her ability to take away her "services" to gain power and to give advice about and make important government decisions

White Terror

The most controversial part of the Directory. The "royalists" attacked all of the suspected revolutionaries. Napoleon first appears. "Whiff of Grapeshot"

Rational inquiry

The most significant difference between the scientific revolution and the enlightenment

Viceroyalties

The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.

King Louis XVI

The official ruler for some time after the revolution began

Ancien regime

The old order; system of government in pre-revolution France

What were the old systems of stopping nitrogen depletion? How do they compare with the new ones?

The old version was a two or three year period which included one fallow year. The improvement was to plant nitrogen repleting plants like clover.

Parlement of Paris

The parlements- 13 in France, were frontline defenders of liberty against royal despotism. The high court judges were the most important and influential in the Parlement of Paris. The Parlement of Paris challenged the basis of royal authority and stopped many repressive taxes.

Whigs

The party against the King, many former Puritans (disappeared)

Reign of Terror

The period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed

Bastille

The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles

Secularism

The process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things; a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance

What previously held Europe's population back?

The ravages of the Black Death killed off 1/3 of Europe's population at one point. Also, after the Black Death had finally left, agriculture was still not advanced enough to sustain large ammounts of population growth. This would result in inconsistent famines. Lastly, wars acting similarly to sickness, could substantially slow down or even negatively affect growth.

Thermidorian reaction

The respectable middle-class lawyers and professionals who had led the liberal revolution of 1789 reasserted their authority, abolishing many economic controls and restricting the local political organizations.

Great Famine

The result of four years of crop failure in the late 1840's in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary supply.

Illegitimacy Explosion

The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750-1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls

Natural philosophy

The study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, amd now it functioned

Constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. England tried to become Absolute but the weak Monarchs failed and ended up more like this with stronger Parliament.

Commonwealth / Interregnum / Free State 1649-1660

The time period between Kings when Cromwell ruled England.

Estates

The traditional tripartite division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth or economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing into the 18th century; traditionally consisted of those who pray (the clergy), those who fight (the nobility), and those who work (all the rest)

Reading revolution

The transits from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse

Inca Empire

The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532

Total War

The wars of the French revolutionary era opened the door to the _____ _____ of the modern world

Consumer revolution

The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of northwestern Europe in the second half of the 18th century

Cottage workers

The working class, eventually became unwilling to work in the factories which caused the employment of young children

Economic liberalism

Theory concerned mostly with needs of consumers

Parlements

These 13 law courts, which were supposed to register royal decrees, could play the role as "defenders of liberty" against arbitrary monarchy by not registering the decrees

Girondins

These Jacobin moderates represented the provinces and advocated imprisoning the king instead of executing him

7 Northern Provinces

They are not unified, no absolute leader, the wealthy merchants and Bourgeois had power

In the 17th century, how were the British able to make trade more efficient so that they could dominate?

They changed the system of trade by using the shore method, inviting African leaders to trade out on the shore, rather than having fortified ports. This made trade quicker.

Did the lives of the peasants change for good of bad during the agricultural revolution? Why?

They changed, badly.Many English common farmers lost land rights, which forced them to become landless wage workers, an even poorer and more unstable position. This is known as proletarianization.

Oligarchy of Urban Bourgeois

They controlled the government in the Netherlands, they were calvinist but very tolerant

Decline of Netherlands

They don't have very strong political leaders but they maintain a strong economy. The English navy is much stronger so they became much more of a power along with France. Other countries also develop equally good ships so there is no need for them to ship other country's goods anymore.

How did the English Parliament support the enclosure system?

They passed as series of acts from the 1760s to 1815 that enclosed remaining common land.

Describe the French profits from the colonies.

They profited greatly off of their colonies saint-Dominique, Martinique, and Guadeloupe who provided coffee and sugar.

What was a Creole? What culture did they identify with?

They were people of Spanish heritage, but born in the colonies. They strongly identified with European culture, but increasingly began to resent taxes imposed by Europe.

Describe Spain's profits from the New World.

They were revitalized by an increase in silver. Additionally, their colonies in California expanded in addition to their purchase of Louisiana.

