science of teaching and reading

Which of the following statements about phonemic awareness is most accurate?

Phonemic awareness is an early indicator of students becoming strong readers

Mrs. Morgan has been working to teach her kindergarten students alphabetic principles. Monday, she began by describing the sound made by the letter s. Which of the following would be the most logical next step of instruction?

Point out examples of "s" in familiar words and names

A kindergarten teacher is preparing to teach a unit about trees. Which of the following strategies will help students to gain background knowledge before beginning the unit about trees?

Prepare a sensory table with leaves, bark, branches, and pinecones to teach new words and parts of trees

A teacher needs to perform a miscue analysis for her students in order to assess progress and current skill level. After choosing a sample text, which step should the teacher take in order to give the assessment successfully?

Print copies of the sample text to record student errors

An early childhood teacher would offer which scenario to assess a student's phonological awareness?

"Stepping Sentences": an activity in which the teacher assigns groups of students a word and each group stands when their assigned word is called aloud, eventually forming a complete sentence "Syllable Segmentation": an activity in which the teacher has a student clap on every syllable of a word that is called aloud "Count the Words": an activity in which teacher says a short sentence aloud multiple times and the student places a number one, two, three, etc. on his/her desk depending on the number of words in the sentence

The following sentence is missing several words. It can be ___(1)___ to find a moment to ___(2)___ your thoughts into the ___(3)___ when there are many people participating in a ___(4)___. A word with the prefix inter- would best fit in which of the following blanks?

(2)

How many phonemes are in the word "spit"?

4

Teachers are encouraged to use text frames throughout a text to prompt students to think about relationships between key ideas, concepts, and events in a text. This is likely to promote their comprehension of assigned texts. Which of the following statements about text frames is inaccurate?

A descriptive text frame includes questions about the order of events.

Which of the following best demonstrates the abilities of an early reader?

A reader selects a new story and can successfully decode new words and read sight words on most pages

Which of the following scenarios describes a student who has entered the partial alphabetic phase of word recognition?

A student sees a picture of a leaf and the letter "l" at the beginning of a word in the book "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" and says "leaf"

While reading an unfamiliar passage for a diagnostic test, a teacher records the following errors made by a student reading at a normal pace. Actual Word in the Text Word Read by Student swam swarm siding sliding ride rider weak wreak dip drimp Based on the errors recorded, the student is struggling with which of the following while reading?

Adding consonants that are not there

Which of the following would best promote cultural awareness in kindergarten students?

Allow students who would like to share out about their family's culture and traditions to do so when appropriate. Regularly read aloud books with characters of various ethnicities and cultures.

Ms. Winski, a second-grade teacher, notices that her newest English language learner is struggling to communicate with his peers. Which option below would best encourage her new student to practice speaking to and interacting with his classmates?

Allow time before and after activities for students to chat with their deskmates

A mathematics teacher notices that her ELL students, while understanding the mathematics concepts, struggle to come up with the correct answer to longer story problems. She thinks that the stories are more difficult because the text often does not include sufficient context clues to help students understand unfamiliar vocabulary and situations. To assist students, all of the following strategies would be beneficial except:

Ask a student to read the problem aloud to the class

It's the first day of a new unit, and a teacher introduces a text to students with some words that he expects to be unfamiliar. To promote student comprehension of the new vocabulary, he should do all of the following except:

Ask students to copy the definition word for word from the glossary in the back of the book.

Which of the following is one reasonable way for a teacher to assess a student's phonological awareness?

Ask the student to count the number of syllables in a word

Which accommodation or activity below would be appropriate for an ELL student in the advanced high reading stage, according to the TELPAS Proficiency Level Descriptors?

Ask the student to make connections, predictions, and draw conclusions during reading

Mr. Rick's classroom just received a new student from China. She speaks some English but her main language is Chinese. Her parents speak both Chinese and English in the home. Which accommodation would help her build her English oral language skills and ease the transition into an English-only classroom?

Bring material into the classroom that relates to her Chinese heritage

A new student has arrived in Mrs. Turner's class. She is an English language learner and is showing some shyness and trouble communicating with both her classmates and Mrs. Turner. The student is doing well with written communication, so Mrs. Turner would like to focus some instruction on oral communication. Which strategy would be most beneficial for Mrs. Turner to use to encourage more oral communication skills?

Build in multiple partnering activities so the new student can meet and interact with her peers

A teacher wants to help students practice phoneme segmentation. Which activity would be the most appropriate for practicing this task?

Clapping their hands while saying each sound in a word

A third-grade teacher wants to provide some enrichment activities for a small group of students who have already mastered identifying the plot, main idea, and main characters in short stories. Which skill below would be the best to study next while still staying in line with TEKS identified appropriate skills for third-grade students?

Compare and contrast the characteristics of two stories.

Which of the following activities will best help students identify various features of texts?

Create a scavenger hunt for students to find various features using different kinds of texts

How can a teacher best use reading to foster cultural awareness in their classroom?

Deliberately choose reading materials that explore a wide variety of cultures

Which accommodation or activity below would be appropriate for an ELL student in the beginning writing stage, according to the TELPAS Proficiency Level Descriptors?

