Sc110 Final Exam2.0

A scientific law can never be proven wrong. Options: True False

False

A scientific law can never be proven wrong. Select one: True False

False

If the speed of a car doubles, it's kinetic energy also doubles. Select one: True False

False

The smallest unit that displays the characteristics of life is called a molecule. Select one: True False

False

A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to speed the rate of a reaction is called an enzyme. Select one: True False

True

A scientific theory can be proven wrong. Options: True False

True

A scientist continually challenges and tests principles and assumptions to determine a cause-and-effect relationship. A pseudoscientist uses the appearance or language of science to deceive others into thinking a statement or result is scientific. Options: True False

True

A scientist continually challenges and tests principles and assumptions to determine a cause-and-effect relationship. A pseudoscientist uses the appearance or language of science to deceive others into thinking a statement or result is scientific. Select one: True False

True

Populations of different kinds of organisms that interact with one another in a particular place are called communities. Select one: True False

True

Food is produced in the Select one: a. chloroplast. b. mitochondria. c. nucleolus. d. centriole.

a. chloroplast.

As energy flows from one trophic level to the next, approximately how much is "lost"? Select one: a. 90% b. 75% c. 50% d. 25% e. 10%

a. 90%

How much of Earth's waters are found in the oceans? Select one: a. > 90% b. 65% c. 75% d. < 50% e. 70%

a. > 90%

Which of the following is a hallmark feature of science? Select one: a. No hypothesis, theory, or law of nature is valid unless its predictions agree with experimental results. b. Scientific theories always eventually become scientific laws. c. Scientific laws are absolute truths and can never change. d. Scientific hypotheses always eventually become scientific theories.

a. No hypothesis, theory, or law of nature is valid unless its predictions agree with experimental results.

Science is Select one: a. a way of thinking based on observation and experiment. b. a series of equations. c. more important than any other course of study. d. a library of published scientific articles and facts.

a. a way of thinking based on observation and experiment.

The first law of thermodynamics is a really Select one: a. an application of the law of conservation of energy. b. a statement about efficiency. c. an explicit statement about gravity. d. an explicit statement about evolution.

a. an application of the law of conservation of energy.

How much of the water on earth exists in the liquid state? Select one: a. close to 100% b. close to 70% c. close to 50% d. close to 30% e. close to 0%

a. close to 100%

Fossil fuels include Select one or more: a. coal b. uranium c. petroleum d. natural gas e. biomass

a. coal c. petroleum d. natural gas

(Choose 3.) The three forms of heat transfer are Select one or more: a. conduction b. diffusion c. microwaving d. convection e. radiation

a. conduction d. convection e. radiation

When air is pushed upward and cooled to its dew point temperature in the process, clouds can form. Choose the 3 major causes of upward air movement from the list below. Select one or more: a. convection b. radiation c. orchard fans d. conduction e. the meeting of moving air masses with different densities f. condensation g. mountain ranges h. dams

a. convection e. the meeting of moving air masses with different densities g. mountain ranges

As you go up in the atmosphere, the density of air Select one: a. decreases. b. increases. c. doesn't change. d. decreases in certain layers and increases in others.

a. decreases.

When you touch an item that feels cool, Select one: a. in reality energy is flowing out of your body into the item. b. your cells slowly freeze. c. in reality energy is flowing into your body from the item. d. the item becomes magnetic.

a. in reality energy is flowing out of your body into the item.

Chemicals called catalysts Select one: a. increase the rate of energy-intensive reactions. b. chemically change cat DNA. c. slow the rate of energy-intensive reactions.

a. increase the rate of energy-intensive reactions.

The atmosphere is in a state of when a region of air is warmer than the surrounding air. Select one: a. instability b. stormation c. variation d. weather e. stability

a. instability

Water has a relatively specific heat, which helps keep Earth's temperature in a moderate range. Select one: a. low b. high

a. low

Energy, as we understand it, is Select one: a. neither increasing nor decreasing in our universe. b. increasing in our universe. c. decreasing in our universe. d. burning up our universe.

a. neither increasing nor decreasing in our universe.

