SB Ch. 7.1-7.3: DNA Structure and Function

Messenger RNA carries information that specifies the amino acid sequence of a

protein.

What role does DNA play in the cell?

store genetic information

In the DNA double helix, the two backbones are composed of alternating

sugar and phosphate groups.

Which of the following best describes translation?

the "reading" of an mRNA to produce a protein

Wilkins and Franklin performed X-ray diffraction that revealed details about

the three-dimensional shape of the DNA molecule.

Due to complementary base pairing rules, a sequence of AAGCTA on one strand of the DNA double helix means that the sequence on the opposite strand is Multiple choice question.

TTCGAT.

The ______ pattern generated by Wilkins and Franklin revealed that DNA was comprised of a regular repeating structure of building blocks.

X-ray diffraction

On one half of a DNA double helix, a single strand of nucleotides has

a 3' end on one side, and a 5' end at the opposite end.

In the base pairs of the DNA double helix,

a double-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base.

Bacterial genomes normally consist of ______ chromosome(s), whereas eukaryotic genomes are normally made up of ______ chromosome(s). Multiple choice question.

a single circular; multiple linear

The term genome refers to

all the genetic material in an organism's cell.

What represents Chargaff's discovery about the amounts of the nitrogenous bases A, G, C, and T in the DNA molecule?

amount of A = amount of T; amount of G = amount of C

What describes a ribosome?

an rRNA-protein structure that is the site of translation

Select all of the following that are true about RNA.

contains the bases A, U, G, and C can act as an enzyme contains the sugar ribose single-stranded, but can form loops

If the DNA double helix resembles a ladder, the interior "rungs" of the DNA ladder consist of

nitrogenous bases joined by hydrogen bonds.

In what process does the cell make a complementary RNA molecule from a DNA sequence?

transcription

Select all the locations in a eukaryotic cell where DNA is found.

mitochondrion chloroplast nucleus

In 1962, James Watson,______________and Maurice Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discovery of the DNA double helix. Rosalind Franklin had also contributed important work, but she had died by the time the prize was awarded.

Blank 1: Crick, Francis Crick, and Crick, or francis crick

In transcription, a(n) _____________ molecule is produced from the information that is encoded in a(n) _____________ molecule

Blank 1: RNA or mRNA Blank 2: DNA

Two strands of DNA within the double helix are said to be complementary to each other because ___________________ on one strand always pairs with thymine on the opposite strand, and cytosine on one strand always pairs with _____________________on the opposite strand. Listen to the complete question

Blank 1: adenine or A Blank 2: guanine, G, or g

Messenger RNA contains ________________which are triplets of bases that act as "code-words" corresponding to the _____________acid monomers that make up a polypeptide.

Blank 1: codons or codon Blank 2: amino

The human genome contains about 20,000-25,000 _________________scattered on its 23 pairs of _________________

Blank 1: genes or gene Blank 2: chromosomes

The DNA double_______________resembles a twisted ladder, where each rail of the "ladder" (each backbone) is composed of alternating deoxyribose sugars and _____________groups joined together by______________

Blank 1: helix Blank 2: phosphate or phosphorus Blank 3: covalent or phosphodiester

Some eukaryotic organelles, such as_________________ and ___________________________ contain their own genomes in addition to the cell's nuclear DNA.

Blank 1: mitochondria or mitochondrion Blank 2: chloroplast or chloroplasts

A complex of rRNA and proteins called a(n) ____________________ is the physical location of protein synthesis.

Blank 1: ribosome or ribosomes

In the 1950s, the biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA, the amount of the nucleotide base adenine always equals the amount of the nucleotide base_____________ and the amount of the nucleotide base cytosine always equals the amount of the nucleotide base____________________

Blank 1: thymine or T Blank 2: guanine or G

In , ____________________ a cell copies a gene's DNA sequence to a complementary RNA molecule. Then, in ___________________, the information in RNA is used to manufacture a protein by joining a specific sequence of amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

Blank 1: transcription Blank 2: translation

In the "central dogma" describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein, DNA is copied to RNA in a process called ____________________ and the information in RNA is used to direct the synthesis of a protein in a process called ____________

Blank 1: transcription Blank 2: translation

The information that each cell needs to produce proteins is stored in a molecule called Multiple choice question.

