sb 11
Which specific ions are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Multiple choice question. I- and Fe2+ HCO3- and Ca2+ Ca2+ and PO43- Na+ and K+
Ca2+ and PO43-
What causes an increase of growth hormone secretion? Multiple choice question. Nervous system stimulation Increased blood amino acid levels Increase blood calcium levels GH release-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Increased blood amino acid levels
Thyroxine (T4)
Increases rate of energy release from carbohydrates; increases rate of protein synthesis; accelerates growth; stimulates activity in nervous system
The hormone that causes contraction of muscles in the uterine wall during childbirth and also ejection of milk from secreting glands in lactating breasts is
Oxytocin
Adrenal androgens
Supplement sex hormones from the gonads; may be converted to estrogens in females.
Select the three main mechanisms of control of hormone secretion. Multiple select question. Glands are stimulated every two hours to release their hormones. The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland's release of hormones that stimulate other glands. Some glands respond directly to changes in the internal environment. The nervous system directly stimulates glands like the adrenal medulla.
The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland's release of hormones that stimulate other glands. Some glands respond directly to changes in the internal environment. The nervous system directly stimulates glands like the adrenal medulla.
What hormone affects the production and differentiation of T lymphocytes and, thus, plays an important role in immunity? Multiple choice question. Cortisol Aldosterone Thyroxine Thymosin
Thymosin
The adrenal glands are embedded within the _______ surrounding the kidneys. Multiple choice question. epithelial tissue dense connective tissue adipose tissue muscle tissue
adipose tissue
Kari has been experiencing tremendous stress at work lately. It is likely that she will have elevated levels of hormones from her ____ glands in her bloodstream.
adrenal
Which of the following hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex: Multiple select question. aldosterone epinephrine sex hormones insulin cortisol
aldosterone sex hormones cortisol
The pineal gland is located ______. Multiple choice question. posterior to the stomach and behind the parietal peritoneum, connected to the small intestine through a duct just inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea at the base of the brain connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk (infundibulum) between the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the upper portion of the thalamus and near the roof of the third ventricle
between the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the upper portion of the thalamus and near the roof of the third ventricle
What hormone from the thyroid is not referred to as "thyroid hormone" because it is synthesized by extrafollicular cells and not follicle cells? Multiple choice question. calcitonin thyroxine insulin triiodothyronine
calcitonin
What hormone helps control glucose levels by stimulating the use of noncarbohydrate sources to synthesize glucose and increasing the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source? Multiple choice question. Aldosterone Cortisol Thyroxine Insulin
cortisol
________ is a glucocorticoid secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, which affects glucose, protein and fat metabolism.
cortisol
Insulin and glucagon function in coordination to maintain a relatively stable blood _____ concentration.
glucose
The ______ secretes a hormone called atrial natriuretic peptide, a hormone that stimulates urinary sodium excretion. Multiple choice question. kidney heart pancreas liver
heart
The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk known as the _____. Multiple choice question. hypophyseal stalk infundibulum insula
infundibulum
Aldosterone release is dependent in part by the ability of the (name the organ) to sense when blood pressure goes down
kidney
The brain contains __________, which can sense changes in water concentration and stimulate the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. Multiple choice question. osmoreceptors glucose receptors tactile receptors baroreceptors
osmoreceptors
Kailey and Karly are dissecting a cadaver and just posterior to the stomach they find a somewhat flattened organ lying partly behind the parietal peritoneum. What organ are they viewing? Multiple choice question. pancreas spleen small intestine gallbladder
pancreas
LH
stimulation of sex hormones
The hormones of the adrenal medulla function with the sympathetic nervous system as a response to _______. Multiple choice question. stress electrolyte imbalance infection
stress
The _____ gland is located anterior and lateral to the trachea in the neck.
thyroid
The parathyroid glands are usually four small yellowish-brown glands located on the posterior surface of the ____ gland.