Which of the two following gases make up the majority of the atmosphere? (Select 2 answers.) Select one or more: a. nitrogen b. oxygen c. argon d. water vapor e. carbon dioxide

a. nitrogen b. oxygen

Which of the following comprise the two broad categories of energy? (Choose 2 answers.) Select one or more: a. potential energy b. nuclear energy c. mechanical energy d. big bang energy e. chemical energy f. radiant energy g. electrical energy h. kinetic energy

a. potential energy h. kinetic energy

The total energy of an ecosystem can be measured many ways. Which of the following are mentioned in the text? (Choose all that apply.) Select one or more: a. quantifying the biomass at each trophic level b. measuring the wind speed over different regions c. measuring the rate of photosynthesis and respiration d. measuring the water content of the land and air e. measuring the temperature of different regions

a. quantifying the biomass at each trophic level c. measuring the rate of photosynthesis and respiration

A rapid and violent weather change is called a Select one: a. storm. b. thermal inversion. c. warm front. d. cyclone. e. cold front.

a. storm.

Which of the below is considered, for all practical purposes, a renewable resource? Select one: a. sunlight b. coal c. petroleum d. natural gas

a. sunlight

Energy is the ability to do work. That is, energy is Select one: a. the ability to move (or change the motion of) an object using a force. b. equivalent to force. c. nothing more than motion. d. the ability to do nothing.

a. the ability to move (or change the motion of) an object using a force.

Climate is Select one: a. the average weather of a region over a number of years. b. the annual precipitation and average temperature of a region over a year. c. the same as weather. d. the average weather of a region over a year.

a. the average weather of a region over a number of years.

Ten thousand years ago, what would you find in the region now known as the Sahara desert? Select one: a. polar bears b. volcanoes c. ocean d. river valleys

d. river valleys

Earth's water cycle is driven by Select one: a. volcanic activity b. the sun's gravitational pull. c. Earth's rotation. d. solar energy. e. the moon's gravitational pull.

d. solar energy.

The heating of the lower atmosphere that occurs when solar radiation is absorbed and re-emitted in the form of infrared radiation is called . Select one: a. light pollution. b. global warming. c. climate change. d. the greenhouse effect. e. ozone depletion.

d. the greenhouse effect.

Many forms of energy in use today can be traced back to Select one: a. dams. b. Texas. c. coal. d. the sun. e. the moon.

d. the sun.

The study of heat and its relationship to mechanical energy is called Select one: a. physics. b. engineering. c. radiology. d. thermodynamics. e. chemistry.

d. thermodynamics.

A smallest, most violent weather disturbance that occurs on Earth. Select one: a. hurricane b. cyclone c. hail storm d. tornado e. tsunami

d. tornado

Fans, such as the one shown below, are often seen in orchards. What is the purpose of these fans? Select one: a. The fans keep the fruit cool on very hot days to reduce the chance of spoiling. b. The fans lead to a greater distribution water vapor on foggy days. c. The fans help distribute solar energy, leading to faster growth. d. Wind from the fans jostles the fruit, allowing it to fall naturally rather than be picked. e. The fans mix the warm upper layers of air with cool lower layers to prevent frost during the night.

e. The fans mix the warm upper layers of air with cool lower layers to prevent frost during the night.

How often does Earth enter an ice age? Select one: a. about every 1000 years b. about every 10 years c. about every 100 years d. about every 100,000,000 years e. about every 100,000 years

e. about every 100,000 years

A large region of air that has close to the same temperature and moisture content is called Select one: a. a cloud. b. an equithermal. c. humidity. d. an inversion layer. e. an air mass.

e. an air mass.

About 12,000 years ago, most of the Northern Hemisphere was Select one: a. desert. b. volcano. c. rainforest. d. mud. e. ice.

e. ice.

