Saunders Respiratory Medication Questions

16. The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of influenza who first began to experience symptoms yesterday. Antiviral therapy is prescribed and the nurse provides instructions to the client about the therapy. Which statement by the client indicates an understanding of the instructions? 1. "I must take the medication exactly as prescribed." 2. "Once I start the medication, I will no longer be contagious." 3. "I will not get any colds or infections while taking this medication." 4. "This medication has minimal side effects and I can return to normal activities."

Correct answer: 1 Rationale: Antiviral medications for influenza must be taken exactly as prescribed. These medications do not prevent the spread of influenza and clients are usually contagious for up to 2 days after the initiation of antiviral medications. Secondary bacterial infections may occur despite antiviral treatment. Side effects occur with these medications and may necessitate a change in activities, especially when driving or operating machinery if dizziness occurs.

58. The health care provider (HCP) has prescribed codeine sulfate for a client with a nonproductive cough to suppress the cough reflex. The nurse should teach the client to monitor for which side effect of the medication? 1. Constipation 2. Painful coughing 3. Increased urination 4. Difficulty swallowing

Correct answer: 1 Rationale: Codeine sulfate is an opioid analgesic, and a frequent side effect is constipation. Additional side effects include drowsiness, nausea, and vomiting. Urinary retention is also a concern, and urine output should be monitored. Painful coughing and difficulty swallowing are unrelated to the administration of this medication.

30. A client has begun using a methylxanthine bronchodilator. What beverage should the nurse plan to teach the client to avoid while taking this medication? 1. Coffee 2. Orange juice 3. Mineral water 4. Cranberry juice

Correct answer: 1 Rationale: Cola, coffee, and chocolate contain methylxanthine and should be avoided by the client taking a methylxanthine bronchodilator. The additional methylxanthine could lead to increased incidence of cardiovascular and central nervous system side effects. Orange juice, mineral water, and cranberry juice are fluids that are allowed.

3. The nurse teaches a client about the effects of diphenhydramine, which has been prescribed as a cough suppressant. The nurse determines that the client needs further instruction if the client makes which statement? 1. "I will take the medication on an empty stomach." 2. "I won't drink alcohol while taking this medication." 3. "I won't do activities that require mental alertness while taking this medication." 4. "I will use sugarless gum, candy, or oral rinses to decrease dryness in my mouth."

Correct answer: 1 Rationale: Diphenhydramine has several uses, including as an antihistamine, antitussive, antidyskinetic, and sedative-hypnotic. Instructions for use include taking with food or milk to decrease gastrointestinal upset and using oral rinses, sugarless gum, or hard candy to minimize dry mouth. Because the medication causes drowsiness, the client should avoid use of alcohol or central nervous system depressants, operating a car, or engaging in other activities requiring mental awareness during use.

46. When evaluating an asthmatic client's knowledge of self-care, the nurse recognizes that additional instruction is needed when the client makes which statement? 1. "I use my corticosteroid inhaler each time I feel short of breath." 2. "I see my doctor if I have an upper respiratory infection and always get a flu shot." 3. "I use my bronchodilator inhaler before walking so I don't become short of breath." 4. "I use my bronchodilator inhaler before I visit places like the zoo because of my allergies."

Correct answer: 1 Rationale: Most asthma medications are administered via inhalation because of their fast action via this route. Inhaled corticosteroids are preferred for long-term control of persistent asthma. They decrease inflammation and reduce bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Bronchodilator medications are considered "rescue" types because their onset is faster. Clients would use this type of medication to provide rapid relief of symptoms such as bronchospasm, which can be caused by a variety of triggers. Clients need to be evaluated for understanding of their disease, identifying triggers, and the proper use of equipment and medications.

34. A client with a prescription to take theophylline daily has been given medication instructions by the nurse. What statement by the client indicates the need for further education regarding the prescription? 1. "I will take the daily dose at bedtime." 2. "I need to drink at least 2 liters of fluid per day." 3. "I know to avoid changing brands of the medication without my health care provider's approval." 4. "I'll avoid over-the-counter cough and cold medications unless approved by my health care provider."