thyroid
is an autoimmune disorder that affects pancreatic beta cells halting insulin secretion. It usually appears before age twenty. The treatment requires insulin injections and a restrictive diet. Multiple choice question. Type 2 diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus
type 1 dm
Treatment for this type of diabetes mellitus (DM) includes following a low carbohydrate-high protein diet, exercise, and maintaining desirable body weight. Multiple choice question. Type 1 DM Type 2 DM
type 2 dm
What is the effect of aldosterone? Multiple select question. Conservation of sodium ions by the kidney Maintenance of blood pressure Increase blood glucose levels Excretion of sodium ions by the kidneys Excretion of water by the kidneys Stimulates water retention by the kidneys
Conservation of sodium ions by the kidney Maintenance of blood pressure Stimulates water retention by the kidneys
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Controls secretion of various hormones from adrenal cortex.
Cortisol
Corticotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary.
What hormone helps control glucose levels by stimulating the use of noncarbohydrate sources to synthesize glucose and increasing the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source? Multiple choice question. Aldosterone Cortisol Insulin Thyroxine
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Electrolyte concentrations in body fluids.
What are common signs of diabetes mellitus? Multiple select question. Glycosuria (glucose in urine) Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) Increase in bone growth Dehydration Polydipsia (extreme thirst)
Glycosuria (glucose in urine) Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) Dehydration Polydipsia (extreme thirst)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
In females stimulates development of egg-containing follicles in ovaries, stimulates estrogen production; in males stimulates development of sperm cells.
What are functions of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)? Multiple select question. Regulates water and electrolyte balance Increases the rate of energy release from carbohydrates Lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels Regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Increases the rate of energy release from carbohydrates Regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
adrenal cortex
Makes up the bulk of the adrenal gland, cells organized in three layers: outer (glomerulosa), middle (fasciculata), and inner (reticularis).
Which mechanism is triggered when blood glucose is high? Multiple select question. Hormone stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose Pancreatic alpha cells secrete glucagon Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin Hormone promotes movement of glucose into certain cells
Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin Hormone promotes movement of glucose into certain cells
hypo
below
Aldosterone and testosterone, two steroid hormones, are insoluble in water, which means they are carried in the bloodstream _______. Multiple choice question. bound to a plasma protein dissolved in the plasma
bound to a plasma protein
A CT scan of which specific part of the body would allow physicians to observe the pineal gland? Multiple choice question. brain abdominal cavity thoracic cavity pelvic cavity
brain
The hormone produced by the extrafollicular cells of the thyroid gland is _______. Multiple choice question. calcitonin thyroxine triiodothyronine
calcitonin
The role of calcitonin is to ____ blood calcium concentration and the role of PTH is to ____ blood calcium concentration. Multiple choice question. increase; decrease decrease; decrease increase; increase decrease; increase
decrease; increase
Aldosterone is released due to ____ sodium ion concentration or a(n) ____ in blood pressure. Multiple choice question. increased; increase increased; decrease decreased; decrease decreased; increase
decreased; decrease
When light levels increase, melatonin production _______. Multiple choice question. decreases increases is not changed
decreases
What disorder affects the eyes, heart, kidneys, and peripheral nerves as a result of inability to regulate blood glucose levels? Multiple choice question. Addison's disease diabetes mellitus acromegaly Cushing syndrome
diabetes mellitus
tropic
influencing
The effect of PTH on bone is to _____ osteoblast activity and _____ activity of osteoclast in order to ____ calcium and phosphate ions in the blood. Multiple choice question. inhibit; stimulate; increase stimulate; inhibit; decrease inhibit; stimulate; decrease stimulate; inhibit; increase
inhibit; stimulate; increase
Growth hormone ______. Multiple select question. is released by the anterior pituitary stimulates cell division increases cellular use of fats decreases synthesis of proteins
is released by the anterior pituitary stimulates cell division increases cellular use of fats
The pineal gland secretes ______ in response to light conditions outside the body. Multiple choice question. melanin luteinizing hormone melatonin
melatonin
Which specific type of bone cell is stimulated by PTH? Multiple choice question. osteoblast osteoclast
osteoclast
A locally-acting hormone stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth. What general type of hormone is this? Multiple choice question. prostaglandin corticotropic
prostaglandin
A _____ messenger is a biochemical (i.e. cAMP) generated in response to the binding of a hormone to a cell-surface receptor. Its role is to induce changes by activating other enzymes.
