SBUS 250 Midterm/Final
Title IX Compliance Tests
1. Substantial Proportionality test 2. Continued improvement test 3. Accommodation of interest test
What was the most watched telecast in 2018?
1. Super Bowl LII (104.1) 2. Super Bowl post-game (74) 3. NFC Championship (42.4)
Munich 1972
11 Israeli athletes, coaches and referees murdered by Palestinian terrorists
What year did FIFA begin?
1904
How many people watched the Women's World Cup 2015 Final?
26.7 Million
Almost all major Division I sports events were postponed after _________.
9/11
Issues with Special Populations
Acceptance, employment, accessibility, funding and organizational support, community program opportunities, trainers/coaches/administrators/officials, equipment, inclusion with other populations, media support
Framing
Active process of selection of topics by the media, effect on the understanding by the consumers perceived reality, deals with interpretation
Moscow 1980
After the USSR invaded Afghanistan, USA President Jimmy Carter decided to boycott the games in Moscow and pressured allies to join the boycott. Over 60 countries boycotted the games.
Which of the following statements is not true?
All forms of violence in sports are against the rules and illegal.
Doping
An illegal substance or technique used by athletes to enhance performance in their respective sport, earliest forms of doping trace back to ancient greece
The first modern Olympic Games took place in _______.
Athens
When was the First national live TV Broadcasting of the Olympic games?
Berlin 1936
Which of the following is best explained through the framing theory?
Black athletes feeling that historically they have been portrayed by the media as physically talented while their white teammates are portrayed as smart and strategic.
Qualitative Research
Collects information through interviews or observation of individuals, groups, societal characteristics, and trends.
quantifiable research
Collects or studies data that can be counted and analyzed statistically.
Violence off the Field
Criminal behavior, assaults/sexual assaults, violence among spectators, violence among media viewers, terrorism at sports events
Who was the first IOC President?
Demetrius Vikelas
Accommodation of Interest test
Does the school accommodate the interest of female student athletes?
Who started the Paralympic Games?
Dr. Ludwig Guttmann
After WWII
Europe is in ruins, German athletes not invited to London 1948, The FIFA WC resumes (1950)
Sports marketing (smith)
First, it involves the application of marketing concepts to sport products and services. Second, it involves the marketing of non-sport products through an association to sport.
The Special Olympics
For athletes with intellectual disability, cognitive delay, learning disability, or vocational problems, 185 countries, 1.7 million athletes Began with 1,000 athletes at the 1968 Chicago Games.
Pierre de Coubertin
Founder of the modern Olympics, Didn't fit in the army, started studying law, then switched to political science, Studied the war and came to a conclusion that the soldiers in France lacked fitness
WWII (1939-1945)
Germany united behind the Nazi party and Hitler, 1940 - the Tokyo Olympic Games are cancelled, 1944 - the Olympic Games are cancelled
The sports of tennis, soccer, cricket, and rugby, originally emerged in
Great Britain
Which of the following is not true about Muhammad Ali?
He competed in the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin
1980s-2010: No Movement
Historical influences: end of cold war, capitalism, "post racial america," significant athletes: Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley, making money, media coverage: not critical
Hippikos Agon
Horse Competitions (chariot races)
Stephanitic Games
(crown) → Olympia, Delphy, Nemea, Isthmia, Every four years (Olympia, Delphy) or every 2 years (Nemea, Isthmia), winner received a crown made out of a branch of a tree, in olympia just the winner was celebrated, only individual competitions in olympia, more prestigious
Chrematitic games
(money) → all over Greece, most famous were the pan-athenaic games, all year long, winner gets prize money, prizes also for runners up (even up to # 5), group competitions (like boat wars or boat races), more worthy, alexander the great used athletic competitions in his conquest journeys
In 2016 the ____ published a articles on sexual assaults in USA gymnastics, leading to an official complaint against Nassar?
Indy Star
Homosexuality in Ancient Greece
Integral part of the education system, An older man taking care of a younger man Goes through to the battle field where soldiers will take care of each other The only form of homosexuality that was prohibited was prostitution
Which of the following is not true about "Muscular Christianity"?
It was always adopted by the Christian church
Los Angeles 1984
Lead by the Soviet Union 14 countries boycott the games
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Legislation passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. Under this Act, discrimination against a disabled person is illegal in employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and government activities.