Demonstrate knowledge by listing or creating webs or other graphic organizers

Lincoln is a student in Ms. Johnson's 2nd-grade class who lacks self-regulation skills. He is impulsive and often disrupts the class. Ms. Johnson is always reminding him to stay on task and engage in appropriate behaviors. Based on the Response to Intervention (RtI) model, which of the following Tier 2 strategies is most likely to help this student?

Developing a self-monitoring chart, which Lincoln can use to record his behaviors daily.

Which would be the most important question for a teacher to consider while examining the recent results of a student's reading assessment?

Does this data provide evidence of continued student progress on the standards assessed?

One of Mrs. Finch's kindergarteners can identify most letters and knows the sounds of some, but is not able to decode many words with multiple syllables. What would best describe this student's stage of literacy development?

Early Reader Stage

Which of the following ideas is supported by current research on emergent literacy?

Emergent literacy skills begin developing prior to formal schooling

A second-grade teacher is emailing parents with a list of ideas that parents can use to support their children's literacy development. Which of the following suggestions is least likely to appear on that list?

Encourage variety by providing new books and discourage your child from rereading books

Which of the following are appropriate ways for a teacher to help students develop literacy?

Expect students to provide text evidence for their answers. Provide flexible classroom seating to facilitate an easy transition between independent work and the opportunity to discuss their reading and writing with peers.

After reading an independently chosen novel, a teacher asks students to give a book report. During the presentations, the teacher discovers that most students are simply repeating the plot of the story and not including any level of literary analysis. How can the teacher best encourage more detailed literary analysis from her students before the next round of book reports?

Give students a list of guiding questions and sentence stems to answer and include in their reports.

A kindergarten teacher is creating a unit on tigers to focus on the letter "T". Which of the following activities best contributes to the students' understanding of this alphabetic principle?

Giving students a collection of pictures and having them label only the objects that begin with the letter "T".

Which of the following describes an appropriate way to incorporate leveled texts into classroom instruction?

Guide students toward appropriately leveled books for independent reading but allow them to push beyond their assigned level if they find a book especially interesting.

Ms. Ader reads a book aloud to her students. She introduces unfamiliar words during the reading and wants to promote the students' vocabulary development after the reading. Which of the following activities would best support Ms. Ader's goal?

Have students draw a picture that illustrates the definition of unfamiliar words

Which of the following activities would be most effective in practicing a student's receptive language skills?

Have students read along with the transcript of an audio clip they are listening to

A second-grade teacher is conscious of balancing opportunities for her students to use expressive and receptive language. Today, she will begin class with a read aloud of a book about an owl. She will use this text to tie into a science lesson about habitats. Which of the following elements can the teacher add to incorporate the students' use of expressive language?

Have students work with a partner to make a list of everything they know about owls

Follow-up activities are crucial to enhancing young students' listening skills. After listening to a story, which of the following activities would be most appropriate for a class with many English Language Learners?

Have the students perform a skit about the events in the story

A teacher is creating a reading fluency handout for parents so that parents can support the students' reading development at home. Which of the following suggestions would be the most valuable to include in the handout?

Have your child read aloud the same book multiple times while listening to them

Paula is an ELL student from Mexico. Her mother, Natalia, is a fluent English speaker and is concerned with Paula's reading fluency. She asks Mrs. Dilbert, her ESL teacher, about the different ways that she can help Paula to practice at home. Mrs. Dilbert recommends all of the following except:

Having Paula read "frustration level" texts, or texts that she can read at less than 90% accuracy, at home to challenge her.

Each week, Mr. Rivera has his students read books assigned to them in their book boxes. After reading, they rate the books on a scale of 1-5 and write down one topic that they liked and one topic that they did not like. What can Mr. Rivera do with the information he is collecting?

He can use this information to select future independent reading books for his students.

How can illustrations support predictability in a text for early readers?

Illustrations can signal changes in the established predictable text patterns of the story

Which accommodation or activity below would be appropriate for an ELL student in the intermediate speaking stage, according to the TELPAS Proficiency Level Descriptors?

Incorporate opportunities to practice answers in a low-stakes environment such as sharing with a partner

When following the Response to Intervention (RtI) model, if a student doesn't respond well to Tier 1 strategies, what should a teacher do?

Introduce small groups a couple of times each week to work on specific skills.

A kindergarten teacher is redesigning her during-reading comprehension questions to be sure she has questions available that align with all students' oral language proficiency levels. Which question would be appropriate to ask of an ELL student in the early production stage of second language acquisition?

Is the mother feeling sad or happy?

Why might discussing the etymology of a word encourage word consciousness?

It encourages thinking about the meaning of a word in new ways

A mentor advised a beginning teacher to plan an entire unit before the beginning of instruction. The unit plan includes objectives, activities, modifications, and assessments. What is the best instructional reason for this advice?

It ensures that the content and learning activities are sequenced in a logical and coherent manner.

When reading a text, a teacher encourages his students to use their prior knowledge and text clues to make inferences about the content of the text. What is the purpose of making inferences?