second
exocrine glands
secrete digestive juices
endocrine gland
secretes hormones
Growth Hormone (GH)
stimulates cell division in most cells
Prolactin (PRL)
stimulates milk production
The thyroid hormone thyroxine requires ______ iodine atoms for its synthesis, whereas triiodothyronine requires _______ iodine atoms. Multiple choice question. 4; 3 4; 4 3; 4 2; 6
4,3
hyper
above
The pancreatic duct merges with the _____ _____ duct, and then empties into the small intestine.
common bile
The adrenal glands are located atop each
kidney
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
Which of the following statements are true about antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? Multiple select question. ADH reduces the volume of water the kidneys excrete. Osmoreceptors, sensing an increase in osmotic pressure, signal the posterior pituitary to release ADH. Drinking too much water causes an increase in ADH release.
ADH reduces the volume of water the kidneys excrete. Osmoreceptors, sensing an increase in osmotic pressure, signal the posterior pituitary to release ADH.
Which hormones are associated with the posterior pituitary gland? Multiple select question. Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin Prolactin Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin
The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of ______. Multiple choice question. follicular cells surrounding colloid groups of modified preganglionic cells layers of cells called glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis groups of cells called pancreatic islets
groups of cells called pancreatic islets
Which of the following are effects of prostaglandins? Multiple select question. have powerful effects on male and female reproductive physiology regulate blood pressure relax smooth muscles in the airways of the lungs and in blood vessels activate replication of DNA regulate calcium storage in the bones influence kidney Na+ movement
have powerful effects on male and female reproductive physiology regulate blood pressure relax smooth muscles in the airways of the lungs and in blood vessels influence kidney Na+ movement
A hormonal mechanism involves the formation of a second messenger. Where would you expect to find these chemicals? Multiple choice question. inside the target cell bound to a cell membrane receptor
inside the target cell
activates facilitated diffusion of glucose through cell membranes and stimulates conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver, thus it decreases concentration of blood glucose. Multiple choice question. Somatostatin Insulin Cortisol Glucagon
insulin
When the days get shorter or longer it effects the production of the hormone _____ by the _______-gland.
melatonin, pineal
Which of the following best describes a disease resulting from a deficiency of insulin or inability of cells to recognize insulin? Multiple choice question. Diabetes mellitus Addison disease Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
______ and ______ are adrenal medulla hormones that increase the body's ability to "fight" or "flee" from danger. Multiple choice question. Calcitonin; parathyroid hormone Oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone Epinephrine; norepinephrine
Epinephrine; norepinephrine
What is the correct order of activation in a second messenger system using cAMP? Multiple choice question. Protein kinase; cAMP; adenylate cyclase; G protein cAMP; protein kinase; G protein; adenylate cyclase G protein; adenylate cyclase; cAMP; protein kinase Adenylate cyclase; G protein; protein kinase; cAMP
G protein; adenylate cyclase; cAMP; protein kinase
Nutritional state, such as unusually low blood glucose levels can stimulate the secretion of what hormone? Multiple choice question. Growth hormone Prolactin ADH Parathyroid hormone
Growth hormone
Which of the following are characteristics of the pituitary gland? Multiple select question. It has an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe It is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum it is the largest gland of the endocrine system
It has an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe It is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
Which statement(s) is/are true about the posterior pituitary gland? Multiple select question. It synthesizes hormones within its cell structure It releases hormones into the bloodstream It is composed of glandular tissue It is composed of nervous tissue
It releases hormones into the bloodstream It is composed of nervous tissue
What are the general functions of the adrenal hormones? Multiple select question. Respond to stress Control blood calcium levels Regulate metabolism Maintain blood sodium levels
Respond to stress Maintain blood sodium levels
The endocrine system is unique in that the organs belonging to this system _____. Multiple choice question. are not anatomically near each other are all within the brain
are not anatomically near each other
Which of the following are characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM)? Multiple select question. typically diagnosed in young children who develop an autoimmune disease beta cells produce insulin but body cells lose the ability to recognize it most common type of DM complications include coronary artery disease, nerve damage, and retinal damage
beta cells produce insulin but body cells lose the ability to recognize it most common type of DM complications include coronary artery disease, nerve damage, and retinal damage
The secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is regulated by the concentration of ______ in the blood. Multiple choice question. glucose potassium sodium calcium
calcium
adrenal medulla
Central portion, formed by modified postganglionic neurons, intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
cortisol
Decreases protein synthesis, increases fatty acid release, and stimulates glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrates
Describe the location of the pancreas. Multiple select question. It is connected to the duodenum (first portion of the intestine) through a duct. It sits superior to the adrenal glands. It is an elongated organ. It lies within the abdominal cavity anterior to the stomach
It is connected to the duodenum (first portion of the intestine) through a duct. It is an elongated organ
What are the functions of cortisol (hydrocortisone)? Multiple select question. It promotes protein synthesis in tissues, decreasing the blood concentration of amino acids. It releases fatty acids to be used as an energy source. It stimulates glucose formation from noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, increasing the blood glucose concentration. It lowers blood glucose between meals.
It releases fatty acids to be used as an energy source. It stimulates glucose formation from noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, increasing the blood glucose concentration.
What is an example of a gland that secretes hormones in response to concentration of substances in the internal environment? Multiple choice question. Thyroid gland secretion of thyroid hormone Adrenal medulla secretion of norepinephrine Anterior pituitary secretion of FSH Pancreas secretion of insulin
Pancreas secretion of insulin
What organs are components of the endocrine system because they produce hormones? Multiple select question. Gall bladder and appendix Pineal gland Certain cells of the digestive tract, heart and kidneys Reproductive organs Thymus
Pineal gland Certain cells of the digestive tract, heart and kidneys Reproductive organs Thymus
Following childbirth, which of the following anterior pituitary hormones would you expect a new mom to be producing in high amounts in order to sustain the nourishment needs of the newborn? Multiple choice question. Thyroid-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Prolactin
Prolactin
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Promotes secretion of sex hormones; plays role in releasing egg from ovary in females.
What is an effect of melatonin? Multiple choice question. Regulates circadian rhythms Regulates blood glucose levels Increases pigmentation in the skin Stimulates production of white blood cells
Regulates circadian rhythms
Triiodothyronine
Same as another hormone, but five times more potent than the other thyroid hormone.
What are some effects of glucagon? Multiple select question. Stimulates the conversion of noncarbohydrates (e.g. amino acids) into glucose Lowers blood glucose levels Raises blood glucose levels Stimulates the liver to store glucose as glycogen Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen
Stimulates the conversion of noncarbohydrates (e.g. amino acids) into glucose Raises blood glucose levels Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen
How do the effects of hormones from the adrenal medulla compare with the effects of the nervous system stimulation of organs during the stress response? Multiple choice question. The nervous system effects last much longer than the effects of the hormones released from the adrenal medulla. The hormonal effects of the adrenal medulla hormones last up to ten times longer than the nervous system.
The hormonal effects of the adrenal medulla hormones last up to ten times longer than the nervous system.
The adrenal medulla hormones include epinephrine, also called _____, and norepinephrine, also called ______. Multiple choice question. adrenaline and noradrenaline noradrenaline and adrenaline tetraiodothyronine and triiodothyronine aldosterone and cortisol glucagon and insulin
adrenaline and noradrenaline
Glucagon is released by _______. Multiple choice question. beta cells of the pancreas alpha cells of the pancreas
alpha cells of the pancreas
The supplemental sex hormones produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex are described as adrenal ________ because they are male type hormones
androgens
Aldosterone, cortisol and certain sex hormones (androgens) are secreted from the adrenal ______ layer of the adrenal glands
cortex
Cortisol secretion is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism involving secretion of ____ by the hypothalamus and ____ from the anterior pituitary gland. Multiple choice question. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH); adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH);
The __________ portion of the pancreas consists of "islands of cells", which include hormone secreting cells called alpha cells and beta cells. Multiple choice question. exocrine endocrine
endocrine
The kidneys secrete a hormone called ______ which stimulates red blood cell growth in the bone marrow. Multiple choice question. aldosterone erythropoietin renin
erythropoietin
_____ glands secrete substances (like sweat) outside the internal environment. _______ glands release their secretions (like hormones) into the bloodstream.