Biology draws heavily upon which of the other sciences for its foundations regarding how physical laws apply to living things? Select one: a. physics and geology b. astronomy and geology c. chemistry and geology d. astronomy and linguistics e. physics and chemistry

e. physics and chemistry

When we "use" energy, we Select one: a. can smell the odor it creates. b. turn it to carbon. c. eliminate it from the universe. d. add it to the universe. e. really just change it to a different form.

e. really just change it to a different form.

Earth's most abundant source of energy comes from Select one: a. fossil fuels. b. water. c. wind. d. geothermal sources. e. sunlight.

e. sunlight.

Biomagnification occurs when Select one: a. the species at the middle of the food chain are greater in number than both those at the top of the food chain and those at the bottom of the food chain. b. the species at the bottom of the food chain are greater in number than those at the top of the food chain. c. the concentration of accumulated materials increases as it moves to lower trophic levels. d. the species at the top of the food chain are greater in number than those at the bottom of the food chain. e. the concentration of accumulated materials increases as it moves to higher trophic levels.

e. the concentration of accumulated materials increases as it moves to higher trophic levels.

Most of Earth's freshwater came from Select one: a. Evian. b. the ground. c. respiration. d. Saturn. e. the oceans.

e. the oceans.

Many forms of energy in use today can be traced back to Select one: a. coal. b. the moon. c. Texas. d. dams. e. the sun.

e. the sun.

Most plants obtain the majority of their energy from Select one: a. microorganisms in the soil. b. animal waste. c. water. Water is life. d. carbon dioxide. e. the sun.

e. the sun.

A is an object that is used to measure how hot or cold something is. Select one: a. altimeter b. Fahrenheit c. centimeter d. barometer e. thermometer

e. thermometer

The uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the sun causes Select one: a. ocean tides! b. Earth's rotation! c. Earth's magnetic field! d. tsunamis! e. Earth's gravity field! f. wind!

f. wind!

Match the layer of the atmosphere with the correct description. ionosphere

the layer that hosts the northern lights

Match the layer of the atmosphere with the correct description. troposphere

the layer we live in

Match the layer of the atmosphere with the correct description. stratosphere

Contains the ozone layer

An independent living unit is called an organism. Select one: True False

True

Cities influence weather.. Select one: True False

True

Goose bumps occur when a tiny muscle at the base of a hair shaft contracts to hold your skin hair upright. Select one: True False

True

Which of the following are greenhouse gases listed in the text? (Choose all that apply.) Select one or more: a. water vapor b. methane c. oxygen d. argon e. carbon dioxide

a. water vapor b. methane e. carbon dioxide

Wind near the top of the troposphere is called a jet stream. A in a jet stream is understood to be one of the factors influencing weather changes on the Earth's surface. Select one: a. wave b. cloud c. snowstorm d. plane e. color change

a. wave

Which of the following are true, from the scientific perspective? Select one or more: a. whenever energy is transformed or transferred some of it is degraded b. energy comes in different forms c. the overall amount of energy remains conserved d. energy is the same thing as motion e. energy can be transferred or transformed from one form to another

a. whenever energy is transformed or transferred some of it is degraded b. energy comes in different forms c. the overall amount of energy remains conserved e. energy can be transferred or transformed from one form to another

In science, every theory must be tested by using it to make Select one: a.a scientific law. b.a prediction. c.a mathematical formula. d.a hypothesis.

b. a prediction.

Metabolism refers to Select one: a. a collection of hypotheses. b. chemical reactions such as photosynthesis. c. the process of reproduction. d. the formation of heterotrophs.

b. chemical reactions such as photosynthesis.

