Science of Human Nutrition: Chapter 5, 6, 8, and 9 Post Assessments

The Institute of Medicine's Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for protein is:

10-35% of energy intake

The Dietary Guidelines were first developed in _________.

1980

Which statement is true regarding fetal exposure to alcohol?

Fetal exposure to alcohol can result in permanent delays in mental development.

________ diabetes develops in 4 to 7% of pregnant women and increases their chance for developing ________ diabetes.

Gestational; Type 2

Occupational exposure to lead in adults is linked to ________.

Higher risk of violent and aggressive behavior, hyperactivity, and mental and behavioral problems (per textbook)

Which of the following is true regarding sugar intake?

It has not been demonstrated to increase hyperactivity in children.

How does nutrition knowledge influence food choices?

It motivates some, but not all, people to make healthful changes.

Which of the following organisms make us sick through performed toxins?

Staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following statements about sugar alcohols is not true?

They contain no kcalories

The most common form of diabetes is:

Type 2

The most important source of information on the Dietary Guidelines can be found at the ________ website.

US Department of Agriculture's (USDA)

Which claim is best supported by scientific evidence?

Very-low-carbohydrate diets can reduce short-term memory.

The primary structure of an amino acid is:

a sequence of amino acids

The secondary structure of an amino acid is:

a three-dimensional structure

The α -1,6 bonds in amylopectin are digested by the enzyme:

a-dextrinase

The artificial sweetener that is a potassium salt is:

acesulfame K

The average American intake of ______ is too high compared to the acceptable range.

added sugars

Healthful diets share two main characteristics

adequacy and variety

Glucagon is produced by the

alpha cells

Proteins are composed of

amino acids

Each of the following is/are associated with oligosaccharides except:

amylose

The straight chain arrangement of glucoses forms this polysaccharide:

amylose

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans _____________.

are science-based

The artificial sweetener composed of two amino acids that is not heat stable is:

aspartme

Comfort foods are chosen for their ________.

association with pleasant memories

In which of the following situations would a person be in negative nitrogen balance?

burns

Dietary fibers are classified by all of the following properties except

chain length

Amino acids that are only essential due to medical conditions or lifespan period are termed:

conditionally essential

The _________ of vegetables and fruit directly affects their intake.

cost

Which of the following is not classified as a complex carbohydrate?

disaccharides

The GI tract condition characterized by inflammation of pouches protruding from the colon is:

diverticulitis

Normally, one of the least critical functions of protein is:

energy production

The amino acids that must be supplied by the diet are termed:

essential

The condition of low blood glucose due to excess insulin release regardless of food intake is:

fasting hypoglycemia

The type of dietary fibers degraded by intestinal bacteria, leading to fuel for colon cells, are (select the most specific term):

fermentable fibers

The tertiary structure of an amino acid is:

folding between R-groups

A basic premise of dietary guidelines is that nutrient needs should be met through ______.

food consumption

The most prevalent disaccharides digested by the body include all of the following except:

galactose

Protein entering the stomach leads to digestive secretions triggered by the release of:

gastrin

The technology creating genetically modified organisms is called all of the following except:

gene therapy

The hormone that maintains blood glucose levels between meals and while fasting is:

glucagon

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called:

gluconeogenesis

Almost all dietary carbohydrates are converted to which sugar, which circulates in blood?

glucose

The presence of insulin allows insulin-sensitive cells to take up glucose through the action of:

glucose transporters

A measure of the impact of eating different food carbohydrates on blood glucose levels is called:

glycemic index

The storage form of carbohydrates in humans and other animals is:

glycogen

Insulin triggers the storage of glucose in muscle and the liver by the process called:

glycogenesis

The process of the release of glucose from glycogen stores in muscle and the liver is called:

glycogenolysis

The type of bond connecting two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide is called a(n):

glycosidic bond

All of the following protein sources provide all of the essential amino acids except:

grains

The foods recommended by the MyPlate food guidance system to meet protein needs include all of the following except:

grains

Once monosaccharides are formed, they enter the intestinal cells and then travel to the liver by the (choose the best answer):

hepatic portal system

Disruption of the shape and structure of a protein occurs by all of the following means except:

hydrogen bonding

The physiological functions of oligosaccharides in humans include all of the following except:

important source of energy

Dietary fibers with high water-holding capacity form gels, and their functions include all of the following except to:

increase appetite

Key features that are encouraged in the 2015 Dietary Guidelines include a(n) _____________.