Correct answer: 1 Rationale: The client taking a single daily dose of theophylline, a xanthine bronchodilator, should take the medication early in the morning. This enables the client to have maximal benefit from the medication during daytime activities. In addition, this medication causes insomnia. The client should take in at least 2 L of fluid per day to decrease viscosity of secretions. The client should check with the health care provider (HCP) before changing brands of the medication because levels of bioavailability may vary for different preparations. The client also should check with the HCP before taking over-the-counter cough, cold, or other respiratory preparations because they could have interactive effects, increasing the side and adverse effects of theophylline and causing dysrhythmias.

27. The nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who is receiving theophylline. The nurse monitors the serum theophylline level and concludes that the medication dosage may need to be increased if which value is noted? 1. 5 mg/mL (20 mcmol/L) 2. 10 mg/mL (40 mcmol/L) 3. 15 mg/mL (60 mcmol/L) 4. 20 mg/mL (79 mcmol/L)

Correct answer: 1 Rationale: Theophylline is a bronchodilator. The nurse monitors the theophylline blood serum level daily when a client is on this medication to ensure that a therapeutic range is present and monitor for the potential for toxicity. The therapeutic serum level range is 10 to 20 mg/mL (40 to 79 mcmol/L). If the laboratory result indicated a level of 5 mg/mL (20 mcmol/L), the dosage of the medication would need to be increased.

14. A client has begun therapy with theophylline. The nurse should plan to teach the client to limit the intake of which items while taking this medication? 1. Coffee, cola, and chocolate 2. Oysters, lobster, and shrimp 3. Melons, oranges, and pineapple 4. Cottage cheese, cream cheese, and dairy creamers

Correct answer: 1 Rationale: Theophylline is a methylxanthine bronchodilator. The nurse teaches the client to limit the intake of xanthine-containing foods while taking this medication. These foods include coffee, cola, and chocolate.

41. A client receiving oral theophylline is due to have a theophylline level drawn. The nurse should question the client to ensure that the client has not ingested which substance before the blood sample is drawn? 1. Coffee 2. Oatmeal 3. Ginger ale 4. Bagel with cream cheese

Correct answer: 1 Rationale: Theophylline is a xanthine bronchodilator. Before a serum level of the medication is drawn, the client should avoid taking foods or beverages that contain xanthine, such as colas, coffee, or chocolate; therefore, the client is told to avoid coffee before the test. The items in the other options do not need to be avoided before this test.

50. The nurse should monitor the client receiving the first dose of albuterol for which side or adverse effect of this medication? 1. Drowsiness 2. Tachycardia 3. Hyperkalemia 4. Hyperglycemia

Correct answer: 2 Rationale: Albuterol is a bronchodilator. Side and adverse effects include tachycardia, hypertension, chest pain, dysrhythmias, nervousness, restlessness, and headache. The nurse monitors for these effects during therapy. The items in the other options are not side and adverse effects of this medication.

57. The nurse is teaching a client about the effects of diphenhydramine, an ingredient in the cough suppressant prescribed for the client. The nurse should plan to tell the client to take which measure while taking this medication? 1. Take it on an empty stomach. 2. Avoid activities requiring mental alertness. 3. Use alcohol for additional effect in reducing cough. 4. Avoid chewing sugarless gum or using oral rinses mouth.

Correct answer: 2 Rationale: Diphenhydramine has several uses, including antihistamine, antitussive, antidyskinetic, and sedative-hypnotic. Because the medication causes drowsiness, the client should avoid use of alcohol or central nervous system depressants, operating a car, or engaging in other activities that require mental acuity. It should be taken with food or milk to decrease gastrointestinal upset, and oral rinses, sugarless gum, or hard candy may be used to minimize dry mouth.

38. A client has a prescription to take guaifenesin. The nurse should conclude that the client understands the most effective use of this medication if the client states that they need to take which action? 1. Watch for irritability as a side effect. 2. Take the tablet with a full glass of water. 3. Take an extra dose if the cough is accompanied by fever. 4. Crush the sustained-release tablet if immediate relief is needed.

Correct answer: 2 Rationale: Guaifenesin is an expectorant and should be taken with a full glass of water to decrease the viscosity of secretions. The medication occasionally may cause dizziness, headache, or drowsiness as side effects. The client should contact the health care provider if the cough lasts longer than 1 week or is accompanied by fever, rash, sore throat, or persistent headache. Sustained-release preparations should not be broken open, crushed, or chewed.