How does the atmosphere interact with radiation coming from the sun? (Choose all that apply.) Select one or more: a. It eliminates all of the radiation. b. It filters some of the radiation. c. It reflects all of the radiation. d. It absorbs some of the radiation. e. It absorbs all of the radiation. f. It reflects some of the radiation.

b. It filters some of the radiation. d. It absorbs some of the radiation. f. It reflects some of the radiation.

is the rate at which energy is "used." Select one: a. Momentum b. Power c. Work d. Force

b. Power

Can scientific laws ever change? Select one: a. No, because scientific laws have shaped the laws of nature. b. Yes, if new evidence indicates that they are not correct. c. No, never. d. Yes, by a 2/3 majority vote in Congress.

b. Yes, if new evidence indicates that they are not correct.

Can a scientific theory ever be proven wrong? Options: a. No. b. Yes.

b. Yes.

What is a watershed? Select one: a. a large shed containing water b. a land area drained by a stream c. melted icebergs d. a waterfall e. rain in a severe thunderstorm

b. a land area drained by a stream

Before entering an ice age, Earth experiences Select one: a. a period of slow rotation. b. an interglacial warming period. c. a period of fast rotation. d. an interglacial cooling period.

b. an interglacial warming period.

Rogue waves Select one: a. are tsunamis. b. are larger than normal surface waves. c. are tidal waves. d. are usually red.

b. are larger than normal surface waves.

The trapping of radiant energy and conversion to chemical bonds occurs in Select one: a. eyes. b. chloroplasts. c. cake. d. vacuoles. e. cytoplasm.

b. chloroplasts.

A occurs when a cold air mass moves into warmer air, displacing the warmer air. A occurs when a warm air mass moves into cooler air, displacing or overriding the cooler air. Select one: a. warm front; stationary front b. cold front; warm front c. stable front; unstable front d. stationary front; cold front e. warm front; cold front

b. cold front; warm front

Chlorophyll molecules absorb most visible photons and reflect many in the portion of the spectrum. Select one: a. red b. green c. gamma d. yellow e. blue

b. green

Evaporation the salinity of seawater. Select one: a. does not affect b. increases c. decreases

b. increases

Radiant energy Select one: a. is carried by infrared and ultraviolet radiation but not visible light. b. is carried by all forms of radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum and can travel through the vacuum of space. c. cannot travel through the vacuum of space. d. is always accompanied by sound. e. includes heat but not light.

b. is carried by all forms of radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum and can travel through the vacuum of space.

Which of the following comprise the two broad categories of energy? (Choose 2 answers.) Select one or more: a. radiant energy b. kinetic energy c. big bang energy d. nuclear energy e. electrical energy f. chemical energy g. potential energy h. mechanical energy

b. kinetic energy g. potential energy

A substance with a high specific heat changes temperature easily than a substance with a low specific heat. (This assumes the two substances have the same mass, the same initial temperature, and the same final temperature.) Select one: a. more b. less

b. less

All of the chemical reactions within your body are called your Select one: a. astrology. b. metabolism. c. heredity. d. life.

b. metabolism.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, Select one: a. Martians will visit us in 2036. b. nature limits the amount of energy around us that is "available" for our use. c. nature makes all of the energy around us "available" for our use. d. entropy is the best name for an athletic team.

b. nature limits the amount of energy around us that is "available" for our use.

Energy, as we understand it, is Select one: a. increasing in our universe. b. neither increasing nor decreasing in our universe. c. burning up our universe. d. decreasing in our universe.

b. neither increasing nor decreasing in our universe.

Weather in the atmosphere is driven by which of the following? Select one: a. trees b. solar energy c. wind turbines d. ocean tides

b. solar energy

The sun's rays penetrate which layer of the ocean? Select one: a. the photic zone b. the euphotic zone c. the biophotic zone d. the periphotic zone e. the phytophotic zone

b. the euphotic zone

Resources are defined as non-renewable if Select one: a. they use fossil fuels. b. their rate of consumption is faster than their rate of regeneration. c. their rate of consumption is slower than their rate of regeneration. d. their rate of consumption is equal to their rate of regeneration.

b. their rate of consumption is faster than their rate of regeneration.