increase in fiber consumption

Carbohydrate loading is a technique used to:

increase muscle and liver glycogen

The specific type of dietary fiber generally recognized to help relieve constipation is:

insoluble dietary fiber

The hormone responsible for blood glucose homeostasis following a meal is

insulin

The most common single nutrient deficiency in children is __________ deficiency.

iron

Muscle protein and glucose are spared when carbohydrate and energy are low by forming:

ketones

Lactose intolerance is a health concern of many adults in the world due to a loss of:

lactase

A vegetarian who restricts all animal foods except dairy and eggs is referred to by the term:

lacto-ovo-vegetarian

A vegetarian who restricts all animal foods except dairy is referred to by the term:

lactovegetarian

An allergic response is triggered when which of the following is absorbed?

large polypeptides

Food choices in adults are ________.

largely learned

Which of the following dietary fibers is not technically classified as a carbohydrate?

lignin

The amino acids present in the diet in amounts that do no meet human needs are known as:

limited amino acids

Characteristics of high-quality protein sources include all of the following except:

limiting amino acid

Healthy dietary patterns should include regular consumption of _______.

low-fat dairy products

The mineral deficiencies a vegan is most at risk for include all of the following except:

magnesium

Portion sizes ___________.

may be responsible for the increased obesity rates in the US

All of the following are rich food sources of dietary fiber except:

milk and dairy products

Starch digestion begins in which segment of the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth

The biggest limitation to MyPlate is that ____________.

nearly all materials are only available via the Internet

Dietary fiber is best defined as:

nondigestible plant polysaccharides

The amino acids that do not need to be supplied in the diet are termed:

nonessential

Legislation has resulted in more ________ foods being added to restaurant menus.

nutrient-dense

The way that the genome and subsequent protein synthesis are influenced by nutrition is called:

nutrigenomics

Children can best be encouraged to eat a wide variety of vegetables and fruits by __________.

offering them an assortment of fruit and vegetables

Current dietary guidelines recommend that _________.

one-half dietary gran should be in the form of whole grain

The main proteolytic enzymes functioning in the small intestine are released from the:

pancreas

Taste receptors are located within the _______________.

papillae of the tongue

The protease functioning in the stomach is:

pepsin

In the forming of a protein, amino acids are linked by what specific type of bond?

peptide

Proteins composed of 12-20 amino acids are termed

polypeptides

Choose the best answer to complete this statement. Once amino acids are released and enter the intestinal cells, they travel to the liver by the:

portal vein

An example of cultivating a preference for a status food would be ______.

preferring steak if you could only afford beans as a child

Which of the following are nonliving proteins that are responsible for mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

prions

Many of the foods in the ________ group from MyPlate are not sources of carbohydrates.

protein

The most abundant organic substance in the body is:

protein

The term for combining protein sources to supply all the essential amino acids is:

protein complementation

All of the following are polysaccharides except:

raffinose and stachyose

Macronutrients are

recommended at certain levels by AMDRs

The basic steps involved in protein synthesis include all of the following except:

replication

A vegetarian who omits all animal foods from their diet is referred to by the term:

vegan

The basic ChooseMyPlate information contains ____________ the basic food groups.

visual recommendations on how to fill your plate with

The vitamin deficiency a vegan is most at risk for developing is:

vitamin B12 deficiency

The most abundant monosaccharides found in food include all of the following except:

ribose

One of the first artificial sweeteners, which goes by the names Sweet 'N Low and Sugar Twin, is:

saccharin

Genetic variations in the _________ are related to a dislike of cilantro or arugula.

sense of smell

The quaternary structure of an amino acid is:

several polypeptides forming a protein

According to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, current consumption of ______ is too high.

sodium

There is evidence to suggest that people with a(n) ______ deficiency will seek out foods to remedy the lack thereof.

sodium

The specific type of dietary fiber that is recognized to help lower heart disease risk is:

soluble dietary fiber

Digestion of protein begins in the:

stomach

The artificial sweetener that is derived from modification of sucrose is:

sucralose

The enzyme that cleaves table sugar is:

sucrase

The common components of amino acids (AAs) include all of the following except:

sulfur

The purpose of protein complementation is to:

supply all essential amino acids

Dietary changes are more likely to succeed if ___________.

the benefits of the change outweigh any disadvantages

The amino acid that becomes conditionally essential in the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) is:

tyrosine

Deamination of amino acids produces the toxic substance, ammonia, which is converted to:

urea