SB Solution Formation&Concentration Units

Both ____ and ____ affect the solubility of gases in water.

- temperature - pressure

Identify ALL the intermolecular forces exhibited in a solution of CH3OCH3 in CH3Cl.

-dispersion forces -dipole-dipole forces

______ is a measure of how dispersed the energy of a given system is.

Entropy

What statement correctly describes the solubility of vitamins?

The molecular structure determines the solubility of vitamins.

What does it mean if two substances are described as miscible?

The substances are completely soluble in each other at any concentration.

Which of the following options correctly describe molality? Select all that apply.

-To calculate molality, the mass of solvent is needed. -Molality is defined as: molesofsolute/massofsolvent(inkg)

An aqueous solution of KCl (molar mass 74.55 g/mol) has a molality of 0.25 m and a density of 1.05 g/mL. Which of the options correctly reflect the steps needed to calculate the molarity (M) of the solution? Select all that apply.

-n aliquot of the solution that contains 1.00 kg of water also contains 18.6 g of KCl. -M=0.25 mol KCl/0.970 L = 0.26 M

A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3; molar mass = 92.09 g/mol) in ethanol (C2H5OH; molar mass = 46.07 g/mol) has a molality of 2.45 mol/kg. Correctly order the steps required to calculate the mole fraction of glycerol in this solution.

- if the molality is... -1.00 kg ethanol.... -total moles... -Xglycerol...

Henry's law states that the ______ of a gas in a solvent is proportional to the _____ of that gas above the solution.

- solubility - pressure

The partial pressure of atmospheric nitrogen is 0.78 atm and the Henry's Law constant for nitrogen in water is 6.10 x 10-4 mol/L⋅atm at 25∘C. What is the concentration of dissolved nitrogen in the water? Choose all that apply.

-4.76 x 10-4 M -1.33 x 10-2 g/L

Which of the following options correctly describe thermal pollution and/or the effect of temperature on gas solubility? Select all that apply.

-A decreasing supply of oxygen in lakes due to thermal pollution may have a harmful effect on aquatic life. -Thermal pollution occurs when an environment is heated to temperatures that are harmful to its living inhabitants. -The oxygen content of a lake decreases when water heated by industrial processes is emptied into the lake.

Select all the statements that correctly describe the intermolecular forces in a solution.

-A polar molecule like water can induce a partial charge on a nonpolar molecule like carbon dioxide. -There are intermolecular forces that exist between an ion and a polar molecule.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the role played by disorder in the formation of a solution? Select all that apply.

-An endothermic solution process may still occur if there is an increase in disorder for this process. -The solution process is generally accompanied by an increase in disorder. -Much of the order of a pure solvent and solute is destroyed when the solute dissolves in the solvent.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the molality and molarity of a solution? Select all that apply.

-Both molarity and molality express concentration in terms of moles of solute. -M must be calculated using the volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent.

Which of the following compounds are expected to be soluble in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) based on structure? Select all that apply.

-Br2 -C6H6

Which of the following options correctly describe the effect of temperature on the solubility of a solid in a given solvent? Select all that apply.

-In general, solids are more soluble at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures. -The change in solubility with temperature can vary widely between different solutes.

Which of the following options correctly describe the different ways of expressing the concentration of a solution? Select all that apply.

-Molarity is abbreviated using a capital M and is calculated in units of moles/liter. -Mole fraction is defined as the number of moles of solute divided by the total number of moles. -To calculate mole fraction for a given mass of a reactant or product, the masses of all solution components must be known.

Match each specific solution with the principal intermolecular force exhibited. -ion-dipole -dipole-induced dipole -ion-induced dipole

-NaCl in CH3CH2OH -O2 (g) in aqueous solution -Mg2+ in hexane (C6H14)

Which of the following options correctly describe percent by mass? Select all that apply.

-Percent by mass is a unitless number because it is a ratio of two quantities that have the same units. -Percent by mass is defined as the ratio of the mass of a solute to the mass of the solution, multiplied by 100.

Which of the following correctly describe the process of hydration?

-Solute particles and water molecules interact via ion-dipole interactions. -Individual solute particles are surrounded by water molecules.

Which of the following statements correctly describe solvation? Select all that apply.

-Solvation is called hydration when the solvent is water. -Solvation involves the interaction between solute molecules and solvent molecules. -During solvation, a solute molecule is surrounded by solvent molecules arranged in a particular way.

Match each change of enthalpy to the correct step of the solution process. -ΔH > 0 -ΔH < 0 -ΔH < 0 or ΔH > 0

-Solvent-solvent and solute-solute intermolecular forces are overcome. -New solvent-solute intermolecular forces are formed. -The solution process overall (including all interactions broken and formed) or the heat of solution

Select all the statements that correctly describe the factors that affect solubility.

-Temperature affects the solubility of most substances. -Pressure has an effect on the solubility of gases in water.

Which of the following are correct regarding the entropy of a system?

-The measure of how dispersed the energy of a system corresponds to its entropy. -An increase in the dispersal of a system's energy is an increase in the entropy of the system.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the thermodynamics of the solution process? Select all that apply.

-The sign of ΔHsoln is influenced by solvent-solvent, solute-solute, and solvent-solute interactions. -ΔHsoln depends on the chemical nature of both the solvent and the solute.

Select all the statements that correctly describe Henry's law for gases.

-This law shows that the solubility of a gas increases with pressure. -c is the molar concentration of the gas at a particular temperature. -P is the pressure (in atm) of the gas over the solution.

Which of the following options correctly describe the solution process? Select all that apply.