Agenda setting
Lippmann's Public Opinion (1922) - mass media connected events to images in people's minds, The media does not tell people what to think, but what to think about (McCombs and Shaw, 1972)
Athlete-organized sport
Lots of action for all players Flexible rules Time with friends Freedom from adult interference or criticism Results soon forgotten, developed naturally through the children
Which of the following is an example of technological change?
Manufacturing an improved tennis racket that enables more accuracy
Larry Nassar sexually abused athletes while treating athletes as part of which of the following organizations?
Michigan State University, USA Gymnastics, and the US Olympic Committee (all three organizations).
Which of the following statements is not true about the Division III (DIII) schools?
Most DIII schools are big public universities.
The most recent U.S government recommendation for physical activity calls for children to engage in ___ hour or more of moderate or vigorous aerobic physical activity per day?
One
eSports
Organized video game team competition for an audience on streaming, cable, or broadcast television. Can also be played in front of a live audience
Sports for Development and Peace (SDP)
Security, rebuilding communities, political structure, communication, reconciliation torn societies
Mexico City 1968
Smith's and Carlos' "Black Power Salute" protesting against racing discrimination in the USA
Most popular sports worldwide
Soccer (3.5 b), Cricket (2.5 b), Field Hockey (2 b), Tennis (1 b), Volleyball (900 m)
London 2012
Social Media Olympics
Long-Term Implications of Title IX
Social change, health, professional women's leagues, developing successful athletes
GAISF
The global association of international sports federations
Challenges in women's athletics
The median cost of a female team is over 1 million, every female sports team in the ncaa loses money, dropped men's sports teams, dropped number of female coaches, still not even numbers of male and female sports participation, lack of exposure through media, limited impact in the open market
branding
The process of stimulating a response and embedding it into a consumer's psyche is known as branding.
Ekecheiria
The sacred truce, 30 days before the games, all athletes, delegations, families and politicians can move freely from their city states to Elis and Olympia
Sportstech
The study of sports→ everything is connected In this category→ Business + Management highlighted
Which of the following is not true about the marketing of the Olympic Games in the last decade?
There were between 15 to 20 Olympic Partners in each
One of the most recognized protests took place during the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, Mexico, when _____________ raised their fists on the podium protesting racial injustice in America.
Tommie Smith and John Carlos
Sportstech Matrix
User angle vs tech angle activity and performance vs fans + content vs management + organization
YMCA
Young Men's Christian Association
The ancient competitions in Olympia, were founded as a festival to honor _______.
Zeus
Disposition based theories
Zimmerman & Cantor (1976), Bryant & Raney (2000), where is the consumer compared to the message, five factors of sports spectators (relationship with player/team, outcome of contest, drama of contest, suspense, effectiveness of play)
Which of the following is an example of off-the field violence?
a college athlete sexually assaults a student in a party
User angle STM
athletes, consumers, management
An annual decrease in a club's value is called _______
depreciation
England 19th - early 20th centuries
institutionalized of modern athletic competitions, spreading sports around the empire, development of league systems
Wayne "Buck" Shelford + Hike Reid
introduced Ka Mate to matches in New Zealand from 1987, and ensuring that it was performed with a precision and intensity that had on occasion been lacking in earlier years
moral character
involves honesty, fairness, justice, integrity, compassion, and responsibility
Closed league system
same teams compete every year. No mobility between leagues. One main competition. Competing teams and league formation change based on institutional league decisions and financial preferences. Mostly in the USA and Canada.
Overconformity
uncritical acceptance of norms and a failure to recognize any limits following the norms. Can lead to fascism.
More than ___ were invested in sportstech between 2014 and 2019
12 billion USD
IOC Corruption Scandal
1999, a bidding scandal was exposed that members of the IOC received bribe to vote for Salt Lake City to host the 2002 Winter Olympic Games A tradition of bribery was exposed, including by the Organizing Committee for the Sydney Olympic Games for the 2000 Olympic bid.
Evolution of Sports Media
19th Century- Sports Sections in newspapers 1920s: Golden age of radio 1950s: TV Coverage, 1979: ESPN 1990s: Internet, 21st century: social media and streaming
four waves of black athletes activism
1st Wave: 1900-1945 - International Recognition 2nd Wave: 1946-1960s - Access to American Mainstream 3rd Wave: 1960s-1970s - Part of Civil Rights Movements 1980s-2010: No Movement 4th Wave: 2011-now - Pursuit of Power
The sportstech industry has experienced and is expected to experience exceptional growth with a compound annual growth rate of more than ___ between 2018 and 2024
20 percent
As of 2020, there are over ___ sport-tech start-ups in Israel
200
College Football TV Right Revenues
2020 - $902 million, 2021 - $900 million, 2022 - $920 million
Girls participation in high school sports has grown from 294,105 in 1971 (before Title IX) to?