Each time energy enters a different organism, it is said to enter a different Select one: a. abiotic level. b. trophic level. c. community level. d. environment level. e. biotic level.

b. trophic level.

During the day, the ocean breeze flows from the ocean toward the land. During the night, it flows from the land toward the ocean. Why? Select one: a. During the day, the land is cooler than the ocean. The air above the land rises, allowing the air above the ocean to flow in horizontally, filling the space above the land. During the night, the ocean is cooler than the land. The air above the ocean rises, allowing the air above the land to flow in horizontally, filling the space above the ocean. b. During the day, the land is cooler than the ocean. The air above the ocean falls and is pushed horizontally toward the land. During the night, the ocean is cooler than the land. The air above the land falls and is pushed horizontally toward the ocean. c. During the day, the land is warmer than the ocean. The air above the land rises, allowing the air above the ocean to flow in horizontally, filling the space above the land. During the night, the ocean is warmer than the land. The air above the ocean rises, allowing the air above the land to flow in horizontally, filling the space above the ocean.

c. During the day, the land is warmer than the ocean. The air above the land rises, allowing the air above the ocean to flow in horizontally, filling the space above the land. During the night, the ocean is warmer than the land. The air above the ocean rises, allowing the air above the land to flow in horizontally, filling the space above the ocean.

is a thermodynamic measure of disorder, or, as one famous scientist put it, mixedupedness. Select one: a. Temperature b. Efficiency c. Entropy d. Energy e. Heat

c. Entropy

Which of the following is a hallmark feature of science? Options: a. Scientific laws are absolute truths and can never change. b. Scientific hypotheses always eventually become scientific theories. c. No hypothesis, theory, or law of nature is valid unless its predictions agree with experimental results. d. Scientific theories always eventually become scientific laws.

c. No hypothesis, theory, or law of nature is valid unless its predictions agree with experimental results.

What is wrong with the following statement? The apple fell to the ground because of Newton's law of universal gravitation. Select one: a. Nothing. b. Apples don't fall to the ground. c. Scientific laws do not control the behavior of objects.

c. Scientific laws do not control the behavior of objects.

is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules making up a substance, be it a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. Select one: a. Gravity b. Light c. Temperature d. Physics e. Heat

c. Temperature

Can scientific laws ever change? Select one: a. No, never. b. No, because scientific laws have shaped the laws of nature. c. Yes, if new evidence indicates that they are not correct. d. Yes, by a 2/3 majority vote in Congress.

c. Yes, if new evidence indicates that they are not correct.

What is an aquifer? Select one: a. a natural freshwater spring that occurs 10 m above sea level b. a lake c. a layer of permeable material beneath Earth's surface capable of producing water in usable quantities d. a river e. a natural freshwater spring that occurs 10 m below sea level

c. a layer of permeable material beneath Earth's surface capable of producing water in usable quantities

As you go up in the atmosphere, the temperature of air Select one: a. decreases. b. doesn't change. c. decreases in certain layers and increases in others. d. increases.

c. decreases in certain layers and increases in others.

The system of measurement based on referents in nature, but not with respect to human body parts, and preferred in science is the Options: calendar system. b. English system. c. metric system. d. absolute system.

c. metric system.

Energy can be transformed from one kind to another. An electric motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy, while an electric generator does the opposite (mechanical → electrical). What kind of energy transformation takes place in a solar cell? Select one: a. mechanical → electrical b. electrical → radiant c. radiant → electrical d. radiant → nuclear e. nuclear → electrical

c. radiant → electrical

Energy can be transformed from one kind to another. An electric motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy, while an electric generator does the opposite (mechanical → electrical). What kind of energy transformation takes place in a solar cell? Select one: a. radiant → nuclear b. nuclear → electrical c. radiant → electrical d. electrical → radiant e. mechanical → electrical

c. radiant → electrical

Which is not a characteristic of all life? Select one: a. reproduction b. evolution c. random cell structure d. responsiveness

c. random cell structure

When we "use" energy, we Select one: a. can smell the odor it creates. b. eliminate it from the universe. c. really just change it to a different form. d. add it to the universe. e. turn it to carbon.

c. really just change it to a different form.