exocrine endocrine
The pancreas works as an ______ gland that secretes digestive juices into the pancreatic duct and as an ______ gland that releases hormones into blood. Multiple choice question. endocrine; exocrine exocrine; endocrine
exocrine; endocrine
The pancreatic hormone that stimulates an increase in blood glucose levels is .
glucagon
Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the_____ reach the anterior pituitary through hypophyseal portal veins.
hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the _______. Nerve impulses cause their release from the ______ (where they are stored) into the bloodstream.
hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
Sara has a thyroid test, and results indicate she is low on thyroid hormone. What would be the appropriate term for this condition? Multiple choice question. hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism
hypothyroidism
Where is the thymus gland located? Multiple choice question. In the brain attached to the thalamus In the abdomen posterior the stomach In the mediastinum posterior to the sternum In the neck surrounding the trachea
in the mediastinum posterior to the sternum
As hormone levels ______ in the blood, negative feedback inhibits the system and hormone secretion decreases. As hormone levels ______, inhibition of the system ceases and secretion of that hormone increases again.
increase; decrease
Which of the following are effects of insulin? Multiple select question. increases blood glucose levels increases glucose uptake into the cell for cellular respiration stimulates conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver decreases the blood glucose levels stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver
increases glucose uptake into the cell for cellular respiration stimulates conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver decreases the blood glucose levels
Thymosins are hormones that support the development of _______. Multiple choice question. urinary tissues and organs lymphatic tissues and organs respiratory tissues and organs integumentary tissues and organs
lymphatic tissues and organs
Sex hormones produced in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex are of the ______ type, although some can be converted into ______ hormones by the liver, skin and adipose tissue. They supplement the sex hormones produced by the gonads. Multiple choice question. male; female female; male
male, female
Secretions from the adrenal ______ function with the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system in preparing the body for energy-expending action, sometimes called "fight-or-flight responses". Multiple choice question. medulla; sympathetic cortex; parasympathetic cortex; sympathetic medulla; parasympathetic
medulla; sympathetic
Aldosterone is a ______ that causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water and to excrete potassium ions. Multiple choice question. mineralocorticoid glucocorticoid
mineralocorticoid
Geraldo has been diagnosed with an imbalance of ______ due to abnormal levels of the hormone ________. Multiple choice question. mineralocorticoids; hydrocortisone mineralocorticoids; aldosterone glucocorticoids; adrenal androgens andrenal androgen; cortisol
mineralocorticoids; aldosterone
A _____ feedback mechanism involving secretion of CRH by the hypothalamus and ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland controls the secretion of the hormone cortisol.
negative
Renata has experienced unexplained weight loss, excessive hunger, exhaustion, and poor wound healing. Her doctor suspects she has a disease of the _______ called diabetes mellitus. Multiple choice question. stomach pancreas kidney brain
pancreas
The ______ is an elongated organ that lies within the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach and is connected to the duodenum through a duct. Multiple choice question. pancreas testis ovary adrenal gland
pancreas
The ______ produces gonadotropin as well as estrogen and progesterone. Multiple choice question. adrenal gland ovary placenta testis
placenta
When glucose levels ______ the pancreas secretes insulin; when blood glucose levels ______ the pancreas secretes glucagon. Multiple choice question. rise; fall fall; rise
rise, fall
True or false: A diet lacking iodine salts (iodides) would reduce the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3).
