SCI 2020 Chapter 14 Midterm Study Guide

What is the source of a viral envelope?

host cell membrane

What is the name for the thin, stringy material growing from this mushroom?

hyphae

means without.

in

The most likely location of where ribozymes developed is:

in hot-springs

What are the most common types of animals?

insects and other invertebrates

Animal

is a multicellular organism that must consume other organisms to survive and is motile for at least part of its life cycle.

Which group of organisms includes species that can control or have strong influence over the activities of other organisms?

mammals

means pertaining to fungi.

myco

You can visit the preserved specimen of an aardvark in a _______; the pressed flower blossom of a daisy in a _______; and the petri dish with a representative specimen of a microbe in a _______.

natural history museum; herbarium; type-collection center

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nucleoid region -Bacteria lack a nucleus; their DNA is found in the nucleoid region.

Which of the following is absent in viruses?

nucleus

Viruses

organic entities that interact with living organisms but are not quite alive

Domain Eukarya

organisms with genetic material within a nucleus in cells

Cnidaria, Mollusca, and Chordata are _______ in what kingdom?

phyla; Animalia

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

plasma membrane

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

ribosomes -Ribosomes are involved in the manufacture of polypeptides (proteins).

All of the listed animals are invertebrates except the _______.

salamander

Mycologist

scientist who studies fungi

Systematists

scientists who specialize in describing and categorizing a particular group of organisms (biological classification).

The genetic material of HIV consists of

single stranded RNA

Double fertilization

sperm from pollen grain fertilizes an egg and two nuclei (to produce endosperm)

Botany

study of plants

Cambrian explosion:

sudden appearance of life forms during a period comprising less than 1% of history of life on Earth

Zoology

the scientific study of animals

Based on the chemical make-up of the first self-replicating molecule, it most closely resembles the structure of certain types of:

viruses

means pertaining to animals.

zoo

The tree of life

•Biologists think life should be classified according to evolutionary relationships •Groupings correspond to the time of divergences

Kingdom Fungi

•Immobile, multicellular eukaryotes •Many reproduce by releasing spores. •Heterotrophic

Flowering plants

•Most modern plants in this group -90% of known plant species •Appeared 140 million years old •Have vascular tissue •Produce seeds •Evolved specialized reproductive organs: flowers

Kingdom Plantae

•Multicellular •Eukaryotic •Autotrophic: make food via photosynthesis Studied by botanists (plant biologists)

DNA comparisons

•Required to determine evolutionary relationships •DNA of closely related organisms should be more similar than DNA of distantly related organisms.

Commercial uses of fungi

•Yeast: single-celled •Mold: quickly reproducing and fast growing

Which of the following is not a correct pairing of a topic and the name of the scientist who studies the topic?

***Cyanobacteria: virologist Correct: Animals: zoologist Prokaryotes: microbiologist Fungi: mycologist Plants: botanists

•1990: Four kingdoms within Eukarya domain

-Plantae: make their own food -Animalia: rely on other organisms for food -Fungi: digest dead organisms Protista: hodgepodge of many different organisms

How many species have recently been identified and catalogued in centralized databases?

1.3 billion

During which 50-year period did the number of taxonomic orders increase most rapidly?

1750-1800

Eukaryotic cells appeared

2 billion years ago

There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad?

256 - The bacteria would double 6 times in 2 hours, so the total number of bacteria in the egg salad would be 256.

The most ancient fossils of prokaryotic cells are about ________ years old, whereas eukaryotes appear to have arisen about ________ years ago

3.5 Billion; 2 Billion

According to the fossil record, approximately how many years ago did life begin on Earth?

3.6 billion

A large trilobite impression was discovered on a fossil hunt. How long ago was this impression made?

354 million years Large trilobites were abundant during the Devonian period. Coral and other trilobites were common in the Permian period.

Vertebrates make up approximately _____% of the total species in kingdom Animalia.