12. The nurse has a prescription to give a client salmeterol, 2 puffs, and beclomethasone dipropionate, 2 puffs, by metered-dose inhaler. The nurse should administer the medication using which procedure? 1. Beclomethasone first and then the salmeterol 2. Salmeterol first and then the beclomethasone 3. Alternating a single puff of each, beginning with the salmeterol 4. Alternating a single puff of each, beginning with the beclomethasone

Correct answer: 2 Rationale: Salmeterol is an adrenergic type of bronchodilator and beclomethasone dipropionate is a glucocorticoid. Bronchodilators are always administered before glucocorticoids when both are to be given on the same time schedule. This allows for widening of the air passages by the bronchodilator, which then makes the glucocorticoid more effective.

36. Cromolyn sodium is prescribed for the client with allergic asthma. What goal does the nurse expect to achieve by administration of this medication? 1. Dilation of the bronchi 2. Increase in the number of eosinophils 3. Promotion of the migration of eosinophils into the inflammatory site 4. Inhibition of the release of mediators from mast cells after exposure to an antigen

Correct answer: 4 Rationale: Cromolyn sodium is an antiasthmatic, antiallergic, and mast cell stabilizer that inhibits the release of mediators from mast cells after exposure to an antigen. It can also interrupt the migration of eosinophils into the inflammatory site and decrease the number of eosinophils. These actions decrease airway hyperresponsiveness in some clients with asthma. It has no bronchodilating action.

44. The client questions the nurse as to why the health care provider switched the usual prescription from a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) to a dry powder inhaler (DPI). The nurse should respond correctly by providing which facts? Select all that apply. 1. Dry powder inhalers have fewer side effects. 2. Dry powder inhalers pose no environmental risks. 3. Dry powder inhalers can be administered more frequently. 4. Dry powder inhalers deliver more medication to the lungs. 5. Dry powder inhalers require less hand-to-lung coordination.

Correct answer: 2, 4, 5 Rationale: DPIs are used to deliver medications in the form of a dry, micronized powder directly to the lungs. DPIs do not require the hand-to-lung coordination needed with MDIs; thus, DPIs are much easier to use. Compared with MDIs, DPIs deliver more medication to the lungs (20% of the total released versus 10%) and less to the oropharynx. Because DPIs do not require propellant, they are not a risk to the environment. Both types of inhalers have side effects. Frequency of use is prescribed by the health care provider.

59. A client has begun therapy with a xanthine bronchodilator. The nurse determines that the client understands dietary alterations if the client states to limit which items while taking this medication? Select all that apply. 1. Milk 2. Coffee 3. Oysters 4. Oranges 5. Pineapple 6. Chocolate

Correct answer: 2, 6 Rationale: The nurse teaches the client to limit the intake of xanthine-containing foods while taking a xanthine bronchodilator. These include coffee and chocolate. The other food items are acceptable to consume.

31. A client taking albuterol by inhalation cannot cough up secretions. What should the nurse suggest that the client do to assist in expectoration of secretions? 1. Get more exercise each day. 2. Use a dehumidifier in the home. 3. Drink increased amounts of fluids every day. 4. Take an extra dose of albuterol before bedtime.

Correct answer: 3 Rationale: A client should drink increased fluids (2000 to 3000 mL/day) to decrease viscosity and increase expectoration of secretions. This is standard advice for clients receiving any of the adrenergic bronchodilators, unless the client has another health problem that contraindicates an increased fluid intake. Additional exercise will not effectively clear bronchial secretions. A dehumidifier will dry secretions, making the situation worse. The client should not take additional medication.

39. The nurse is preparing to administer albuterol to a client. Which parameters should the nurse assess before and during therapy? 1. Nausea and vomiting 2. Headache and level of consciousness 3. Lung sounds and presence of dyspnea 4. Urine output and blood urea nitrogen level

Correct answer: 3 Rationale: Albuterol is an adrenergic bronchodilator. The nurse assesses respiratory pattern, lung sounds, pulse, and blood pressure before and during therapy. The nurse also notes the color, character, and amount of sputum.