It helps students to better comprehend the text.

How should fluency practice for a struggling reader differ from fluency practice for a student who is on or above grade level?

It should use a text at the student's reading level regardless of how far below grade levelthat is

After a field trip, a teacher asks students to speak about their experiences while the teacher records their responses. After all the responses are written down, the students use the teacher-recorded responses to identify words with 2 syllables. This activity is an example of which teaching style?

Language Experience Approach

A science teacher lists the following words and phrases on the board - mass, charge, energy - and asks his students to predict what they are going to read about. What is the purpose of making predictions before reading a text?

Making predictions can help students make connections between prior knowledge and information presented in a text

Which of the following describes a way that spelling instruction can support the decoding skills of early readers?

Memorizing common letter patterns through spelling can then be applied to unfamiliar words with similar structures when reading

The kindergarten team of teachers is planning a collaborative approach to reading for the upcoming school year. They hope to give parents clear guidance on how to support their children's reading fluency without creating tedious reading logs or complex nightly assignments. A couple of their suggestions include prioritizing opportunities to read and listening to their children reread familiar books. Which of the following guidelines would be appropriate to add to this list to help develop a collaborative approach to promoting fluency?

Model fluent reading by reading aloud to their children often.

Which of the following activities would most help Mr. Hanson's students work on inferential comprehension skills?

Mr. Hanson asks various students to explain possible effects of different events in the narrative.

While studying how to identify the main idea in a nonfiction text, Mr. Marx sees that a few students are working quite slowly through the assigned work. Mr. Marx asks each student some clarifying questions and decides that they understand the concept but are unable to complete the work as quickly as some of the other students. Mr. Marx instructs students who have finished the activity to either choose a familiar main idea-based activity center or engage in independent reading while these last few students continue working. In what way is Mr. Marx differentiating instruction to benefit these students?

Mr. Marx is pacing his lesson to accommodate the time needed for these students to grasp and finish the activity

A history teacher is teaching his students about President Abraham Lincoln. The class is reading a text that uses words like before, first, so, and today. What text structure is most likely being used?

Order/sequence

Ms. Lennox is previewing the vocabulary terms students will need to understand before the day's reading. She has asked students to write the words in their vocabulary notebooks as well as the definitions. While the students are copying the words, Ms. Lennox notices that her new student, Ryan, has gotten up to sharpen his pencil more times than she can count. She watches Ryan sit down and begin writing. He snaps his lead after only one letter. Ms. Lennox offers to let Ryan write using her pen. While looking over his paper. Ms. Lennox notices that Ryan has little sense of where the letters belong relative to the lines, and many of the words are not copied correctly. Ms. Lennox begins to wonder if Ryan has dysgraphia. Until she can confirm, what is the best step Ms. Lennox can take now to ensure Ryan understands the lesson today?

Provide Ryan with a printed copy of the vocabulary terms.

Which accommodation or activity below would be appropriate for an ELL student in the advanced listening stage, according to the TELPAS Proficiency Level Descriptors?

Provide definitions and examples of complex vocabulary before reading

Which of the following are the best ways for a teacher to help students develop independent reading skills? Select all answers that apply.

Provide in-class time for students to choose independent reading books and some time for quiet reading. Facilitate peer conversations about their reading.

Which of the following instructional strategies would be most beneficial when providing Tier Two vocabulary instruction to a group of struggling readers?

Provide the students with sentence stems that they can incorporate new words in context

Mrs. Harper is assessing her students' word awareness. Which of the following activities would best demonstrate word awareness?

Reading a sentence aloud and asking the student how many words were in the sentence

A third-grade teacher is facilitating literature circles for her class with books that tie into their current social studies unit. The class will be allowed to choose a title from a set of books that she has pre-selected. The teacher introduces each option by showing the front cover, reading the title, and reading the back of the book. Once students choose their book and begin reading it, they will be given opportunities to meet with other students who are reading the same book. All group members are encouraged to use direct quotes from the text to support the ideas they share with their group. Which of the following describes a reason the teacher encourages her students to read aloud from the text instead of allowing them to paraphrase the relevant information?

Reading aloud is shown to positively impact reading fluency

How does oral language development affect reading comprehension?

Reading comprehension is enhanced by promoting oral language

Which is an accurate statement about effective reading instruction?

Reading comprehension is increased when reading fluency is increased

Addie, a kindergarten student, is consistently using object pronouns in place of subject pronouns. For example, she says, "Them took my markers." How can the teacher best help Addie correct this grammatical error?

Respond to Addie and use the correct pronoun. "They should not have done that."

A third-grade class is reading a class novel, but all reading happens independently at-home. Each day the teacher previews any challenging vocabulary that occurs in that night's chapter. The class discusses the plot every three days so that nothing is given away for any students who may be reading slower or have missed a day. Halfway through the text, the teacher gives a "pop quiz," to the class. Upon reviewing the assessment data, the teacher discovers that a majority of the students could not correctly answer even simple comprehension questions. What change to instruction should the teacher implement to be sure the students are comprehending the rest of the novel?