3,172,637 in 2009
FCA (Fellowship of Christian Athletes)
450,000 people, 10,000 campuses, over 2 million coaches + athletes
Montreal 1976
8 African countries threaten to boycott the 1976 Montreal Olympics if New Zealand who played a friendly rugby matched against banned South Africa will be allowed to participate. Financial deficit. Doping.
According to Nielsen ratings, over ____of top 100 TV programs are sports related?
80%
The United States led 60 countries to boycott the __________.
980 Olympic Games in Moscow
Historical Development of Sport
Ancient Middle East→ Ancient Greece → Roman Empire → Catholic Church → Middle Ages → Renaissance → Industrial Revolution/Modernization/Urbanization/ Social Reforms → England, Germany, France → United States
National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA)
Approx 1,100 members, three divisions, 24 sports.
Substantial Proportionality test
Are participant numbers proportional to the number of the student-body enrollment?
Football Championship Subdivision (FCS)
Athletic departments will have less investments in football. Allows 63 scholarships for football players.
Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)
Athletic departments with large investments in football. Allows 85 scholarships for football players.
9/11 and Sports
Baseball games stopped, Beginning of NFL Season was postponed for a week Baseball games resumed on the 18th, The NY team to compete back in NY was the NY Mets on September 21 against the Atlanta Brave NY Yankees reached the World Series that year
3 domains of sports sciences
Biophysical (physical activity, biomechanics, nutrition, sports medicine), Psychosocial (Sports psychology, motor/learning behavior, pedagogy), Sociocultural (sports history, sports sociology, philosophy of sport)
November 2015 - Paris Terror Attacks
Bombs outside the Stade de France, Shooting and suicide bombings in several streets and cafés, Massacre at the Bataclan Theatre - 89 killed, Overall 137 killed and 368 injured
Borderline violence
Borderline violence: actions that violate that rules of the game, but are accepted as part of the norm of the sport
Boston Marathon Bombing and Sports
Boston Celtics NBA game against Indiana was cancelled Boston Bruins NHL game VS Ottawa Senators was postponed
International Outreach through Sports
Brining sport to rural and underdeveloped communities, local economic development, pandemic prevention, bringing hope to refugee camps
Criticism and limitations of Sportstech
Definition, dehumanize, performance enhancing, changing the sport, limited problem-solving
Ball kicking games
Different versions existed in different cultures for centuries and more (Europe, China, Native American tribes), Used for youth development in England + Institutionalized in England in the 19th Century
Continued improvement test
Does the school show a history of progress?
National coaching standards
Domain 1: Philosophy and Ethics Domain 2: Safety and Injury Prevention Domain 3: Physical Conditioning Domain 4: Growth and Development Domain 5: Teaching and Communication Domain 6: Sport Skills and Tactics Domain 7: Organization and Administration Domain 8: Evaluation
Where was rugby invented?
England
If you wanted to write a paper based on research indicating that males receive 90 percent of the sport media's attention, which perspective would make the most sense for you to use?
Feminist theory
Athens 1896
First modern Olympic Games
Which theory would agree that sport reinforces society's value system?
Functionalist theory
Social Theories
Functionalist theory, conflict theory, critical theory, feminist theory, interactionist theory, figurational theory
The Sports Business Ecosystem - Stakeholders
Governing bodies (leagues, associations, federations), sports organizations, event organizers, the public, facilities (arenas, stadiums), media, governments and nongovernmental organizations (ngo), sponsors, apparel and equipment companies, players, coaches, agents, players associations, fans, participants
Hegemonic Theory
Gramsci (1972), leading groups in society preserving status quo, conflict/critical/feminsit theories, hegemonic masculinity
The origins of much of the concepts that construct modern sports, such as stadium and gymnasium originated in ________.
Greece
Where did the development of organized athletic competitions originate?