When we "use" energy, we Select one: a. eliminate it from the universe. b. can smell the odor it creates. c. really just change it to a different form. d. add it to the universe. e. turn it to carbon.

c. really just change it to a different form.

Which of the following is considered an abiotic factor in the environment of a fish in a stream? Select one: a. vegetation in the stream b. tree density along the bank of the stream c. stream water temperature d. predators in or along the stream e. microorganisms in the stream

c. stream water temperature

Saturated air occurs when Select one: a. the amount of water leaving the air through evaporation equals that entering the air through condensation. b. the sun is directly overhead. c. the amount of water entering the air through evaporation equals that leaving the air through condensation. d. the water used by the general public is equivalent to that leaving the atmosphere through rain and snowfall. e. the amount of water leaving the sky through rainfall equals the amount of water condensing into snow and ice on mountains.

c. the amount of water entering the air through evaporation equals that leaving the air through condensation.

Small surface waves in the ocean generally obtain their energy from Select one: a. underwater earthquakes. b. underwater volcanic activity. c. the wind. d. sea life. e. the moon.

c. the wind.

When a hurricane occurs over the North Pacific Ocean, west of the international date line, it is called a Select one: a. pacific hurricane. b. tsunami. c. typhoon. d. ocean hurricane. e. cyclone.

c. typhoon.

is a measure of the internal energy that has been absorbed or transferred from one body to another, often due to a difference in temperature. Select one: a. Friction b. Gravity c. Light d. Heat

d. Heat

occurs when precipitation soaks into the ground. Select one: a. Transpiration b. Lightning c. Thawing d. Percolation e. A whirlpool

d. Percolation

The second law of thermodynamics is really Select one: a. an explicit statement about gravity. b. an explicit statement about evolution. c. an application of the law of conservation of energy. d. a statement about efficiency.

d. a statement about efficiency.

Science is Select one: a. a library of published scientific articles and facts. b. more important than any other course of study. c. a series of equations. d. a way of thinking based on observation and experiment.

d. a way of thinking based on observation and experiment.

An ecosystem consist of Select one: a. all the interacting organisms in an area and their interactions with biotic factors. b. all the non-interacting organisms in an area and their interactions with abiotic factors. c. all the non-interacting organisms in an area and their interactions with biotic factors. d. all the interacting organisms in an area and their interactions with abiotic factors. e. all the organisms in an area.

d. all the interacting organisms in an area and their interactions with abiotic factors.

Scientific investigation can address only those questions that have Select one: a. many opinions. b. an economic benefit. c. political urgency. d. attainable objective evidence.

d. attainable objective evidence.

Scientific investigation can address only those questions that have Select one: a. many opinions. b. political urgency. c. an economic benefit. d. attainable objective evidence.

d. attainable objective evidence.

A nucleus is found in Select one: a. all of these. b. blue-green algae. c. bacteria. d. eukaryotic cells.

d. eukaryotic cells.

Radiant energy Select one: a. is carried by infrared and ultraviolet radiation but not visible light. b. is always accompanied by sound. c. cannot travel through the vacuum of space. d. is carried by all forms of radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum and can travel through the vacuum of space. e. includes heat but not light.

d. is carried by all forms of radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum and can travel through the vacuum of space.

The majority of the Earth's freshwater can be found Select one: a. in rivers. b. in the atmosphere. c. in lakes. d. locked in ice.

d. locked in ice.

Energy can be transformed from one kind to another. An electric motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy, while an electric generator does the opposite (mechanical → electrical). What kind of energy transformation takes place in a solar cell? Select one: a. mechanical → electrical b. radiant → nuclear c. nuclear → electrical d. radiant → electrical e. electrical → radiant

d. radiant → electrical