4

Self-replicating molecules are thought to have appeared about:

4 billion years ago. Life on Earth began between 3.5 and 4 billion years ago with the origin of self-replicating molecules.

What total number of species on Earth can be estimated from the numbers of currently identified species?

8.7 million From the 1.3 million of currently identified species, extrapolation strategies estimate that 8.7 million species exist on Earth

Where would the greatest biodiversity be most evident?

A 50-acre region of undisturbed rainforest - Biodiversity is the variety within and among living species the most diverse habitats would be those that are undisturbed by humans.

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Which organisms are most closely related to each other?

A mushroom and a snail These organisms from the kingdoms Fungi and Animalia are more closely related than any of the other pairs listed

Which evidence could determine the most accurate classification of similar species?

A study of DNA sequences of a representative gene in similar species

The adaptive radiation of flowering plants is most likely due to what?

Adaptive radiation is the rapid diversification into large and varied groups of descendants. The adaptive radiation of flowering plants was most likely due to an evolutionary breakthrough.

Which of the following members of kingdom Protista are capable of making their own food?

Algae and diatoms

Humans are not a unique form of life.

All living organisms share a common ancestor, as evidenced by the commonality of DNA and ribosomes.

How long all species including humans been evolving on earth?

All species on Earth have been evolving for essentially the same amount of time, that is since life arose on Earth. Further, being "evolved" is an imprecise term used in Hollywood movies.

How would multicellular organisms that ingest other organisms as a source of energy and are motile at some life stage be classified?

Animals

The group of organisms humans belongs to is relatively small.

Animals with backbones make up only 4% of all animal species.

Invertebrates

Animals without backbones •Account for 96% of animal species -Estimated 30 million still unknown (oceans)

Fungal relationships

Ant parasites: (Ophiocordyceps unilateralis) Mycorrhizae

Most modern plants are members of which phylum? What structure unique to this phylum do these plants bear or produce?

Anthophyta; flowers

Humans did not invent most drugs used to treat disease.

Antibiotics are prevalent in bacteria and fungi, whereas other drugs are derived from plants.

Which groups are classified as kingdoms?

Archae- bacteria: are single-celled prokaryotes Bacteria - are single-celled prokaryotes Animalia - These multicellular eukaryotes depend on plants and other organisms for nutrition. Protista/Eukarya - eukaryotic organisms have a nucleus that is enclosed within a membrane Fungi - eukaryotic- include both unicellular (yeast and molds) and multicellular (mushrooms) organisms. Plantae - This diverse group contains vascular and nonvascular plants, flowering and nonflowering plants, as well as seed-bearing and non-seed bearing plants. Photosynthetic Organism. Organisms are placed into these categories based on similarities or common characteristics. Some of the characteristics that are used to determine placement are cell type, nutrient acquisition, and reproduction. The two main cell types are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

What group would include single-celled organisms able to survive in high-salt habitats?

Archaea Archaea generally live in extreme environments, such as environments that are extremely hot or extremely salty

Which group contains prokaryotes able to live in extreme environments like salty ponds?

Archaea - contains prokaryotes without peptidoglycan in their cell walls. These prokaryotes may live in extreme environments

Which domain(s) include(s) prokaryotic organisms?

Archaea and Bacteria

According to the figure, which two domains are more closely related to each other than they are to the other domain?

Archaea and Eukarya

Which two domains are more closely related to each other than they are to the other domain?

Archaea and Eukarya. Archaea and Eukarya share the most recent common ancestor.

Humans are not the most common species on Earth.

As many as 8.7 million species are believed to exist today.

According to the tree of life, which group is least closely related to Animals?

Bacteria

Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells.

Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, which is an asexual process in which one parent cell splits in two to give rise to identical daughter cells.

Domains:

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya large groupings of modern species according to similarities in cell structure; represents biological relationships and ancient divergences; used since 1990

Which group contains the organisms that produce the most potent natural compounds that kill bacteria?