Greece
Most Influential Countries in the Development of Sports
Greece (Olympia 776BC - 394AD) + Rome (80BC - 476AD)
3rd Wave: 1960s-1970s
Historical influences: civil rights movement, black power, part of civil right movements, significant athletes: Muhammad Ali, Bill Russell, Kareem Abul Jabber, Tommie Smith, John Carlos, rebellion against insitutionalized america media coverage: don't protest this way
2nd Wave: 1946-1960s
Historical influences: historical influences: decolonization, access to american mainstream, significant athletes: jackie robinson, institution become less segregated, media coverage: shut up and play
4th wave: 2011-now
Historical influences: social media, seeking for power and using power, significant athletes: Colin kaepernick, LeBron James, athletes use their power to raise social issues media coverage: mixed, athletes using social media to send direct messages
Berlin 1936
Hitler used the games for propaganda, First torch relay from Olympia, Jesse Owens most successful athlete winning 4 gold medals
1st Wave: 1900-1945
International recognition, historical influences: nationalism, imperialism, world wars, significant athletes: Joe Lewis, Jesse Owens, segregation and discrimination in the USA, could not find jobs in the USA, Media coverage: criticized athletes who lost their fame
Religious ________ athletes might not compete in Yom Kippur.
Jewish
Native American Athletes
Jim Thorpe (Potawatomi) was selected the best athlete of the first half of the 20th century. By 2006 the NCAA issued a policy against the use of such images. Some universities changed their logos and mascots, some were exempt after receiving support from local tribes
The Myth Behind the Olympic Games
King Onimaos offered a challenged → His kingdom and his daughter to whoever beats him in a chariot race. But if the challenger will lose, he will die. Pelops won the race after bribing Onimaos' stable boy to replace pin in the chariot with wax. During the race the wax melted, throwing Onimaos to his death. Pelops became a hero, the region of Peloponnese was named after him and the Pelopion was build in Olympia to celebrate his victory.
Who were the leading athletes of the third wave of athletes' activism?
Muhammad and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Musikos Agon
Music competitions (theatre, music, art, painting, sculptures)
What sport is the Haka associated with?
New Zealand Rugby
Top 5 shoe brands
Nike, Adidas, Asics, Puma, Under Armour
Women in Ancient Greece
Not allowed to participate in the democratic procedure + not allowed to compete in the Games in Olympia Different competitions only for women: The Pythian Games in Delphy + Celebrations for Hera and Athena
Gymnikos Agon
Nude competitions (athletics), Running, Wrestling, Pentathlon (running, wrestling, javelin, discus, long jump), Boxing, Pankration (violent combination of boxing + wrestling)
When was the Olympic games revived?
On June 23rd, 1894, in Paris, the newly formed IOC voted on the revival of the Olympic Games, Athens was chosen to host the first modern Olympic Games in 1896
National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)
Over 200 members, smaller athletic programs.
weakness of functionalist theory
Overemphasizes positive consequences of sport; downplays disenfranchised populations
Organized youth sport tends to emphasize what Jay Coakley critically calls the?
Performance ethic
Sports
Physical activity and skill, competition→ outcome important and not predetermined, institutionalized, specialized facilities and equipment
Play
Physical activity of childhood, Free activity to explore environment, express oneself, dream, and pretend, No firm rules or set location, Outcome unimportant, Pleasure as the only objective
Two main forms of research
Quantifiable and Qualitative
weakness of figurational theory
Reduces the urgency for change
Religious Considerations in Sports Management
Religious holidays, diet, modesty, racism/xenophobia, cultural differences, international federations regulations, religious manifestations, special events
Title IX of the Education Act of 1972
Restrict any gender-based discrimination in any federal funded education institution
France 19th - early 20th centuries
Reviving the Olympic movement, internationalizing sports
Ancient Rome
Roman Empire 27 BC to 476 AD, Colosseum fights 80 AD to 5th Century AD. The Gladiator fights at the Colosseum in Rome were not as religious oriented as in Olympia but entertainment oriented.
Where did athletic competitions as a form of entertainment?
Rome
Sport marketing
Satisfying consumer wants and needs, applying marketing and branding to the sports market, the uniqueness of the sports business market
1995 Rugby World Cup
South Africa wins the WC at home (beating New Zealand in the final) after the end of the Apartheid regime - Inspired the movie Invictus
Power Five Conferences
Southeastern (SEC), Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), Pac-12, Big 10, and Big 12.
