Safety Test 1

Distillation separates hydrocarbon molecules based on

density, heavier molecules sink and lighter ones rise

PH levels

(0-7 acid, 7-14 base)

Why wont flame lame ionization won't detect ammonia ? (test)

(no carbon present) <<<test>>>

Polymerization

-combining monomers together to create chains of molecules called polymers. -polymer is a different chemical with different physical and chemical properties. -can produce heat and expansion of material

Site Characterization and Analysis

-evaluation of site shall be conducted to evaluate specific hazards to determine appropriate health and safety procedures -a preliminary evaluation of site characteristics shall be performed prior to entry by a qualified person to aid in the appropriate selection of protective methods

vapor pressure (test):

-how fast a liquid evaporates, acetone evaporates (10x the Vapor pressure of water) quicker than water -greater concern with flammable liquid

Why do we use hydrogen as a fuel source in flame ionization?

-it does not have carbon in it, machine would not know difference between a fuel with carbon and the sample air. <<<test>>>

Cryogenics

-liquid nitrogen and liquefied gases need insulated containers, can boil, need venting, without it they can build up pressure and erupt. -danger of freezing, liquid nitrogen is at -400 degrees Fahrenheit

Lower Explosive Limits (LEL) (test)

-lowest concentration of flammable Vapor, gas, or liquid to produce an explosion -limit has to be met for an explosion -common reference term for certain hazardous materials, instruments available to measure this

Vapor Density (test):

-physical property that tells us whether a gas will rise or sink in air. -methane weighs less than air and will rise in air -propane is heavier than air (1.5x), and will sink in air.

Oxidation/oxidizers

-speed up chemical reactions -do not often combust by themselves -commonly used to produce chemical reactions with other products

how to dilute a strong Ph (test)

-to diluted a strong corrosive agent with water, needs 1000x water per ph level -adding weak base to a strong acid will diluted it -adding a strong base to a strong acid may cause a chemical reaction

Air reactivity

-white phosphorous spontaneously reacts with air -smoke from phosphorus is toxic and irritating

Initial entry (test)

4 types of air monitoring you have to do: Oxygen Explosive vapors Toxic vapors Radiation -does not matter what you know, these are required upon initial entry. (Test question).

Action Guide: CombustibleGas

<10% no special action >10%, action required

Action Guide: Oxygen

<19.5%, must he on supplied air >23.5%, must leave site, oxygen rich

Alkali metals are

are water reactive.

LC50 (test)

the dose (inhalationl) of a substance is expected to cause the death of 50% of a defined experimental animal population

Materialized utilities in meth production:

Acetone Colorless gas or liquid Coleman fuel Ethyl alcohol Ethyl ether Starting fluid Hydrochloric acid (muratic acid) Hydrogen chloride Iodine Lithium Sulfuric acidic Sodium hydroxide Red devil lye Draino (has additives) Red phosphorous Methyl alcohol

Action Guide: Toxic Vapor

Action is dependent on hazardous substance present, however USEPA has established the following guidelines for PPE Background to 5 meter unit - level C 5 to 500 meters - level B > 500 meters - level A

Air monitoring: Limitations/precautions (same for CGIs) (test)

Air pressure (altitude - oxygen indication chart) Interfering gases Operating temperature relative response

radiation Monitoring

Alpha (helium nucleus, can travel a few inches from the source), a sheet of paper can provide shielding Beta (electrons, can travel several feet from source), aluminum foil or clothing will provide shielding. Gamma (high energy, short wavelength, can travel thousands of feet from source), requires several feet of concrete or lead for shielding.

how did pancake probe (geiger) differentiate between 3 types? (test)

Alpha: detects inches away from probe Beta: can detect particles a few feet from probe gamma: can detect particles if flipped over and facing away from source

Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH): (test)

An atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive, or asphyxiating substance that poses an Immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible health effects

Local: (test)

An effect at or near the site of contact

Action Guide: Radiation

Background to twice background - no action <1mR/hr - continue work, consult a health physicist >1mR/hr - continue only upon advice from a health physicist

Non Bulk containers:

Carboys Cylinders (compressed gas containers) Dewar (non pressurized, insulated for storing cryogenics) Type A radioactive: glass bottles, which may include shielding Type B radioactive: requires more shielding and packaging

Air monitoring, shelf life (test)

Chemical in cell will only last 18-24 months on shelf. Must be tested frequently to be sure they work. Chemical will react with oxygen constantly even if turned off

5 functions to know <<<test>>>

Command Operations Planning Logistics Fiance

LD50 (test)

the dose (oral) of a substance is expected to cause the death of 50% of a defined experimental animal population (can be a dermal dose)

Flame Ionization

Detect only organics <<<test>>> Sensitive to methane Relative response Hydrogen gas needed Electromagnetic radiation

Combustible gas indicators

Determine risk of fire/explosion, indication of contaminants In the presence of Combustible gas, a heated catalytic filament or bead, burns the gas, increasing the filaments temperature. An electrical resistance is created, causing imbalance in a wheat stone bridge circuit.