Bacteria. More than half of all commercial antibiotics are derived from bacteria. Bacteria that produce these molecules gain an edge against bacterial competitors

Which animal is most closely related to the American alligator on the green tree diagram?

Black-capped chickadee

The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letterterm-82

C. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.

Which of these is reverse transcriptase?

C. This is reverse transcriptase.

During which time period did the sudden emergence of modern forms of animals occur?

Cambrian explosion

Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect?

Capsule

During which period did insects become abundant on Earth?

Carboniferous land was dominated by seedless plants, insects became abundant, and large amphibians appeared

Nonflowering seed plants

Challenge humans for title of Earth's greatest species Largest organisms on earth

According to the endosymbiotic theory, which eukaryotic organelle descended from a prokaryotic cell?

Chloroplast - The mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells appear to have descended from bacteria that began living in primitive eukaryotic cells

What process has resulted in the tight fit between flowering plants and their pollinators?

Coevolution both species in a relationship evolve adaptations to each other

What evidence best supports an evolutionary classification?

Comparing DNA

During which geological period did flowering plants appear?

Cretaceous Flowering plants appeared approximately 140 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period.

The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter

D. The nucleoid region contains DNA.

During which period did fishes dominate the Earth?

Devonian

Do secondary compounds provide chemicals useful to humans?

Drugs like aspirin and digitalis are made from secondary compounds from plants

Which of these is the viral genome?

E. HIV is an RNA virus.

In stages of reproduction in flowering plants. Which structure provides nourishment to a growing plant embryo?

Endosperm Endosperm surrounds the embryo within a seed and provides nourishment as the embryo grows

Which organisms share a more recent common ancestor and which only have similar characteristics?

Eukarya and Archaea share a more recent common ancestor Archaea and Bacteria have more similar characteristics.

Plant cells are

Eukaryotic Chloroplasts

Animal cells are

Eukaryotic Mitochondria

What is the most important organizing principle of modern biological classification?

Evolution

convergent evolution

Evolution of the same trait or set of traits in different populations as a result of shared environmental conditions rather than shared ancestry.

How do ferns reproduce and what type of tissue do they have?

Ferns reproduce via spores, but they also have vascular tissue.

are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Fimbriae enable bacterial cells to stick to a surface.

How does the fruit of a plant aid in the plant's reproduction?

Fleshy fruit attracts animals that will aid in seed dispersal

Human civilization is not possible without the presence of certain other groups of organisms.

Flowering plants are arguably the most important group of organisms on land, providing the basis for human agriculture.

What evidence do scientists use to test hypotheses about evolutionary classification?

Fossils of extinct organisms and DNA comparisons Genealogical information can be gathered. Comparisons of DNA sequences from living organisms will also show evolutionary relationships

Which of the following is an example of coevolution?

Fragrant flowers and pollinators that visit only the plants with that fragrance of flower

Why are flower seeds packaged in other structures?

Fruits have tasty flesh or parachutes to aid dispersal.

About one-third of all antibiotics that kill bacteria are derived from members of which kingdom?

Fungi

Why might fungi be expected as the source of many compounds that are toxic to bacteria?

Fungi often compete with bacteria for the same food supply

In the search for new antibiotics to fight bacterial diseases, why do many researchers focus attention on fungal species?

Fungi often compete with bacteria for the same resources This competition means that fungi would likely produce chemicals that provide tactical advantages over bacteria

Which of these binds to receptor molecules on the host cell membrane?

Glycoproteins on the viral envelope recognize and bind to receptors on the host cell.

A scientist is examining extracts of a plant hoping to find a defensive chemical, but she is having no luck. How might she alter her experiments?

Grow the plants in the presence of insect predators.

The greatest species on earth

Humans excel at using scientific processes. -To understand the world -To use knowledge to change the environment -To understand biodiversity

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.

What specific characteristics would identify a newly discovered organism as a prokaryote?