Games
Specialized form of play with more structure, Mental or physical form (inactive or active), Informal or formal rules, Competition (optional), Outcome can be determined by luck, strategy, skill
The great sport myth "equation"
Sport is inherently pure and good + The purity and goodness of sport is transmitted to those who play or consume it + Sport inevitably leads to individual & community development= THE GREAT SPORT MYTH
Security costs at Olympic Games
Sydney 2000 (180m), Salt Lake City 2002 (500m), Athens 2004 (1.5 b), Turin 2006 (1.4 b), Beijing 2008 (6.5 b), Vancouver 2010 (1 b), London 2012 (1.6 b)
Which of the following terror attack had the most immediate impact on social media?
The Boston Marathon bombing
The End of the Games
The Catholic Church abolished the Games in Olympia that celebrated multiple gods in 394 A.D and the gladiator fights at the Colosseum fights at the 5th Century.
Olympic Games Marketing
The Olympic Games are broadcasted to 220 countries and Territories, TV rights are the highest source of revenues for the Olympic Movement, Other sources of revenues: TOP Program, OCOG domestic sponsorships, OCOG ticketing, OCOG licensing
Which of the following is not true about the North American sports system?
The bottom teams in the leagues are relegated to a lower division at the end of the season
Religion + Ancient Greece
The games as celebration for the gods, Temple of Zeus, Temple of Hera, Angry statue of Zeus holding a lightning bolt at the entrance of the stadium to scare Zanes (cheaters) Statue of Apollo, Nika - goddess of victory
"Ping Pong Diplomacy"
a friendly game between American and Chinese table-tennis teams that led to establishing official relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China during the Cold War
Underconformity
a rejection of norms or ignorance about their existence. Can lead to anarchy.
The "Battle of the Sexes" refers to ________.
a tennis game in which Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs.
Criminal violence
actions that not only violate the rules of the game, but are outside the law
Quasi-criminal violence
actions that violate formal rules of the games, the norms of sport and at times the law
Brutal body contact
actions within the rules of sports that can cause injuries
Tech angle STM
advanced materials, sensors, devices, biotech, data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, information communication, extended reality, etc
Communication theories
agenda setting, use and gratification, framing, cultivation, disposition based, self-catgegorization/social identity, hegemonic theory
According to the _________________ theory, the media have power in their ability to shape the discussion of public events.
agenda-setting
In the NCAA, Division I - FBS, which of the following women sports generates net profits (revenues are higher than expenses)?
all women's sports are losing money in college sports
stacking
an unusual distribution of white and black athletes in certain sport positions that cannot be explained by random distribution, Harry Edwards coined term
Societal Analysis
analyzing data obtained through various methods already described, pros→ applies social theories and models to examine life from a social POV, cons→ if only one theory or model is used, it may ignore salient facts or skew analysis
________ is exhibited by people who starve themselves in order to achieve what they perceive as an ideal body weight.
anorexia
eating disorders in sports
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, compulsive exercise
hazing
any humiliating or dangerous activity of a student to belong to a group regardless of their willingness to participate→ varsity athletics=huge offender (74%)
In athletes-organized sports the physical activities ____________.
are less structured than in adult-organized sports.
gambling
argument made it is a bailout for local and state governments, which are searching for new revenue stream
According to the textbook, many _____________ athletes come to the United States already highly educated and established in the middle or upper class.
asian americans
race
attributes that are passed along genetically from generation to generation
coaching styles
autocratic (authoritarian, command), athlete-centered (democratic, cooperative), manager (laissez-faire, casual)
Master athletes are usually __________.
between the ages of 35 and 90.
Exploitation
black athletes are constantly used for athletic abilities by college, universities, and coaches
The largest source of revenues for the international Olympic Committee comes from _______.
broadcasting rights
violence on the field
brutal body contact, borderline violence, quasi-criminal violence, criminal violence
weakness of critical theory
can be confusing, may be useful only in specific cases
weakness of feminist theory
can overlook other factors
Most popular world religions
christianity, islam, unaffiliated
content analysis
collecting information or pictures from media and assigning themes, pros→ can assess much data, can analyze societal priorities and biases, con→ uses inferences from others' reporting than self-reports
Black men are overrepresented in which sports and divisions?
division 1 +2, football and basketball
Larry Nassar
doctor in high level positions in the USOC, USA Gymnastics and Michigan State University, Nassar was sentenced to 40-175 years in prison for sexual assault of athletes
Anabolic steroids and stimulants are types of ________.