true
True or false: Unlike the anterior pituitary, the posterior pituitary is made of nervous tissue and not a gland.
true
In which specific instance would blood PTH levels begin to rise? Multiple choice question. when blood calcium levels are high when blood calcium levels are low
when blood calcium levels are low
What three situations would stimulate a release of aldosterone? Multiple select question. Decrease in blood sodium ions Increase in blood sodium ions Increase in blood pressure Decrease in blood pressure Increase in blood potassium ion levels Decrease in blood potassium ion levels
Decrease in blood sodium ions Decrease in blood pressure Increase in blood potassium ion levels
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations by inhibiting release of calcium and phosphate ions from bones and by increasing excretion of these ions by kidneys.
What is one mechanism for the control of hormone secretion? Multiple choice question. Glands secrete hormones only when the body is sleeping. A gland secretes a certain amount of hormone every hour. Contraction of smooth muscle results in the release of hormones. One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.
One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.
Mallery is breastfeeding her newborn son Evan and notices her uterus is tightening. Which of these statements is a valid explanation for what Mallery is noticing? Multiple choice question. Mallery is only imaging that her uterus is contracting. ADH is released during breastfeeding and can also cause uterine contractions. Oxytocin plays a role in milk let-down during breastfeeding, and it also targets the uterus causing contractions.
Oxytocin plays a role in milk let-down during breastfeeding, and it also targets the uterus causing contractions.
The nervous system stimulates some glands directly. For example, sympathetic impulses stimulate the ____ to release hormones. Multiple choice question. pancreas adrenal medulla thyroid gland adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
Bloodwork reveals that Charles has an imbalance of sodium ions. What adrenal cortex hormone may be causing this problem? Multiple choice question. adrenal androgens cortisol aldosterone testosterone
aldosterone
Bloodwork reveals that Charles has an imbalance of sodium ions. What adrenal cortex hormone may be causing this problem? Multiple choice question. cortisol aldosterone testosterone adrenal androgens
aldosterone
The hormone ______, which is secreted by the adrenal cortex, causes the kidney to conserve ________ ions and excrete ________ ions and indirectly helps to maintain systemic blood pressure. Multiple choice question. epinephrine; sodium; potassium aldosterone; potassium; sodium aldosterone; sodium; potassium cortisol; calcium; phosphate
aldosterone; sodium; potassium
Which of the following are components of the endocrine system? Multiple choice question. lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and a fluid called lymph brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs and cells that communicate with each other using chemical signals called neurotransmitters skin and various accessory organs, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands cells, tissues and organs that are collectively called glands, and the hormones they secrete
cells, tissues and organs that are collectively called glands, and the hormones they secrete
Which of the following are characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus? Multiple select question. symptoms normally appear in people over 40 pancreatic beta cells are affected by an autoimmune mechanism treatment requires insulin injections and a restrictive diet
pancreatic beta cells are affected by an autoimmune mechanism treatment requires insulin injections and a restrictive diet
A surgeon removes the thyroid gland of a patient, who later has problems with calcium ion balance. This is a problem that can result because the ______ glands which are posterior to the thyroid also are removed. Multiple choice question. thymus parathyroid pituitary pineal
parathyroid
The endocrine gland responsible for the body's circadian rhythm is the ______ gland. Multiple choice question. pituitary thymus parathyroid pineal
pineal
The large endocrine gland that consists of two lobes connected by a broad isthmus is the ______ gland. Multiple choice question. adrenal thymus thyroid pineal
thyroid
What causes the release of ADH and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary? Multiple choice question. Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus Stimulating hormones from the thyroid gland Nerve impulses from the cerebrum
Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
What controls the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland? Multiple choice question. Stimulation from hypothalamic hormones Water concentration in bodily fluids Decrease in blood glucose levels Nervous impulse stimulation
Stimulation from hypothalamic hormones
The pancreas is an example of an endocrine gland that secretes hormones in response to ______. Multiple choice question. hormones produced by the hypothalamus changes in the plasma concentration of a substance hormones produced by the pituitary gland direct nervous stimulation
changes in the plasma concentration of a substance
ADH
conserves water
Calcitonin ______ blood calcium and phosphate by inhibiting their release from bones and by increasing their rate of deposit in bones; it also increases excretion of calcium by the kidneys. Multiple choice question. increases lowers
lowers
Identify the two major classifications of hormones. Multiple select question. water exocrine lipid endocrine non-steroid steroid
non-steroid steroid
Which of the following can be used to synthesize nonsteroid hormones? Multiple select question. cholesterol polypeptides peptides amines lipids proteins
polypeptides peptides amines proteins
The capillary network that sends releasing and release-inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary are called hypophyseal _____veins.