It is unicellular and lacks a nucleus for the DNA. Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Which invertebrates are most closely related to each other?

Jellyfish and coral The phylum Cnidaria includes free-floating organisms like jellyfish as well as organisms that fix to a surface like coral

means kernel.

Karyo

Approximately what percentage of the species currently on Earth have been described by scientists?

Less than 20% many scientists feel that there are about 8.7 million species on earth, and about 1.3 million species have been described

Difficulties in reconstructing evolutionary relationships

Loss of evolved traits in descendent species Similar traits in unrelated species by convergent evolution

Which function would viruses need to perform to be considered living organisms?

Maintain homeostasis Viruses cannot maintain homeostasis, and they are incapable of growth or reproduction without the assistance of another organism

Flowering plants did not appear until?

Mesozoic era, much later in evolution.

According to the endosymbiotic theory, which organelle descended from bacteria colonizing larger eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria

Which organelles are thought to have become parts of eukaryotic cells through the process of endosymbiosis?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Endosymbiotic theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from bacteria inside primitive eukaryotes.

After a long period of coevolution, the aerobic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the:

Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration.

Which organelle appears to be a descendant of free-living bacteria?

Mitochondrion Both mitochondria and chloroplasts can be traced back to bacterial ancestors

Organisms that can perform photosynthesis include members of which of the following kingdoms?

Monera, Protista, and Plantae

Which of the following members of kingdom Plantae are not vascular?

Mosses

What are Bryophyta?

Mosses. Lacking vascular tissue, these plants are very short and typically confined to moist areas. Reproduce via spores

What characteristics classify species into the kingdom Plantae?

Multicellular eukaryotes are able to perform photosynthesis.

What organisms are included in the modern group, kingdom Animalia?

Multicellular organisms that ingest other organisms Animals are multicellular organisms that make their living by ingesting other organisms

Which of the following is a true statement about mycorrhizae?

Mycorrhizal fungi live within plant cells and allow them to survive on poorer soil.

Which statement best describes the relationship between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Of the two prokaryotic groups, one has a much closer evolutionary relationship with eukaryotes. Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains of prokaryotes. Archaea has a closer relationship to eukaryotes.

Our ability to learn about the natural world does provide us an advantage over many species, especially if we use this advantage wisely.

Our knowledge about the phylogenetic relationships among species can help us predict the traits of previously unknown species.

What is the term that refers to a species' evolutionary history?

Phylogeny

Which of the following statements are true when comparing fungi and plants?

Plants perform photosynthesis, whereas fungi consume other organisms for nutrients.

Kingdom Animalia Major Phylum:

Porifera - sponge Cnidaria - anenome Platyhelminthes - tapeworm Mollusca - octopus Annelida - earthworm Nematoda - roundworm Arthropoda - lobster and shrimp Echinodermata - sea urchin Chordata - duck billed platypus

What are the major geologic eras based on the fossil record, in order from oldest to most recent? During which era did modern animals first appear in the oceans?

Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic; Paleozoic

What characteristic is shared by all plants in the phylum Coniferophyta?

Producing cones

A new deep-sea species is found in a mud sample taken from the Mid-Atlantic ridge. The single-celled organism shares many traits with bacteria and archaea. What group of living things would include this new organism?

Prokaryotic Both bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic organisms; the other groups listed are eukaryotic organisms

Which kingdom contains simple eukaryotes such as amoebas and algae?

Protista

Which kingdom contains organisms that are single-celled eukaryotes?

Protista Protista are eukaryotic, mostly single-celled forms, including plant-like, fungus-like, and animal-like types

What kingdom includes amoebas, eukaryotic single-celled organisms requiring organic molecules for energy?

Protista The amoeba is a single-celled eukaryote, so it is classified as a protist

Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a

Provirus" is the name given to double-stranded viral DNA that has been incorporated into a host cell's genome

When ingested by animals, curare, paralyzes muscles including those that are used to breathe. What is curare to the plant that makes it?