-When a solute dissolves in a solvent, solute molecules disperse throughout the solvent. -When a solute dissolves in a solvent, solute molecules separate from each other and are surrounded by solvent molecules.

Match each term describing solutions with the correct definition. -unsaturated -saturated -surpersaturated

-a solution that contains less solute than it has the capacity to dissolve; more solute added will dissolve -a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute; more solute added will not dissolve -a solution that contains more dissolved solute than is present in a saturated solution; the solution is unstable and the solute will separate from it readily

Match each type of intermolecular force correctly to the type of solution in which each is exhibited. -ion-dipole forces -ion-induced dipole forces -dipole-induced dipole forces - dispersion forces

-an ionic solute in a polar solvent -a nonpolar solute in a polar solvent that also contains dissolved ions -a nonpolar solute in a polar solvent -present in all solutions; principal intermolecular force when both solvent and solute are nonpolar

What additional information is required to carry out each of the following concentration term conversions? -molarity to molality -mass% to molarity

-density of the solution -molar masses and density of the solution

A solution forms when the attractive _____ between the solute and solvent are _____ in strength to the solvent-solvent and solute-solute attractions and are therefore able to replace them.

-forces -similar

A solution is prepared by mixing 10.5 g of NaCl (molar mass 58.44 g/mol) with 147 g of H2O (molar mass 18.07 g/mol). The final volume of the solution is 150. mL. Select all the options that correctly reflect the calculations required to determine molality (m) of the solution.

-m = 0.180 mol/0.147 kg = 1.22 m -moles NaCl = 0.180 mol

Which of the following expressions correctly represent the percent by mass of a solute in a solution? Select all that apply.

-mass of solute/mass of solute+mass of solvent * 100% -mass of solute/mass of solution * 100%

Match each concentration term with the correct ratio each represents. -molarity (M) -mole fraction (X)

-mol of solute/L of solution -mol of solute/total # of moles present

______ is defined as the amount of solute that is able to dissolve in a given volume of a specific solvent at a specific ______.

-solubility -temperature

In a solution, one or more ______ is/are dissolved in a(n) ______.

-solute -solvent

Solvation refers to a _______ particle being surrounded by ______ molecules. If the solvent is water, the process is called ______.

-solute -solvent -hydration

Match the vitamin type on the left with its solubility capability in the body on the right. -structure contains multiple polar groups -structure contains mainly hydrocarbon chains

-water-soluble vitamin - fat-soluble vitamin

Calculate the mass of O2 that will dissolve in 2.50 L of H2O that is in contact with air at 20oC, where the partial pressure of O2 is 0.209 atm. (k for O2 in H2O at 20oC = 1.28 x 10-3 mol/L⋅atm.)

0.0214 g O2

Concentrated aqueous HCl contains 38.0% by mass of HCl. Calculate the mass of water present in 250. g of this solution.

155 g H2O

What mass of CCl4 (molar mass 153.81 g/mol) is required to prepare a 0.25-m solution using 115 g of hexane (C6H14; molar mass 86.17 g/mol)?

4.42 g

0.045 moles of H2SO4 are dissolved in 55.0 mL of H2O. Given that the density of H2O is 1.00 g/mL, calculate the mass percent of the H2SO4 in this solution.

7.4%

Which of the following options correctly defines a solution?

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Which statement correctly describes the relative solubility of HCl and NaCl in CH3OCH3?

HCl (g) will be more soluble in CH3OCH3 because both compounds exhibit dipole-dipole forces.

For most gases, what effect does temperature have on their solubility?

Most gases become less soluble as temperature increases.

Which of the following statements correctly define or describe solubility?

The solubility of a given substance in a particular solvent varies with temperature.

The solubility of a gas in water usually _____ with increasing temperature.

decreases

To convert a concentration unit based on mass to one based on volume, the ______ of the solution will be required.

density

I2 (s) has a very low solubility in H2O (l) because the weak _____ forces between I2 and H2O are not strong enough to replace the _____ between the H2O molecules.

dipole-induced dipole; hydrogen bonds

The solution process is governed by two factors, _____ and a tendency toward more _____.

enthalpy, disorder

An increase in pressure will cause the solubility of a gas to _____, whereas the solubility of a liquid or solid will usually _____.

increase, not change much

Two liquids are ____ if they are completely soluble in each other at all proportions.

miscible

The ratio moles of solute/L of solution is called the _____ of a solution (symbol M), whereas the _____ (symbol m) of the solution is expressed as moles of solute/kg of solvent. Molarity is temperature dependent and typically _____ as temperature increases.

molarity, molality, decreases

Which of the following expressions correctly represent molality, m, of a solution?

moles of solute/mass of solvent(in kg)

Most solids become _____ soluble in a particular solvent at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures, although there are some exceptions.

more

A saturated solution of a gas in a liquid (in a closed system) is at equilibrium with a fixed number of gas molecules leaving and entering the solution every second. If the pressure on the system is increased, this causes _____ gas molecules to dissolve in order to reestablish equilibrium. A gas is therefore _____ soluble at higher pressures.

more, more

A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute in a fixed quantity of solvent at a particular temperature is called a(n) ______ solution.

saturated

When solute molecules dissolve in a solvent, both solvent molecules and solute molecules are _____ from each other. The solute molecules are then _____ by solvent molecules.

separated, surrounded

The process by which solute particles are separated from one another and surrounded by solvent molecules is known as ________.

solvation

The phenomenon of reduced solubility of gases in water at elevated temperature due to the use of hundreds of billions of gallons of water in industrial cooling is known as _____ pollution

thermal