Review the previous chapter the next day in class and allow class time to read so students can ask for help or the teacher can check in with students during their reading.

Which prompt below would a teacher use to assess a student's understanding of phoneme substitution?

Say the word "cat." Now change the last sound in "cat" to /r/. What is the word now?

Which of the following is the best approach for demonstrating the importance of independent reading to your students?

Set aside specific in class reading time, where they will also see you reading, while also establishing expectations for independent reading at home

Ms. Landers had planned to begin instruction on a new syllable pattern in class this week, but on the previous Friday, only half of the class showed proficiency with the previous skill. How should this information affect her plan for the upcoming week?

She should plan to continue instruction focused on the previous week's skill with the struggling students before teaching them the new syllable pattern

Mateo and his family moved to the United States from Colombia last year. Mr. Daniels, Mateo's third-grade ESL teacher, is a bit worried about Mateo's reading comprehension skills and thinks that he would benefit from additional practice at home with his family. The problem is that he doesn't think that Mateo's parents speak any English. What should Mr. Daniels do?

Speak with Mateo's parents about the importance of reading aloud with Mateo and the value of discussing stories, whether in English or Spanish

In what way should phonetic instruction be different for ELL students than for native speakers?

Special focus should be given to sounds that are different or are not used in their native language

In what ways do small-group conversational activities help improve oral language development?

Students are able to respond to each other in a low-stakes setting, which contributes to higher student involvement Students can respond to each other and learn to formulate arguments and express different views

A teacher notices that while she is presenting new information, a handful of students are not actively listening. In order to encourage active listening in all students, a teacher should set all of the following expectations except which?

Students can doodle or play with a fidget toy during presentations as needed to remain quiet and focused

Which of the following most accurately describes the full alphabetic stage?

Students have full working knowledge of the alphabet and use letter-sound correspondence to decode words

Which of the following most accurately describes the pre-alphabetic stage?

Students have no working knowledge of the alphabetic system

Which of the following most accurately describes the partial alphabetic stage?

Students have some knowledge of the alphabet and may combine it with context clues to read

As students move through the process of reading development, what best demonstrates that they have moved from the Emergent Level to the Early Reading Level?

Students know all letters and are beginning to write and read a few words

A first-grade teacher is setting up her classroom library to support student engagement and choice in students' reading habits. She has established the following rules and expectations: Students will only check out one book at a time, returning it before being allowed to check out a new book. Students will not be limited to books at their independent reading level. There will be opportunities to read these individually chosen books in class and to take them home overnight. Students will have flexible and frequent opportunities throughout the week to explore the books in the classroom library. With a focus on fostering a love of reading and promoting the value of literacy, which of these guidelines should the teacher reconsider?

Students will only check out one book at a time, returning it before being allowed to check out a new book.

Summary and analysis are both ways students can respond to literature. Which of the following best describes the difference between these two forms of response?

Summary retells the main ideas or the plot in a condensed way, while analysis requires the student to evaluate the author's choices about the text.

Which question assesses a student's understanding of phoneme blending?

Teacher asks, "The sounds /n/ /a/ /p/ make what word?"

Phonemic awareness is a strong predictor of future reading success and is, therefore, a key part of literacy instruction. Based on current research, which of the following best describes a successful approach to phonemic awareness instruction for elementary-aged students?

Teachers should explicitly teach phonemic awareness to young students, and teachers of older students should continue to directly teach phonemic awareness as needed for students still struggling with the skill

Mrs. Lewis is a bilingual teacher and frequently encourages her students' parents to talk a lot with their children at home whether during chores, daily tasks, or shopping to help build their children's vocabulary. A parent contacts Mrs. Lewis wondering how increased conversation will help their child read. Which of the following would be the most appropriate response by Mrs. Lewis?

The development of a student's language skills are intertwined, and increasing the student's vocabulary will allow students to recognize more words while reading

Of the following, which is the most important feature of an instructional assessment?

The learning objectives are assessed and do not vary significantly from the material the students were taught.

A third-grade teacher is introducing a new unit on the different forms of energy and notices one of the English Language Learners in the class is struggling to complete a science lab worksheet. The teacher reviews the student's data and notices he scored in the 70th percentile for words correct per minute on a recent fluency assessment. He also scored an 80 on a recent reading comprehension assessment. Given this data, which of the following statements best explains why this student is experiencing difficulties?

The student does not have enough prior knowledge about the topic to be successful on the lab worksheet

Mrs. Ruth notices one of her ELL students frequently misses word problems about fractions. She does not know why because the student has demonstrated a strong understanding of fractions and rules about fractions. Which of the following is the most likely explanation as to why the student frequently misses word problems?

The student does not understand many of the vocabulary words used in the word problems

A second-grade teacher has been pulling a student for small group instruction twice a week for the past few weeks for extra support on some of the reading skills that have not been mastered within the normal classroom setting. After determining that this intervention is not enough to support this student's needs, the teacher plans more intensive support. Based on this description, which of the following best describes the student's place within the response to intervention, RTI, process?

The student is moving from tier two to tier three.