DNA

A eukaryotic chromosome consists of

DNA wrapped around histones and other proteins.

Hershey and Chase showed that the part of a virus that could enter bacterial cells and cause the production of more viruses was

DNA.

Erwin Chargaff matches

Determined that DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and thymine and of guanine and cytosine

True or false: Complementary base pairing rules state that in DNA, A pairs with G and T pairs with C.

FALSE

Select all of the following that are true with respect to genomes.

In eukaryotic cells, the genome is usually divided up into multiple chromosomes. In prokaryotic cells, the genome usually consists of just one circular DNA molecule.

Select all of the correct statements regarding the results of Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Live S strains caused pneumonia in mice. Heat-killed S strains mixed with live R strains caused pneumonia in mice.

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes a specific protein or

RNA molecule.

True or false: Unlike DNA, RNA can catalyze chemical reactions.

T

Select all the statements about nucleotides that are accurate.

They are composed of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing group, and one or more phosphorus-containing groups. DNA always contains the same sugar in its nucleotides

Select all of the following that are true about codons.

They correspond to one amino acid. They are composed of three mRNA bases.

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin matches

Used X-ray diffraction to determine that DNA has a regular, repeating structure of building blocks

James Watson and Francis Crick matches Choice

Used the known ratios of nucleotides along with the X-ray diffraction data to build a ball-and-stick model of the DNA double helix

What scientists worked out the double helical structure of DNA using a ball-and-stick model? Multiple choice question.

Watson and Crick

Although the two chains of the DNA double helix are parallel to each other, they are oriented in opposite directions. This head-to-tail configuration is referred to as a(n) ______ arrangement. Multiple choice question.

antiparallel

Select all the functions of ribosomal RNA.

catalyze the formation of bonds between amino acids in the developing protein help align the ribosome with the mRNA to prepare for translation

What is a discrete package of DNA and its associated proteins? Multiple choice question.

chromosome

In an RNA molecule, a(n) ______ is a genetic "code word" that corresponds to one amino acid.

codon

The terms 3' and 5' refer to numbered carbon atoms within the ______ of DNA, and at one end of the DNA double helix, there is a free ______ on one backbone and a free ______ on the other backbone.

deoxyribose sugar; 3' carbon; 5' carbon

Select all of the following that describe the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine.

double-ring structure purines

DNA has a ______ helical structure consisting of two intertwining strands of ______

double; nucleotides

A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.

gene

All of the genetic material that is within a cell is called its

genome.

When Griffith mixed together live strain R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria and injected them into mice, the mice died, and ______ bacteria were isolated from the mice, indicating that something could pass between cells and transform them.

live S strain

Select three types of RNA.

mRNA rRNA tRNA

The type of RNA that carries the information to specify a protein is called

messenger RNA (mRNA).

A major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes is that in eukaryotes, multiple, linear chromosomes are housed within an organelle called the____________and each chromosome consists of DNA associated with proteins.

nucleus

In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the ______, whereas translation occurs in the ______.

nucleus; cytoplasm

The antiparallel configuration of the DNA double helix means that the two strands of nucleotides are oriented in ______ directions with respect to each other. Multiple choice question.

opposite

select all of the following that are components of nucleotides.

phosphorus-containing groups nitrogen-containing base sugar

During translation, a(n) ______ is produced from the information that is encoded in a(n) ______.

protein; RNA molecule

In the "central dogma," information flows from DNA to RNA to

proteins

Proteins combine with ______ to form a ribosome.

rRNA

A ribosome is composed of

rRNA and protein

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, ______ was found inside the infected bacteria, indicating that the labeled viral ______ had entered the bacterial cells to direct new virus production.

radioactive phosphorus; DNA

The sugar in RNA nucleotides is called ______, whereas the sugar in DNA nucleotides is called ______.

ribose; deoxyribose

RNA differs from DNA chemically because RNA nucleotides contain the sugar ______, and in RNA, the nitrogenous base ______ is substituted for thymine

ribose; uracil

A complex of rRNA and proteins called a(n) ________________ is the physical location of protein synthesis.

ribsome

Which of the following best describes transcription?

using a DNA template to synthesize RNA