Secondary compound

Which biologic event occurred during the Paleozoic era?

Seedless plants colonized land Seedless plants and other organisms invaded the land during the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era

Which animal is most closely related to lobsters?

Shrimp Lobsters and shrimp are both in the phylum Arthropoda

What organism including its kingdom can grow on dead material; attract other cells to itself; help form a slug; and travel to a more optimal location to gain nutrients?

Slime mold; Protista

Which is true about modern biodiversity?

Systematists are biologists who name and classify newly discovered species.

After a long period of coevolution, the photosynthetic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the:

The chloroplast carries out photosynthesis.

What is adaptive radiation?

The diversification of one or a few species into a varied group of descendant species Adaptive radiation occurs after the appearance evolutionary breakthrough in a group of organisms and leads to the rapid expansion from a few species to many

What occurred during the Cambrian Explosion?

The first appearance of the modern forms of animals. First stage of the Paleozoic era.

Humans are a relatively young species, evolving late in the history of life compared with bacteria.

The first organisms were prokaryotes, which evolved at least 3.6 billion years ago.

Which of the following statements are supported by the data in these graphs?

The number of orders of animals eventually identified by scientists is expected to be close to 510. There are slightly more than 30 phyla of animals identified by scientists.

What factor explains a plant's production of toxic compounds such as curarine?

The plants' defense against animal predators

The bacteria initially persist in the predatory cell because:

The predatory cell is unable to digest the bacteria. This effect has been demonstrated in amoebas.

How are new species categorized by the scientific community?

The process of describing and categorizing new species is performed by systematists. Systematists describe new organisms and publish their information in a peer-reviewed, professional journal

What plant characteristics rival human abilities to defer natural enemies?

Their production of secondary compounds

How do secondary compounds contribute to the survival of a plant?

They deter predators that would eat the plant's leaves. Secondary compounds can be toxic to potential predators

The hyphae in a fungus may cover more surface area than the fruiting body of the fungus.

True - The hyphae in a fungus may take up substantial space either below ground or within another organism. The biomass of the fungus could be larger than the biomass of the visible fruiting body.

Nearly all living organisms became extinct at the end of the Paleozoic era.

True - 95% of all organisms became extinct at the end of the Permian period, also called Paleozoic era.

Common ancestors, or points of species divergence, are represented on a "tree of life" by nodes where branching occurs.

True - The right-most branch tips represent modern species that exist at the present time; these may have diverged, or branched, from common ancestors at nodes on the left side of the tree.

Two species that have very similar physical traits may be only distantly related.

True - Unrelated species may acquire the same traits through convergent evolution.

A virus is considered what because it contains genetic material and reproduces in a host cell?

Viruses are considered nonliving because they cannot maintain homeostasis and cannot grow or reproduce on their own

According to the hypothesized evolutionary history in the diagram, which physical characteristic was probably present in the ancestral sparrow?

White cheeks White cheeks are present in the sparrow that is most closely related to the ancestral sparrow. The other characteristics either appear in sparrow species that developed later or do not appear at all

From which item is penicillin derived?

a fungus

Which characteristic is unique to humans?

ability to use the scientific method to understand the world

means breath or soul.

anima

invertebrate

animal without a backbone

Vertebrates

animals with backbones Represent 4% of animal species

means pertaining to plants.

botan

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

cell wall

A free-living, single-celled organism that uses hair-like structures for mobility is classified as a(n) _______ and is a member of what kingdom?

ciliate; Protista

In order to be useful in evolutionary analysis, the DNA sequences used must be

common to all organisms in the analysis. Scientists must have an idea of the original gene sequence in the common ancestor to piece together the evolutionary changes that have occurred during divergence among the group.

Bats and birds share many traits, including the ability to fly. These shared traits are examples of __________.

convergent evolution

Geologic periods

divisions of life's history

Kingdoms

groupings originally based on cell types and methods of obtaining energy