portal
ACTH
stimulates the adrenal cortex
Dr. Sally, an intern, is palpating a patient's "Adam's apple." Which endocrine gland is she trying to locate? Multiple choice question. thymus gland adrenal gland thyroid gland testes
thyroid gland
True or false: Some endocrine glands like the adrenal medulla secrete hormones in response to sympathetic nerve impulses
true
Based on the site of their target cells, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are referred to as a type of hormone called a(an) ______. Multiple choice question. gonadotropin adrenotropin thyrotropin lactotropin
gonadotropin
The Greek term which means "set in motion" is
hormone
Which of the following are essential to follicular cells in the thyroid to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3)? Multiple choice question. magnesium iodine salts potassium calcium
iodine salts
ADH reduces water loss by targeting the _____
kidney
Which of these organs have specialized cells that produce hormones, but are part of other organ systems outside of the endocrine system? Multiple choice question. larynx, lungs, muscles liver, heart, kidneys, GI tract
liver, heart, kidneys, GI tract
The organ system that produces fast-acting effects is the ________ system, whereas the one that produces longer-lasting effects is the____________ system.
nervous endocrine
Amines, peptides, and proteins are examples of ______ hormones that bind to receptors in the target cell membranes. Multiple choice question. nonsteroid steroid
nonsteroid
The ______ pituitary is actually nervous tissue composed of glial cells and specialized neurons. It stores two hormones produced in the hypothalamus: Oxytocin and ADH.
posterior
Marianna is in the early stages of delivering her first baby, and uterine contractions are becoming more intense. The intensity of these contractions will continue to increase as the __________ releases the hormone _________. Multiple choice question.
posterior pituitary; oxytocin
The parathyroid glands are usually located on the _____ surface of the ______ gland. Multiple choice question. posterior; thyroid inferior; adrenal posterior; thymus
posterior; thyroid
Gonadotropins are a category of hormones that target _____. Multiple choice question. lymphoid organs respiratory organs reproductive organs digestive organs
reproductive organs
Hormones are: Multiple select question. substances secreted by endocrine glands substances that diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream substances that act on target cells substances that communicate cells of the nervous system with each other and with muscles and glands
substances secreted by endocrine glands substances that diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream substances that act on target cells
Which of the following are possible effects of non-steroid hormones through second messenger activation? Multiple select question. they may induce mechanisms always identical to those generated by steroid hormones they may initiate the secretion of hormones or other substances they may stimulate or inhibit specific metabolic pathways they may alter membrane permeabilities they may change the activity of an enzyme
they may initiate the secretion of hormones or other substances they may stimulate or inhibit specific metabolic pathways they may alter membrane permeabilities they may change the activity of an enzyme
Secretion of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) is influenced by ______; secretion of calcitonin is influenced by ______. Multiple choice question. blood calcium concentration; thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland; blood calcium concentration.
thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland; blood calcium concentration.