Which of the following statements describes an emergent reader?

The student knows some of the letters of the alphabet and recognizes common words in the community

When administering an oral reading fluency assessment, which of the following behaviors would indicate that a student has difficulties in the area of rate?

The student reads slowly and deliberately

A second-grade teacher is starting a new science unit on living organisms and their environments. She seats students in pairs and assigns them an article and multiple-choice questions on the topic. That afternoon, she checks their work and notices most students missed a majority of the comprehension questions. Which of the following statements best describes why students were unsuccessful on the assignment?

The students were likely unfamiliar with the tier-three vocabulary words and concepts discussed in the article

A kindergarten teacher notices a student in class is writing "b" when he means to write "d", and vice versa. Which of the following activities would help this student improve his understanding of letter directionality?

The teacher has the student say each letter while tracing its shape on paper

A small group of ELL students is struggling with recognizing how printed words and spoken language are related. Which activity below would best help the students develop this skill?

The teacher reading aloud a familiar story to the group and pointing out the text and punctuation marks as she reads

Which of the following strategies would help a group of students develop an understanding of text directionality?

The teacher reads to the class daily from oversized books, discussing the front and back covers before beginning, and pointing to the words as she reads them

Which of the following is the primary benefit of requiring students to give oral book reports?

They encourage students to share reading experiences and model how the book was enjoyable.

During a classroom discussion about a nonfiction text, the teacher writes the following series of sentence stems on the board and encourages students to use them while speaking and responding to the questions and each other. When students forget to use the stems, the teacher encourages them to repeat what they said with a chosen stem included. I think .... because.... I agree with .... because.... The text says ... so that means.... This reminds me of .... and.... Even though ... I think... In what way do these sentence stems encourage a student's development of oral language skills?

They encourage students to speak using more grammatically complex sentence structures

Which of the following would not be in the conventional process of spelling stages?

revising

What impact should the results of ongoing assessments have on instructional plans?

They should change upcoming plans if goals are not met.

A first-grade teacher administers a pseudoword assessment three times a year to track student progress on word decoding. Which of the following is a limitation of administering only this type of assessment to students?

This assessment only focuses on code-based reading skills

Devin has been having a hard time completing his work recently. He acts out in class and disrupts other students, specifically during independent or small group reading time. His teacher is concerned that Devin's behavior may be related to a deficiency in specific reading comprehension skills. After speaking to his parents, the classroom teacher decides to perform a diagnostic test for Devin to see what specific areas of reading comprehension he might be struggling with. In this example, Devin is in which tier of the RtI process?

Tier 1

To ensure that students understand the vocabulary in the text, a teacher leads his students in a contextual analysis, in which the goal is to infer the meaning of words by looking closely at the surrounding text. What words are students most likely to highlight in this activity?

Tier III words

After reading an informational text about butterfly migration, the teacher asks her students to respond to a series of comprehension questions. Which of the following questions is a literal question?

What is the first stage of a butterfly's life cycle?

A teacher wants to model for students how to determine the meaning of words within a nonfiction text. Which activity below would be the most effective way to demonstrate this for the students?

While reading aloud to the class, the teacher pauses to define vocabulary terms using context clues

Which of the following is the most appropriate way for an elementary teacher to use technology in the process of a student choosing an independent reading book?

With teacher and/or library training and oversight, students can use search functions on computers to find books in their school library that relate to their interests

The Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) provide guidelines regarding the oral language skills children are expected to learn at each grade level. A first-grade teacher is preparing an oral language lesson for her class. Which of the following activities best represents an activity that would match the TEKS guidelines for oral language instruction in the first grade?

Working in pairs, one student will provide oral instructions to another student on how to recreate a simple drawing that only the first student can see. At the end, the students will compare the original drawing with the recreation

Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate for a student who continues to struggle to learn how to read grade-level texts fluently?

Working with a reading specialist daily to practice decoding skills and reading strategies

Which of the following syllable types is the first syllable of the word "excellent"?

a closed syllable

Which of the following classroom scenarios would NOT be specifically benefited by the use of small group instruction?

a first-grade class that presents classroom management challenges, such as struggling to remain on task

A third-grade teacher is planning an activity where students are given 60 seconds to read a text, marking how far they were able to read in that time. The teacher then asks them to repeat their reading, attempting to make it further in the text. Which of the following readers would most benefit from this fluency activity?

a fluent reader working on speed

A second-grade teacher recently received a new student who has been diagnosed with dyslexia. Which of the following approaches should the teacher implement during reading instructional time?

a multimodal curriculum with various literacy activities

A second-grade teacher has both native English speakers and English Language Learners in the class. The teacher informally assesses each student for language skills. Which of the following should be selected for further evaluation by the teacher?

a native English speaker who cannot clearly verbalize ideas in conversations with peers

A first-grade teacher is forming reading intervention groups. All of the following assessments would be useful for this teacher to utilize except:

a reading interest inventory

A third-grade teacher notices that two students are both automatic readers and share the same reading rate and comprehension level. She would like to assign them an activity that will help improve their individual reading rates without compromising comprehension. Which of the described activities would be best suited for this purpose?

