Schools of Psychology
William James
**main functionalist established first American psych lab (1875) viewed mind as stream, "stream of consciousness," which cannot be meaningfully broken down into discrete elements believed mind not suited for the kind of analytic study favored by structuralists
"The whole is different than the sum of its parts"
-Max Wertheimer, Gestalt
school of psych that had a violent reaction to structuralism
Behaviorism
Gestalt Psychology
early school of psych; claimed that we perceive and think about wholes rather than combinations of separate elements
James Cattell
first psychology professor in the world
John B. Watson
founder of Behaviorism works led to redefinition of psych as the science that studies the behavior of organisms.
Max Wertheimer
founder of Gestalt; used gestalt bc means "form" or "shape" to punctuate how we see wholes and not pieces
Sigmund Freud
founder of psychoanalysis; austrian neurologist who considered himself a "conquistador of the mind"
argued structuralists emphasized the wrong psych questions
functionalists
felt psych should not be concerned with components of mind but with the why and how the mind worked
functionalists
group that broadened range of subjects used in psychological research by including animals, children, and people suffering from mental disorders
functionalists
3 basic mental elements
images, sensations, feelings
psychic determination
Freudian assumption that all human behavior is influenced by unconscious motives
assumed that the conscious mind evolved bc it promoted the survival of individual human beings
Functionalism
focused on operations & processes of the mind, not the structure
Functionalism
influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution
Functionalism most important way of adapting is learning
2 who helped introduce Gestalt psych to America
Kurt Koffka & Wolfgang Kohler
conversion hysteria
disorder result of unconscious psych conflicts about sex caused by cultural prohibition against sexual enjoyment freud
Ivan Pavlov
Russian; behaviorist found that all behavior is a response to some stimulus in the environment
who established pysch lab, 1875 (same years as Wundt), at Harvard
William James; used labs for demonstrations, not experiments like Wundt
insisted all activity/behavior is adaptive or functional
allows individual to adapt to his/her ever-changing environment *funtionalism
Phi Phenomenon
apparent motion in the absence of actual motion shows the mind doesn't respond passively to discrete stimuli but organizes stimuli into coherent wholes
John Dewey
applied psych to the improvement of educational practices
Wilhem Wundt
attributed with founding the new discipline of psychology- Germany 1875, University of Leipzig
group that claimed psych should only be concerned with observable/measurable behavior
behaviorists
introspection
method where highly trained individual reports contents of their conscious mental experiences *structuralism
80% of people get fired for
not being able to work well with others
Kurt Koffka
prolific writer; popularized Gestalt psych
Wolfgang Kohler
promoted Gestalt as a natural science
early childhood experiences are important in personality
psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
school of psych; emphasized importance of unconscious causes of behavior
Behaviorism
school of psych; rejected study of mental processes in favor of the study of overt behavior
Structuralism
school of psych; sought to identify components of the conscious mind (first school)
Functionalism
school of psych; studied how the conscious mind helps individual adapt to environment
Freud concluded that unconscious conflicts, usually related to ___ and ___ , were the primary motivators of behavior
sex and aggression psychoanalysis
school of psychology inspired by scientists' analytic skills
structuralism
B.F. Skinner
theory of Operant conditioning (positive reinforcement)
Edward B. Titchener
thought mind had 3 basic elements; went to Cornell *structuralism