Steroid hormones: Multiple select question. must bind to receptors in the cell membrane travel in the bloodstream weakly bound to plasma proteins are soluble in lipids are poorly soluble in water
travel in the bloodstream weakly bound to plasma proteins are soluble in lipids are poorly soluble in water
In which specific instance would blood PTH levels begin to rise? Multiple choice question. when blood calcium levels are low when blood calcium levels are high
when blood calcium levels are low
Which specific ions are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Multiple choice question. Ca2+ and PO43- HCO3- and Ca2+ Na+ and K+ I- and Fe2+
Ca2+ and PO43-
What would stimulate the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)? Multiple select question. Increase levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Increase levels of blood glucose Decrease levels of thyroid hormone Decrease levels of blood calcium
Increase levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Decrease levels of thyroid hormone
What would result in an increased release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)? Multiple select question. Increased levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Increased stress levels Increased levels of water concentration in bodily fluids Decreased levels of adrenal cortical hormones
Increased levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Increased stress levels Decreased levels of adrenal cortical hormones
What are the different features of signal transduction? Multiple select question. It involves binding of a hormone to its receptors on a target cell. It involves only processes occurring outside of the cell. It involves a first messenger (i.e. a hormone that triggers a cascade of biochemical activity). It involves proteins that transport hormones in the bloodstream. It involves second messengers (biochemicals in the cell that induce changes in response to the hormone' s binding).
It involves binding of a hormone to its receptors on a target cell. It involves a first messenger (i.e. a hormone that triggers a cascade of biochemical activity). It involves second messengers (biochemicals in the cell that induce changes in response to the hormone' s binding).
Which two of the following organ systems function in coordination to control body functions and maintain homeostasis? Multiple select question. Integumentary Lymphatic Urinary Nervous Endocrine
Nervous Endocrine
What is the relationship between steroid hormones and cell membranes? Multiple choice question. Steroid hormones can diffuse easily through the cell membrane. Steroid hormones bind to the outside of cell membrane because they can't diffuse through the membrane.
Steroid hormones can diffuse easily through the cell membrane.
What is the effect/function of TSH? Multiple choice question. Stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones Stimulates the secretion of the hormones estrogen and testosterone Increases the utilization of proteins in the growth of muscles and bones Stimulates and sustains and woman's milk production following birth of an infant
Stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones
The hypothalamus releases the hormone ________, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release _________, thus stimulating the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4. Multiple choice question. CRH; ACTH TRH; TSH
TRH; TSH
If a chemical released by the ovary directly enters the bloodstream, what can you infer about this chemical? Multiple choice question. The chemical is a hormone The chemical is an exocrine secretion
The chemical is a hormone
Hormones are molecules capable of initiating signal transduction. What is signal transduction? Multiple choice question. The signals sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland A mechanism by which the amount of hormone released is regulated The entire process of chemical communication, from outside cells to inside
The entire process of chemical communication, from outside cells to inside
Insulin, a nonsteroid hormone, binds with a cell membrane receptor causing activation of proteins inside the cell. What would you consider insulin to be in this example? Multiple choice question. a first messenger a second messenger an enzyme
a first messenger
Which two endocrine glands in the brain work in concert to control many other endocrine glands throughout the body? Multiple select question. anterior pituitary gland pineal gland hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland hypothalamus
The hypothalamus secretes stimulating or inhibiting hormones that control the release of hormones from the ______ lobe of the ______ gland. Multiple choice question. anterior; pituitary posterior; pituitary posterior; thyroid anterior; adrenal
anterior; pituitary
para
beside
toc
birth
Chemically, hormones synthesized from ______ are classified as steroid hormones and non-steroid hormones synthesized from ______ are classified as amines, peptides, or proteins. Multiple choice question. cholesterol; glucose amino acids; glucose cholesterol; amino acids glucose; cholesterol
cholesterol; amino acids
Oxytocin
contracts uterus, releases breast milk
Homeostasis of blood calcium levels is regulated by ______. Multiple choice question. PTH and calcitonin insulin and glucagon
PTH and calcitonin
have diverse, and even opposite effects, such as causing contraction of smooth muscle in some organs, and relaxation of smooth muscle in others. Multiple choice question. Second messengers Neurotransmitters Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins
What kind of hormones enter target cells and combine with intracellular receptors to form hormone-receptor complexes? Multiple choice question. Steroid hormones Peptide hormones Monoamine hormones
Steroid hormones