doping
Conflict Theory
economic interests shape the world, and sport reinforce existing power structures, focuses on forces that produce instability, disruption, and disorganization
figurational theory
emphasizes peoples' connections and interdependence, examines historical changes of networks of people over time
historical analysis
examining primary documents, interviewing primary sources and experts, and analyzing historians' interpretations, pros→ examines sport trends over time, can make comparison with society at large, cons→ addresses only large societal trends
According to Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development people in the highest stage of moral reasoning see the law and order as the most important social conventions. (t/f)
false
According to the article by Hallman and Giel (2018), there is very little growth in competitive esports competition, and prize money has yet to surpass $100,000.
false
According to the textbook, play and games differ, but every sport is also considered work (t/f)
false
After JFK was assassinated the NFL postponed the rest of the season.
false
All NCAA Division I conferences suspended their season at the same time.
false
All prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs are illegal. (t/f)
false
Only non-democratic countries have been using national sports events to promote national pride.
false
Since the passage of Title IX in 1972, there was no significant growth in girls and women's participation in high school and college sports. (t/f)
false
The final stage of a marketing process is a SWOT analysis (t/f)
false
The social class and socio-economic status does not have an impact on sports participation and choices of sports. (t/f)
false
According to the chapter by Frevel et al. (2020) "Taxonomy of Sportstech", fantasy sports falls under the category of _______________.
fans + content
Rachael Denhollander
first to speak out against larry nassar, followed by Mckayla Maroney, Aly Raisman and many others
Use and gratification
focus on the media user, motives, media consumption, groups and individuals, why users choose certain media platforms
Interactionalist theory
focuses on social interactions and relationships (bottom-up approach), assumes choices are deliberate, conscious, and based on their effect on self and others
weakness of ineractionalist theory
focuses on the individual, ignoring the role of overall power structure
The only sports that generate net revenues in college athletics are?
football and men's basketball
Haka
generic name for all Maori dance, dance is an expression of the passion, vigour and identity of the race, also a custom of high social importance in the welcoming and entertainment of visitors
Conventional (9-20)
good boy or girl (conformity), law and order (following laws, part of society)
The Great Sport Myth (GSM)
has shaped uncountable individual and collective decisions to embrace and sponsor sports, despite their costs and what they may preclude in the way of other private and public choices.
Tikkun Olam
he idea of repairing and improving the world, is integrated in Jewish culture, and adopted by the State of Israel
Nationalism
helped develop sports in countries whose popular sports were strongly rooted in the country's culture
Cultivation
impact of the repeating message on the consumer's reality perception and beliefs
social character
involves relationships with other people such as teammates coaches, officials, spectators, opponents, etc, it stresses loyalty, work ethic, perserverences, and disciple
Which of the following is not part of the Title IX compliance tests?
level of performance test
Two primary concepts of cultivation theory
mainstreaming and resonance
mainstreaming
means that heavy viewers tend to be similar in their viewpoints across groups
planning (sports marketing process)
mission and vision statement, internal and external SWOT analysis
Lacrosse is a sport that was created by ___________.
native americans
fans + content STM
news, content, fan experiences, social platforms, fantasy and betting
Enthography
notes and conversations obtained by personal observation and immersion in an environment or group, pros→ an insider view, cons→ can be costly and time intensive, ex: "life in the minor leagues"
Resonance
occurs more strongly among a certain group.
3 different types of drugs
over-the-counter/prescription, stimulants, anabolic steroids
Social identity
people group to make sense of the social world, similar categories within the group
Self categorization
people see themselves as individuals and as a part of a group, being part of a group is important for self identity, shared behaviors, attitudes, thoughts
4 components of sports
physical competition, competition, institutionalized games, specialized facilities and equipment
The Sports Marketing Process
planning, implementation, evaluation
The sport pyramid
play→ games→ sport→ work
Hegemonic masculinity (yoo, smith, kim)
posits that cultural norms guarantee males the dominant position in society over women, encouraging traits such as aggressiveness, drive, ambition, self-reliance, and strength in males while discouraging them in females
Kohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Development
preconventional, conventional, post conventional
Eddie Dibbs and Harold Soloman
professional tennis players, "Bagel Twins"
Which of the following is not one of the marketing strategies (the 4 Ps)?
professionalism
Which of the following components is not a required characteristic of sport?
professionalization
Preconventional (ages 0-9)
punishment and obedience (authority figures, being right=obeying), pleasure or pain (motivation is rewards, self centered)
interviews
questioning individuals or small (focus) groups, pros→ can be in depth, can prompt unexpected answers, cons→ can be time consuming, expensive, and limited to small samples
survey research
questionnaires, pros→ quickly collects much data for trend analysis, random sampling permits generalizations to larger populations, cons→ relies of self-reports, may not account for personal differences, may mislead if data are not discreet enough
Which electronic media platform was most common in the 1930s?