56. The health care provider prescribes cromolyn for the client with asthma. The nurse identifies that the client correctly understands the purpose of this medication when the client states that the medication will produce which effect? 1. Promote bronchodilation 2. Decrease the risk of infection 3. Suppress an allergic response 4. Eliminate the need for a rescue inhaler

Correct answer: 3 Rationale: Cromolyn is a first-line therapy for prophylactic treatment of asthma; it is a mast cell stabilizer, antiasthmatic, and antiallergic. The medication acts in part by stabilizing the cytoplasmic membrane of mast cells, thereby preventing release of histamine and other mediators. It is not a bronchodilator. It does not decrease the risk of infection. It does not eliminate the need for the rescue inhaler.

1. A client has a prescription to take guaifenesin. The nurse determines that the client understands the proper administration of this medication if the client states that he or she will perform which action? 1. Take an extra dose if fever develops. 2. Take the medication with meals only. 3. Take the tablet with a full glass of water. 4. Decrease the amount of daily fluid intake.

Correct answer: 3 Rationale: Guaifenesin is an expectorant and should be taken with a full glass of water to decrease the viscosity of secretions. Extra doses should not be taken. The client should contact the health care provider if the cough lasts longer than 1 week or is accompanied by fever, rash, sore throat, or persistent headache. Fluids are needed to decrease the viscosity of secretions. The medication does not have to be taken with meals.

2. The nurse is preparing to administer a dose of naloxone intravenously to a client with an opioid overdose. Which supportive medical equipment should the nurse plan to have at the client's bedside if needed? 1. Nasogastric tube 2. Paracentesis tray 3. Resuscitation equipment 4. Central line insertion tray

Correct answer: 3 Rationale: The nurse administering Naloxone {Narcan = antidote of Narcotic drugs} for suspected opioid overdose should have resuscitation equipment readily available to support naloxone therapy if it is needed. Other adjuncts that may be needed include oxygen, a mechanical ventilator, and vasopressors.

6. Zafirlukast is prescribed for a client with bronchial asthma. Which laboratory test does the nurse expect to be prescribed before the administration of this medication? 1. Platelet count 2. Neutrophil count 3. Liver function tests 4. Complete blood count

Correct answer: 3 Rationale: Zafirlukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used in the prophylaxis and long-term treatment of bronchial asthma {Leukotriene cause bronchoconstriction; leukotriene modifiers/antagonists cause bronchodilation}. Zafirlukast is used with caution in clients with impaired hepatic function. Liver function laboratory tests should be performed to obtain a baseline, and the levels should be monitored during administration of the medication. It is not necessary to perform the other laboratory tests before administration of the medication.

55. A client is scheduled to receive acetylcysteine 20% solution diluted in 0.9% normal saline by nebulizer. Which outcome would the nurse expect as a result of the administration of this medication? 1. Bronchodilation 2. Decreased coughing 3. Absence of wheezing 4. Thinning of respiratory secretions

Correct answer: 4 Rationale: Acetylcysteine is administered to thin bronchial secretions and is considered a mucolytic. The remaining options are the outcomes of respiratory medication therapy, but not of acetylcysteine.

4. A cromolyn sodium inhaler is prescribed for a client with allergic asthma. The nurse provides instructions regarding the adverse effects of this medication and should tell the client that which undesirable effect is associated with this medication? 1. Insomnia 2. Constipation 3. Hypotension 4. Bronchospasm

Correct answer: 4 Rationale: Cromolyn sodium is an inhaled nonsteroidal antiallergy agent and a mast cell stabilizer. Undesirable effects associated with inhalation therapy of cromolyn sodium are bronchospasm, cough, nasal congestion, throat irritation, and wheezing. Clients receiving this medication orally may experience pruritus, nausea, diarrhea, and myalgia.

17. A client who experiences allergic rhinitis asks the nurse about a nasal corticosteroid. How should the nurse reply? 1. "Clear the nasal passages after use." 2. "Take the medication only as needed." 3. "The medication should start to work immediately." 4. "The medication works locally and decreases inflammation."