a shared reading activity in which both students silently read the same text independently, pausing along the way to discuss the main points of the text

Based on the descriptions provided, which of the following students is most likely to be in Tier 2 of the three-tier Response to Intervention (RtI) model?

a student who checks in and out every day with a mentor

If a teacher is using assessment to guide class instruction, which of the following assessments would NOT be useful?

a summative assessment

Which of the following syllable types is the last syllable in the word "rename"?

a vowel-consonant-e syllable

Listening activities are extremely helpful in students' literacy development. Which one of these activities is inappropriate for emergent readers to do as a follow-up activity after a listening experience?

a writing activity in which students paraphrase the story

A prekindergarten teacher uses frequent read alouds to help students build various early reading skills. She chooses the books carefully to ensure they are engaging to as many students as possible so they can benefit from the skills she is modeling. Which of the following is not a criterion she looks for in the books she chooses for read alouds?

above-level level vocabulary

Which of the following is NOT an essential component for creating valid assessments?

academic language

Which of the following is least important for reading comprehension?

accuracy when required to read aloud to class

Fluency is measured by which three criteria?

accuracy, prosody, and speed

A student's understanding of the alphabetic principle can be informally and formally assessed in many ways. Which of the following could NOT be used as a measure of a student's understanding of the alphabetic principle?

accurately singing the ABCs song

A fourth-grade teacher writes the word "do" on the board and models for the class how adding "re" and "un" to the beginning of "do" impacts the word's meaning. She then provides her class with the following list: re un mis de She asks the students to consider the list with a partner to see which examples from the list could be added to the beginning of the word "use" to create a new word. What concept is the focus of this teacher's lesson?

affixes

In which of the following ways could the teacher scaffold the paragraph writing activity to accommodate for a student in the beginning stage of English language proficiency?

allow the student to create an illustrated storyboard timeline of a person's life

A first-grade teacher would like to have a general idea of how many of her students understood the day's lesson that introduced L blends. What type of assessment would be most useful in this situation?

an informal assessment in which the teacher walks around the room observing the students while they complete their practice activity

While reviewing a student's ELA work, the teacher asks herself these questions: Is the textbook too difficult for this student to understand? Are there any students who do not understand sentence formation? Is the student encountering difficulty with more than one word out of every twenty? Which of the following is the teacher most likely trying to do?

analyze the student's errors to determine possible changes in instruction

A teacher is creating an end-of-unit test for an elementary classroom. The teacher must ensure that the test questions:

are aligned with the instructional objectives

A second-grade teacher is reassessing her classroom routines and practices to ensure that she is dedicating enough time to activities that will help build reading fluency in her students. Which of the following activities is not supporting her goal of improving student reading fluency?

asking students to summarize the stories they read in class either verbally or in writing

A third-grade class is working on an Earth Science unit. The teacher has students read a series of articles on topics that will be covered throughout the unit. Within the articles are bolded vocabulary words the students will be tested over at the end of the semester. In order to help students familiarize themselves with these words, the teacher tells them to make a Frayer model in their notebooks for each word they are expected to know. The teacher creates the following model with the students while introducing the activity: Frayer models such as the one above help students learn vocabulary words by:

asking them to define words in multiple ways

An English language arts teacher has several English language learners from Mexico in her class. At the start of the year the ELLs were assessed, and the results determined that they all have strong literacy skills in Spanish. Because of this, which of the following should not need to be explicitly taught to these students?

basic metacognitive strategies alphabetic awareness

The following interaction is an example of which phonemic skill? Teacher: The sounds /p/ /e/ /t/ make what word? Student: "Pet."

blending

Mrs. Albertson has a new ELL student arriving in her class next week. Mrs. Albertson spends some time researching what cognates exist between the two languages. She reads a bit on typical grammatical structures and cultural norms that might be new or different for the student. Mrs. Albertson finds images from the student's culture that are relevant to the classroom setting and prints a photo along with the word in both languages to post around the room. All of these strategies are beneficial for helping ELL students acquire a second language because they:

build on the student's prior knowledge and language skills to make connections with English, making it easier for the student to master the English concepts

Students in a kindergarten class participate in the following activities during daily circle time: singing nursery rhymes stomping out the number of syllables in animal names playing a game of I Spy to identify objects that rhyme with a given sound These activities will help students to:

build phonological awareness skills by playing with language in an engaging way

Ms. Jennings incorporates time into her class's weekly schedule to provide opportunities for students to choose a book that they have already read and read it aloud to either her or a classmate. Which of the following is most likely Ms. Jenning's goal for this activity?

build student fluency

How are daily learning objectives related to reading developed?

by analyzing the steps necessary to reach long-term goals that are based on state learning standards

How should a teacher strategically coordinate spelling instruction with decoding?

by linking the teaching of spelling rules with practice in decoding words that demonstrate the rule

How can teachers ensure that ELL students and their families receive clear and appropriate information about assessment results?

by offering a translated copy of results

A third-grade student who is a struggling reader has shown some improvement in reading fluency but is still struggling to decode multisyllabic words. The student has an IEP that requires test questions but not reading passages as a whole to be read aloud. How can the student's teacher best support their reading development?