Committee of Public Safety

This 12-man executive committee, established by the National Convention, supervised the elimination of the "enemies of the revolution"

John Locke

This English philosophe argued that all men were born with natural rights and that a government's purpose was to protect these rights. Ideas influenced the American and French revolutions

Charlotte Corday

This Girondin supporter assassinated Marat

James I

This King took over once Elizabeth I died, his mother was Mary Queen of Scots, he united England and Scotland. He thought he was a divine ruler, and was an absolutist. But he didn't understand the religious troubles in England and caused him to struggle. He was very High Anglican and was almost killed in the Guy Fawkes and Gunpowder plot. He almost married a Spanish Catholic which many Protestants were upset about even though it never happened.

Henry the Navigator

This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. Sent many expedition to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India.

Guillotine

This more "humane" method of execution was nicknamed the "national razor"

William and Mary

This couple takes over after James II and there is no more divine right of kings, England is now a Constitutional monarchy, they incorporate a Bill of Rights, and Parliament has much more power. The government should be a *bilateral contract between the King and Parliament*

Vendee

This department (region) of France was the epicenter of counterrevolutionary activity and repudiated the authority of the National Convention

Rural Peasants

This group comprised about 75 to 80% of the French population; they owned about 35-40% of the land, and even though serfdom was seldom practiced, many in this class still owed feudal obligations to their local landlords

Bourgeoisie

This group comprised about 8% of the French population; was often excluded by the nobles from social and political privileges

War with Scotland 1639

This is the result of Archbishop Laud forcing Scotland to follow Anglican practices.

Legislative Assembly

This representative body replaced the National Assembly after the Constitution of 1791 had been written

Bastille

This symbol of French absolutism and tyranny was famously stormed by the citizens of Paris on July 14, 1789

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation. Had alot of territory due to marriages of ancestors and agreed to Peace of Augsburg after war,

What changed in population growth in the 18th century? Why?

To start, the Black Death left Europe. Stricter quarantine measures in ports combined with better hygiene in water supplies were are positive factors. Additionally, emergency supplies of food were stored and transportation became quicker. Noticeably, all of the largest changes were due to a decrease in mortality, not any new medical discoveries.

How was Africa negatively affected by the slave trade?

To start, their population stagnated, and African rulers fought over the right to sell slaves to Europe.

Du Chatelet

Translated Newtons Principia into French

Louis XV

Under him, the French minister Maupeou began the restoration of royal absolutism by abolishing the parlement of Paris. Started the War of the Spanish Succession.

Body Linen

Underwear; In the past only the wealthy could afford this and it used to be made from expensive linen cloth

Montesquieu

Used satire as a weapon against cruelty and superstition. Wrote the carlsbad letters and believed in checks and balances.

Cameralism

View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that in turn the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good

James Graham

Was a leading Scottish supporter of the Royalist cause during the English Civil War of the 1640's. Father of Christian communism.

Henri de Saint

Was an early utopian socialist who advocated industrial development. Stressed the importance for improving the lives of the poor.

John Wesly

Was the catalyst for the religious revival in England. Founder of Methodism. Went to uni of glasgow.

Habsburgs

Wealthy landholders in the Holy Roman Empire, plays important role in 15th century european politics

Peter the Great

Westernized Russia.

Napoleon, Abbe Sieyes, and some other guy

When the Directory collapsed who took over?

Barebone Parliament

When the Rump Parliament is not hardcore enough, Cromwell cuts it down even more to this group of Puritans. Eventually he doesn't even like them so he dissolves parliament all together in 1653.

Varennes

Where Louis XVI and his family were captured as they tried to flee to the Austrian Netherlands

Luxembourg border

Where did the royal family attempt to flee to in June, 1791?

Indulgence

Within the Catholic Church, this is the remission punishment for ones sins. Such as for a sin that has already been forgiven by God but which still carries with it some kind of punishment. Centuries ago the Church would sell certificates that would get a person out of purgatory. This practice contributed to the Martin Luther rising up and posting his 95 thesis and lead to the reformation.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Wollstonecraft published her masterpiece, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she demanded equal rights for women and advocated rigorous coeducation that would make women better wives and mothers, good citizens, and economically independent.

Describe the desparity between male and female earnings in the textile business.

Women were payed way less. A widow spinster would make a 1/3 of what a man would make.

Michel de Montaigne

Writer of the French revolution who is considered the father of the essay and modern skepticism.