Correct answer: 4 Rationale: Intranasal corticosteroids may be used to treat allergic rhinitis. The medication works locally and decreases inflammation. The client should be instructed to clear the nasal passages before use for best medication effectiveness. The client should take the medication regularly as prescribed in order for the effect to be achieved. The medication may take several days to achieve maximal effect because it works by decreasing inflammation.

15. The nurse has just administered the first dose of omalizumab to a client. Which statement by the client would alert the nurse that the client may be experiencing a life-threatening effect? 1. "I have a severe headache." 2. "My feet are quite swollen." 3. "I am nauseated and may vomit." 4. "My lips and tongue are swollen."

Correct answer: 4 Rationale: Omalizumab is an antiinflammatory used for long-term control of asthma. Anaphylactic reactions can occur with the administration of omalizumab. The nurse administering the medication should monitor for adverse reactions of the medication. Swelling of the lips and tongue are an indication of an anaphylaxis. The client statements in options 1, 2, and 3 are not indicative of an adverse reaction.

21. A client with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been on oral glucocorticoids and is currently being weaned to triamcinolone by inhalation. The nurse determines that the client understands the potential adverse effects to watch for during this medication change when the client states the need to report which signs and symptoms? 1. Chills, fever, and generalized rash 2. Vomiting, diarrhea, and increased thirst 3. Blurred vision, headache, and insomnia 4. Anorexia, nausea, weakness, and fatigue

Correct answer: 4 Rationale: The client being changed from oral to inhalation glucocorticoids could experience signs of adrenal insufficiency. The nurse teaches the client to report anorexia, nausea, weakness, and fatigue. Other signs that can be detected and are objective include hypotension and hypoglycemia.

40. A home care nurse has observed a client self-administer a dose of an adrenergic bronchodilator via metered-dose inhaler. Within a short time, the client begins to wheeze loudly. The nurse understands that this is the result of which occurrence? 1. Insufficient dosage of the medication, which needs to be increased 2. Probable interaction of this medication with an over-the-counter cold remedy 3. Tolerance to the medication, indicating a need for a stronger type of bronchodilator 4. Paradoxical bronchospasm, which must be reported to the health care provider (HCP)

Correct answer: 4 Rationale: The client taking adrenergic bronchodilators may experience paradoxical bronchospasm, which is evidenced by the client's wheezing. This can occur with excessive use of inhalers. Further medication should be withheld and the HCP should be notified. The remaining options are incorrect interpretations.

53. A client taking theophylline has a serum theophylline level of 15 mcg/mL (60 mcmol/L). How does the nurse interpret this laboratory value? 1. Below therapeutic range 2. In excess of the therapeutic range 3. Near the top of the therapeutic range 4. In the middle of the therapeutic range

Correct answer: 4 Rationale: The normal therapeutic range for the theophylline level is 10 to 20 mcg/mL (40 to 79 mcmol/L). A level above 20 mcg/mL (79 mcmol/L) is considered toxic. The value of 15 mcg/mL places the client in the middle of the therapeutic range.

52. A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is being changed from an oral glucocorticoid to triamcinolone by inhalation. The client asks why this change is necessary. Which statement by the nurse to the client is accurate? 1. "Inhaled glucocorticoids cure the condition." 2. "Inhaled glucocorticoids treat this condition more effectively." 3. "Inhaled glucocorticoids decrease the symptoms more quickly." 4. "Inhaled glucocorticoids are preferred because of decreased adverse effects."

Correct answer: 4 Rationale: Triamcinolone is an adrenocorticosteroid. Inhaled glucocorticoids are preferable for long-term management because there is a decreased incidence of adverse effects since the medication is not absorbed systemically. COPD is a progressive condition and cannot be cured. Options 2 and 3 are incorrect.

45. Which statement made by a client taking Montelukast indicates the need for further teaching? 1. "I will need to have my liver function checked." 2. "I can take the medication with food or without." 3. "I may be able to decrease the use of my metered-dose inhaler." 4. "I will take the medication when I first notice I am having trouble breathing."

Correct answer: 4 Rationale: cannot be used for quick relief of an asthma attack because effects of the medication develop too slowly. For prophylaxis and maintenance therapy of asthma, maximal effects develop within 24 hours of the first dose and are maintained with once-daily dosing in the evening. The remaining options are correct statements.