by providing specific instruction on structural analysis

A first-grade teacher generally focuses on introducing one new reading or phonics skill a week. Some of the students are struggling to master each new skill in that time frame while others are ready to move on more quickly. As the teacher shifts away from the whole-class setting for this instruction, how can they change instruction within the small-group setting to support these different learners? Select all answers that apply.

by revisiting past skills for those who need it by adjusting pacing to fit their needs

Which of the following is a characteristic of a congruent assessment?

clear alignment with learning objectives and content covered in class

Which of the following terms best describes the turning point of the main conflict in a story?

climax

Ms. Garcia works with teachers, principals, and older students at her school to have them help guide the reading instruction once a week. After the reading, Ms. Garcia and the person with whom she collaborates have a discussion with the students and work to make a collage of the story's theme. Which of the following is the most likely primary goal of the activity?

collaborating with other members of the school community to increase learner engagement and improve students' reading comprehension skills

A kindergarten teacher is creating a unit on the alphabet. She assigns each student a letter and asks them to bring an item from home that begins with the letter they are assigned. The students then recreate the alphabet using the items from the students' homes. This activity promotes the development of alphabetic principle through:

collaboration with families.

Which of the following would you NOT expect to see in a guided reading text for early readers?

complex syntax

A second-grade teacher advises parents to ask their children questions about the text when they read aloud at home. Which of the following is most likely to increase through the use of this questioning strategy?

comprehension

Which of the following skills is NOT assessed using a reading assessment focused solely on oral fluency?

comprehension

A kindergarten teacher begins each class by reciting the Pledge of Allegiance. The teacher has a poster with the words to the Pledge of Allegiance and taps each word as the class recites the Pledge. By tapping the word on the poster in correlation with reciting the word, the teacher is best demonstrating which of the following?

concepts of print

A prekindergarten class contains several students who have had very little exposure to printed text. What strategies should the teacher implement to help this group of students develop print and phonological awareness?

conduct read alouds using predictable texts and practice rhyming words using nursery rhymes and games

A student is attempting to determine the pronunciation and meaning of a word while reading a sentence. Which of the following could help with this unfamiliar word?

contextual analysis structural analysis

Mastering which of the following skills would demonstrate that the student is most likely ready to move on to explicit phonics instruction?

deleting, adding, or replacing individual sounds in words

Differentiation is important for children during alphabetic instruction. Which of the following is a way that formal assessment could support differentiation?

determine student strengths determine a need for intervention

A student needs the ability to fluently read a text in order to be able to freely focus their attention on which of the following tasks?

determining the main idea

A first-grade class has recently finished reading the story The Three Little Pigs. After reading, the teacher asks students to complete the organizer below with their table partners. Somebody Wanted But So Then Complete Sentence _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. After completing the organizer, the teacher asks several students to share the sentence they wrote. One student shares the following sentence: "The pigs wanted to build houses but the wolf wanted to blow them down." The teacher then says, "So, then what happened?" The teacher brings in several building materials (toothpicks, marshmallows, tape, toilet paper rolls) for the students to use to construct their own mini-houses. Students then put their mini-houses in front of a fan to see how they would hold up against a "big bad wolf." After their house goes in front of the fan, students use a chart to record what they used to build their house and how the materials behaved in front of the fan. After every student has participated, the teacher holds a class discussion comparing and contrasting which materials built the best house and why. These class activities help the students:

develop their oral language skills as they discuss the results of the experiment

Mrs. Smithers has just completed a beginning-of-the-year assessment of her student's reading fluency skills. The results revealed that she has students with reading skills ranging from significantly below grade-level to above grade-level. To accommodate these different skill levels, Mrs. Smithers should:

differentiate instruction, offering both remediation and enrichment

Based on common standards for early readers, an intervention is most appropriate for students who have which of the following difficulties?

distinguishing between letters and words

A teacher hands each student in her class a stack of flashcards with one word on the front. The students are told to sort the words into two columns. Which word below is sorted incorrectly? hop boat cod goat sock hope dome joke

dome

Mr. Fish, a preschool instructor, is testing students on their decoding and their ability to pick the rhyming word from a set of three. He calls Jackson to his table. Mr. Fish lays down a word card that says "cat," and below it, he lays the cards "job," "bat," and "car." Mr. Fish asks Jackson to read or sound out the top word. Jackson looks at the card, stands up, sits down, and says, "Table." Mr. Fish says, "Let's sound it out together. C-a-t. What word is that?" Jackson quickly responds with "cat." Mr. Fish then tells Jackson he is going to read the three words below cat, and would Jackson please indicate which one rhymes. Jackson chooses "car." Mr. Fish continues the activity with new word sets. Jackson is able to sound out 1/10 initial words and identifies 2/10 rhymes. Mr. Fish also notes that Jackson does not enjoy storytime and much prefers to talk and play than sit and read or be read to. Based on these observations, Mr. Fish decides to talk to the school counselor about the possibility of Jackson having which learning disorder?