Pragmatic sanction

Written by Charles VI of Austria ensuring his undivided lands to be passed to a female heir in the absence of a male heir

Social Contract

Written by Rousseau stating that the general will is sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power

Copernicus

Written in 1543 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Sir Edmund Burke

Wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France"; conservative response to the French Revolution

Diderot

Wrote Encyclopedia in 1765 that treated every aspect of life and knowledge

Locke

Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1690

Bayle

Wrote Historical and Critical Dictionary in 1697 and developed skepticism

Kant

Wrote On the Different Races of Man in 1775 which claimed that four human races were derived from an original race and have degenerate physically and culturally

Vesalius

Wrote On the Structure of the Human Body in 1543

Lady Mary Montague

Wrote about inoculations that she saw in the Ottoman Empire, leading to the first vaccines against smallpox. Got inoculations for herself and her daughter.

George Sand/Sharlette Dupaan

Wrote over 80 novels that were romantic or about moral idealism. Dressed in man's clotihing.

Von Linne

Wrote the System of Nature in 1735 that argued that nature was organized into a God-given hierarchy

Did the typical preindustrial family consist of an extended or a nuclear family? What evidence can you cite to support your answer?

Young European couples normally established their own households and lived apart from their parents, much like the nuclear families. The 3 generation extended family was a rarity in western and central Europe.

Michael Servetus

a Spaniard who was among the chief thinkers for the Anti-Trinitarians. He was executed in 1553 in Geneva for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity." This thinker was among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and has a deserved reputation of defending religious tolerance.

Ursuline Order of Nuns

a community of religious and dedicated young women established by Angela Merici. spread rapidly to France and New World.

Plebiscite

a direct vote of all the people of a country or district on an important matter; a referendum

Christopher Wren

architect refurbished St. Paul's Cathedral. It was a Protestant Church and wasn't that fancy.

corporate banks

banks of continental europe; with limited liability where one would lose only what he invested; supported industrialization by being able to take risks, allowed continent to catch up to great britain

national workshops

became vast program of pick and shovel public works; army of desperate poor from French streamed to sign up for workshops, they grew

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Transubstantiation-consubstantiation

belief of the Catholic Church the change by which the bread and the wine used in the sacrament of the Eucharist become, not merely as a sign but also in actual reality the body and blood of Christ. Became a popular subject of debate causing disagreements between Protestants including Luther and Zwingli.

Guiseppe Mazzini

believes that the problem with Europe was that God has given everyone a country to live in a for a reason, your country is your workshop where you work for the benefit of people in the world, however "evil" monarchical, absolutist government's ruin this idea of a workshop by being greedy for land and by being selfish and putting their interests over their country's interest and the world

william cockerill

british carpenter; began building cotton spinning equipment in belgium

john cockerill

british engineer, son of william cockerill, converted palace of liege into industrial center

George Stephenson

british inventor of the rocket, the first steam powered locomotive which sparked a new railway industry with the first rail way in england.

Henry Cort

british inventor who developed the puddling furnace which refined pig iron with coke. also invented steam powered rolling mills that resulted in a boom in british iron production

Naturalism

centered on man instead of God

Radical republicans

committed to socialism and appalled by the poverty and misery of the urban poor

Tory

competed with the Whig party for the support of the middle and working classes. To win support, this group passed the Ten Hours Act of 1847.

congress system/concert of europe

congress system / Concert of Europe: After the Congress of Vienna, when the members of the Quadruple Alliance agree to meet periodically to maintain peace. This congress system lasted into the 19th century and was able to solve many disputes.

Archduchess Sophia

conservative aristocratic forces rallied under her leadership, insisted that Ferdinand who was had no heir, abdicate in favor of her son, Francis Joseph, private nobles organized around her to crush the revolution

Quinto

crown reserved the right to take 20% of all silver output, also maintained monopoly over mercury Spanish took 20% of all silver output, Spanish crown maintained monopoly over mercury Spanish royals took 20 percent of all silver output, also maintained monopoly over mercury

Declaration of Indulgence

document that suspended English laws against Roman Catholics and Protestant non-conformists. Basically more religious toleration in England.

william blake

english romantic poet who called factories satanic mills with their terrible working conditions for the urban poor

Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Thomas Brassey

famous railway engineers in england; dug tunnels through mountains and bridges over valleys, became astronauts of day

credit mobilier

french corporate bank founded by 2 jewish journalists, isaa and emile periere, which used vast savings from small to big holders to pursue industrialization and railway

fritz harkort

german business pioneer and prussian army officcer serving in england; believed that germany should have all of the technilogical advacments of the british, though he envtually failed.

friedrich list

german journalist; believed that industry was neccessary to maintain the security of a nation

Peter Paul Rubens

is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings

Blue Laws

laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. In England's case it opposed drinking, gambling, bear baiting, and supported public punishments.