Systemic: (test)

Enters the bloodstream and attacks organs or internal area of the body

Factors that influence toxicity (test):

Environmental factors: Air pollution Work place Previous exposure: Smoking Diet Intraspecies variation Age Gender Genetics Health Route of entry The body reacts to similar doses of the same material Duration of frequency and exposure

Collection of real time data to aid in decisions concerning:

Hazards and risk to public and personnel PPE selection Site work zones Effects on environment Mitigative actions

Toxic atmosphere monitors are Used to determine:

Health risks to workers/public PPE Work zones/safety plans

Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) (test)

Is the maximum vapor to air concentration above, which a flame will not propagate. Also known as "too rich to burn."

Issues with photo ionization (test)

Issues: Lamp energy/chemical IP, Dust (can cover lamp), humidity (water ionizes at 12.6 so humidity over 90% it will not work), high methane (high IP), electromagnetic radiation affects ability to operate.

Gallon Spill, Ph of 2: (test)

It's x10 gallons per gallon of liquid 2-3, 10 gallons 3-4, 100 gallons

How does a photo ionization detector work? (test)

Lamp must have enough energy, every chemical has an Ionization potential (IP only found in Niosh handbook) Measures in Electron Volts (EV) 3 energy levels, 9.0, 10.6, & 11.7 electron volts (higher energy = less life time, 10.6 = 5 years & 11.7 = 3 years) Methane requires 13 EV to see it, 10.6 lamp will not indicate methane as present.

The following information must be obtained prior to entry into a site:

Location and size of the site (where are you responding?) Description of response activity Duration of activity (2 hours vs 2 weeks vs w months, can change) Site topography and accessibility Safety and health hazards expected on site Required information Pathways for hazardous substance dispersion (where are they going?, wind direction?) Present status of emergency response teams (paid vs volunteer fire departments) Chemical and physical properties of hazardous substances expected at site PPE Air Monitoring Risk identification Employee notification

Meth

Made to treat narcolepsy, schizophrenia, and boost energy Drug dumps usually look like a pile of trash

Health and safety plan

Maintained by the eroded and made available to: Any employee or representative (lawyer, insurance), contractor, Osha personnel Federal, state, or local agencies with authority over the site

Threshold limit value: (test)

Maximum airborne concentration or a material to which an average healthy person may be exposed repeatedly for 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week, without suffering adverse effects -best management practice that you should be following, not regulated -can still be held accountable for not following it

Permissible exposure limit: (test)

Maximum time weighted concentration at which 95% of exposed, healthy adults suffer no adverse effects over a 40 hour work week

LEL Meter example: (test)

Methane has explosive range of 5%-15% At 4%, no Explosion would occur 5% is the LEL, considered 100% of the lower Explosive limit 4% would be 80% of the LEL 18% methane won't cause an Explosion, too rich in methane, theoretically still dangerous to be in the room though.

Toxic atmosphere monitors Types

Monitors for specific agents (carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide) Total Vapor analyzers Gas chromatograph (pid, fid)

Potentiation:

On chemical is not toxic but it increases the toxicity of another compound

Health and safety Plan shall incorporate the following:

Organizational structure Comprehensive work plan activity specific safety and health plan and verify compliance Comprehensive health plan Activity specific health and safety plan Safety and health training plan Medical surveillance plan Emotes standard operation procedure Interface between general and specific plan

Air monitoring, Theory of operation (test)

Oxygen diffusion in detector cell Chemical reaction to establish current proportional to oxygen concentration

the four types of monitoring

Oxygen, explosive vapors, toxic vapors, radiation

Field instrument desired characteristics:

Portable and rugged Easy to operate Inherently safe Reliable and useful results (error factor?)