radio
weakness of conflict theory
relies too heavily on economics
Jackie Robinson is one of the most significant athletes in the ______ wave of black athlete's activism, as through this wave focused on acquiring political access and positional diversity.
second
Dividing the market into different groups of potential consumers is called?
segmentation
implementation (sports marketing process)
segmentation, targeting, positioning (STP), the marketing mix (4 p's)
mass communication
sender→ message→ medium→ message→ receiver→ action
communications
sender→ message→ receiver→ action
Critical race theory (CRT)
serves as an appropriate and useful framework with which to analyze and understand African American sport activism
Adult-organized sport:
skills of the games, rules of the game, proper playing positions, obedience to adult directions, strategy, and training methods
________ is the most popular sports worldwide.
soccer
Post conventional(20 +)
social contract (interest in human welfare), principled conscience (universal laws)
Feminist Theory
society is patriarchal and ignores or undervalues female virtues, analyzes status of women in sport
Eugene Shriver Kennedy was the founder of the ____________.
special olympics
_______ are an international multi-sports competition for athletes with mental disabilities.
special olympics
Functionalist Theory
sport helps maintain societal status quo and equilibrium by building character and teaching values, sports reinforce society's value system
"Sport as an Opiate of the Masses" refers to ________.
sports as a tool of keeping people from worrying about things that matter to their lives.
Critical Theory
studies the power of authority that a group wields over others (hegemony), sport does not simply mirror society but can change beliefs and relationships
evaluation (the sports marketing process)
systematic tracking, evaluation, modifications
Open league system
teams are promoted and relegated every year. Mobility between leagues. Various different types of competitions. Teams rarely move between cities. League size and format changes based on institutionalized decisions. Common in Europe and most of the world.
Most NCAA schools with big football programs are part of ________.
the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)
The first major American league that suspended its season because of COVID19 was _________.
the NBA
ethnicity
the cultural heritage of a group of people
Siya Kolisi
the first black captain of the Springboks leads South Africa to win the World Cup
According to Cooky, Messner, and Musto (2015), __________.
the highest coverage percentage of women's sports was Network News in 1999.
According to the textbook, Hispanic or Latino athletes are over-represented (their percentage in the sport is higher than their percentage in the population) in ______________.
the mlb
Work
the physical or mental effort needed to perform a task, it is often connected to earning a living, professional athletes work when they are paid to play sport, high-performance athletes may experience sport as work even if they are not paid
What influenced Pierre de Coubertin?
the regional games in Europe and his visits abroad + the Victorian social class differences in England, he sees sports as amateurish
pedagogy
the study of the art and science of teaching
violence
the use of excessive physical force, which causes or has obvious potential to cause harm or destruction
A social class is a defined category of people who share a similar position in society based on their socioeconomic level. (t/f)
true
According to the chapter by Frevel et al. (2020) "Taxonomy of Sportstech", the SportsTech Matrix consists of two angles, a user angle and a tech angle.
true
Coaches and parents over-emphasizing the importance of the game's outcome, over-training at a young age, and stress and anxiety can lead children to drop out of sports because of burnout.
true
In American professional leagues revenues from ticket sales pale in comparison to tv rights revenues. (t/f)
true
Participation athletes spend less time than high-level athletes in practicing and training for competitions.
true
The Americans with Disabilities Act is a law signed by President George H. W. Bush in the early 1990s and addresses discrimination against people with disabilities.
true
The first to file an official complaint to the police against Larry Nassar was Rachel Denhollander, a former amateur gymnast from Kentucky and a lawyer. (t/f)
true
While in the second half of the 20th Century Olympic Games and Paralympic Games sometimes took place in different cities or countries, in the 21st Century every bid includes hosting both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.
true
management + organization STM
venues, organizations, media + commercial patterns
aggression
verbal or physical actions grounded in an intent to dominate control or do harm to another person
Social stratification
we assign classes according to levels of power, prestige and wealth
activity + performance STM
wearables + equipment, performance tracking and coaching
Gymnasium in Ancient Greece
where the children studied, learned math, philosophy, how to play the Khitara and also practiced sport
Teaching children sound fundamentals and basic strategy is part of the requirements of a good coach in ______.
youth