Alexander Ypsilanti

led the first revolts in Greece in 1821 towards national movement , a Greek Patriot and general in the Russian army

Ten Hours Act of 1847

limited the work day for women and young people to ten hours in factories

Galley

low ship with sails (rowed along by slaves)

Constituent Assembly (Berlin)

met in Berlin to write a constitution for the Prussian state, and a group of conservatives met to urge the king for a counter revolution

William Woodsworth

one of the first great and important Romantic poets, deeply influenced by Rosseau and French Revolution, published Lyrical Ballads which abandoned flowery classical conventions for the language of ordinary speech, and simple subjects; believed all natural things were sacred and an app reaction and mystification of nature

Whig

party was generally more responsive to middle class demands and passed the Reform Bill of 1832 to give more people representation and the chance to vote, which satisfied some middle class demands

Place de la Concorde

place of the guillotine during the French Revolution; the largest square in western Europe; has an Egyptian obelisk and many fountains

Madrigal

poem set to music

Marie Antoinette

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was extremely unpopular. Her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy. She was guillotined along with her husband Louis XVI (1755-1793)

Pig iron

refined iron ore; could be poured in casts and with the invention of coke could rapidly produce iron products

Louis Blanc

represented the republican socialists in the provisional government, pressed for the recognition of a socialist right to work, urged the creation of a permanent sponsored cooperative workshop (an alternative to capitalist employment, step toward a new non competitive order)

Second Republic

revolutionaries set about drafting a democratic republican constitution for the Second Republic, would give the right to vote for every male, sympathy for revolutionary freedoms by calling for Liberty, equality, and freedom; workplace reforms, freed slaves, death penalty

Thomas Malthus

social theorist Author of Essay on the Principle of Population; he argued that population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply

Studia humanitatis

study of humanity

Louis Napoleon

the string executive who came to power due to the new constitution which replaced the democratic republic, under him France was a semi authoritarian regime

Alexander I

the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)

Absenteeism

the failure to show up for work. One of the things wrong with the people of the church and calls for reform.

Just Price

the idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary

balance of power

the international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression by a state or group of states; established in the First Treaty of Paris after Napoleonic Wars so peace could be maintained.

brain drain

the leak of english workers and technology to other nations; england set laws that did not allow workers of ideas to leave england for the mainland, but ideas seemed to slip through anyway

Tories

the party that supported the King, (still exists in England)

liberalism

the principle ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; demanded representative governement and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.

Jesuits

they played a key role in fostering the Catholic faith, providing extraordinary teachers, missionaries, and agents of the papacy; the exercised tremendous political influence, holding high government positions and education the nobility in their colleges

Thirty Years War

this was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe. One cause was because of the complexity of religion practices in Bohemia.

Beethoven

used contrasting themes and tones to produce dramatic conflict and inspiring revolutions, he began to lose his hearing, continued music despite his deafness in later life

Moderate liberal

viewed universal male suffrage as the ultimate concession to dangerous popular forces, strongly opposed further radical social measures, did not support Blanc's workshops

Levelers

wanted to equalize the political rights of all Englishmen. They believed in religious freedom, voting, and a constitution which was radical at the time.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

was decisive, however, in the sense that presented Phillip II from re-employing on Western Europe by force. The battles were between England and Spain. The English were the ones who were victorious. This defeat stopped Phillip II from reimposing unity on Western Europe by force. (p.496-498) Happened under the rule of Elizabeth's reign.

Frances I

was the first King of France from the Angoulême branch of House of Valois, from 1515 until his death. Initiated the French Renaissance During his reign important cultural changes with the rise of absolute monarchy in France, the spread of humanism and Protestantism, and the beginning of French exploration of the New World.

Glorious Revolution 1688

when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. This is also called the "Bloodless Revolution" and it *doesn't allow a Catholic to be Monarch anymore*

Anti-Corn Law League

while calling for universal male suffrage, many working class people joined with middle class manufacturers in this group founded in Manchester 1839, argued lower food prices and more jobs would happen with the repeal of the Corn Laws

Catherine De Medici

wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Ninety-Five Thesis

written by Martin Luther and posted on the church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517, contained a direct critique of the Catholic Church and were written in the vernacular. Added fuel to the fire of reformation and helped to spread ideas even more.