How can vapor density impact a response? (test):

Propane gas may be more dangerous and as they are less likely to disperse and concentrate in low lying areas frozen carbon dioxide and water will be heavier than air, can displace oxygen

Rails:

Rail accidents are exceptionally dangerous because of the high hazardous materials load. Pressure tank cars are top loaded, with protective housing enclosing fitting and man way. May be thermally protected, can carry flammable, non flammable, or poisonous gases.

Trucks/trucking:

Tanks have different heads (back/end of the tank), rounded are for tanks witch can be under pressure, flat do not. Different tanks are for different materials

Flashpoint (test)

The lowest temperature at which a combustible material will produce an ignitable vapor.

Toxicology (test)

The study of chemical or physical agents that produce adverse responses in the biological systems in which they interact.

Hazard identification (TRACEMP) (test)

Thermal Radiation Asphyxiation Corrosive Etiological Mechanical Poisons

How does a Flame ionization detector work?

Turn machine on, pump pulls sample in (must be volatile enough), if it has carbon, burns in a hydrogen flame, and counts the carbon free radicals that are forked from combustion <<<test>>>

Oxygen indicators are used to determine:

Types of PPE Combustion risk Use of other instruments Presence of contaminates

Fixed site storage tanks:

Vertical tanks Dome roof tanks Floating roof tanks (prevents build up of dangerous vapors, some with internal floating roofs) Horizontal tanks Spherical tanks Cryogenic liquid tanks Underground storage tanks

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

all suspected conditions that may pose inhalation or skin absorption hazards that are immediately dangerous to life or health or other conditions that may cause death or serious harm shall be identified during the detailed survey. Examples include confined space, explosive or flammable conditions, visible vaporclouds or biological indicators such as dead animals or vegetation.

Dispositional:

alters absorption, metabolism, distribution or excretion. Some alcohols use the same metabolic enzymes, ethanol is metabolized quicker than methanol and given to counter methanol poisoning, causing excretion instead of metabolized to formaldehyde

How/why to Calibrate to ambient oxygen (Sea level vs Colorado): (test)

amount of oxygen doesn't change with altitude, barometric pressure changes, so molecules spread farther, less oxygen molecules per volume, will cause meter to read less oxygen - must be calibrated to ambient oxygen (20.5?)

If you go down to 19.5% Percent oxygen, you must (test) 23.5% Oxygen is an (test) Flame ionization will not Drop in oxygen could indicate

be on supplied air (test) enriched atmosphere, fire warning (test) work without oxygen that contaminates have displaced oxygen in the area

Carbon atoms can link in

chains through covalent bondings, Shorter chains are in a gaseous state, while longer are liquid.

Synergists:

chemicals combined cause a greater effect than the whole (1+1=4) -Logarithmic effect on toxicity

Antagonists:

chemicals that when combined lessen the toxic effect

Dose (test)

concentrate or amount of material to which body is exposed

Exposure (test)

contact with substances through direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption

Halogens are

corrosive in high concentrations.

Explosive meters (explosimeters)

do not tell concentration of sample in room, reads lower Explosive limits (lel)

Command systems are important to

establish control, use resources, and minimize risk.

Alkali earth metals are

flammable and explosive as dust in air.

Exposure + toxicity =

health hazards **If you are not exposed, there is no health hazard **things can be toxic at a high enough dose

Incident commander has to be the

most qualified person on scene. Initial responder establishes incident commander, command will change as more qualified individuals show up.

Weight of molecules is influenced by

number of carbon atoms (as well as boiling point, Melting point, and flash point increase with longer chains)

Receptor:

one chemical binds the same receptor that the toxic compound does thus reducing the toxic effects

Atoms share electrons in their Two or more elements form

outer shell and create chemical reactions a compound

photo Ionization (test)

photo Ionization Uses ultraviolet light to ionize sample Counts ions Same chemical comes through the other end

Functional:

produces opposite effect on the same function

Law states that you have to

use an incident command system For reimbursement (FEMA money) of a national disaster you must be incident command trained (even if you're private sector).

Chronic (test)

usually, multiple exposures over long period of time, low concentration

Acute (test)

usually, single dose immediate exposure at high concentration

Gamma particles (test)

very dangerous, can permeate through thin portion of pipes, especially if due to corrosion. Years of wear can break down the pipe (of a specific size), even if 1/16th of an inch is eroded off, will leak radiation.

Beta particles (test)

won't go through your clothes, detectable from a few feet from the source

Alpha particles (test)

won't go through your skin, detectable from a few inches from the source

Know the regulations (what regulation does this come from, what drives this class) (test)

→ 29 CFR drives this course (need to know for question)