dyslexia

A second-grade class recently welcomed a new student whose native language is Spanish. The teacher conducts a series of assessments to determine the best sequence of reading instruction for this student. After collecting data from several sources, the teacher determines the English Language Learner is in the partial alphabetic stage of reading development. Which of the following text types should the teacher use to help the new student develop basic reading skills?

easily decodable texts featuring letter sounds the teacher has introduced

A student in which category of reading proficiency would rely heavily on illustrations to decode new words?

emergent reader

A teacher is reading aloud to her class. At the end of a paragraph, she stops to ask the students a question like, "Where do you think the tiger is headed now?" In asking a question like this, the teacher is trying to:

encourage students to make predictions based on textual evidence

During a lesson on adjectives, a teacher uses the Language Experience Approach (LEA) and individually asks students about their favorite animal. The teacher writes down the students' thoughts while they speak. In order to help the students focus on adjectives but still maintain the LEA teaching approach, the teacher should:

encourage the student to include more detail by asking guiding questions

All of the following activities are likely to help kindergarten students develop familiarity with phonological processing EXCEPT:

encouraging students to look for cognates when reading and listening to texts

A language arts teacher has students use a data notebook to monitor their reading fluency and progress. Each month the students set a new reading goal and monitor their progress towards that goal during the month, utilizing their data notebooks. Which of the following is the greatest benefit of this process?

encouraging students to self-monitor their reading progress

Which mode of writing is intended to provide information and includes facts and data?

expository

A second-grade teacher works to foster a love of reading in her students. She helps to ensure that students always have access to books in class and at home for independent reading. She also reads books aloud to her class daily, provides time for students to share books they love, and takes her class to check out books at the library each week. Which of the following should the teacher do to further encourage lifelong readers in her class?

find opportunities to model herself independently reading, such as sharing thoughts about books that she loves

The skills in the list below relate to which component of reading? Maintaining a consistent rate while reading Pronouncing words with accuracy Reading with expression

fluency

A student who can read with accuracy and expression is in which stage of literacy development?

fluent reader

After observing that a student is not a fluent reader, the teacher should first:

formally assess the student's reading fluency to identify possible causes

A kindergarten teacher has implemented reading instruction to help students master the basics of phonological awareness, phonics, and print awareness. Instruction is systematic and explicit, and the teacher presents skills in an order consistent with the developmental reading continuum. To best meet the instructional needs of each student throughout the year, the teacher should:

frequently assess each student's reading development and adjust instruction accordingly.

In order to accurately individualize instruction, a teacher should:

frequently assess students' strengths and adjust lesson plans to mirror students' knowledge.

A child reads the following sentence out loud: I like to spend time with my cat. The student fluently reads all of the words except "spend." When he arrives at that word, he sounds out "s-p-e-n-d." As the student continues to read aloud, the teacher observes that he recognizes many of the sight words he encounters, but stops to sound out many unfamiliar words. What stage of word recognition best describes the current skills of this student?

full alphabetic stage

A classroom teacher divides the class into pairs and gives each student a folder containing a picture of a recognizable person like a fireman or a doctor. They do not show the picture to their partner and describe the image in detail until their partner is able to correctly identify the person. Which of the following describes one of the goals of this lesson?

further developing oral language and listening skills

Mr. Harper wants to assess his students' reading fluency by listening to each student orally read a section from a selected text. Which of the following would NOT be a good indicator for Mr. Harper to use in assessing the students' reading fluency?

how clearly students are able to pronounce words according to the norms of standard English

A third-grade teacher has just taught a lesson on identifying and describing the setting when reading a story. Which of the following activities could be used as a formative assessment to assess this new skill at the end of class?

giving students a one-page story and asking them to describe the setting in one sentence

Which strategy would be most likely to help a kindergarten student who struggles to visually differentiate between the appearance of the letters p and q?

giving the student tracing exercises focusing on the shape and direction the letter faces

In a second grade class, a teacher selects a small group of students to sit with her and read a new nonfiction text. As they read, the teacher points out important text features and answers individual student questions. Which type of reading instruction is the teacher using?

guided reading

A third-grade teacher administers a fluency benchmark halfway through the year and notices several students in the class are reading in the 80th percentile or above when it comes to Words Correct Per Minute (WCPM). However, when reading out loud, this same group of students reads without proper inflection or phrasing. Which of the following strategies should the teacher implement in order to help these students?

have students participate in reader's theatre several times per week

First-grade teachers can formally and informally assess the development of their students' phonological awareness in all of the following ways except:

having the student read silently and write down certain syllables

Which of the following accommodations is most likely to be found in an IEP for a student who is a struggling reader?

having the text read aloud to them

Which of the following is an important component of choral reading?

hearing the teacher model oral reading reading aloud

A kindergarten teacher pulls individual students aside and asks them to tell their favorite memory from the weekend. As the student talks, the teacher writes down the words on a paper then asks the students to illustrate the story above the words. What is the teacher hoping to accomplish through this activity?

help students understand the connection between oral and written language

A group of second-grade students has moved from the full alphabetic phase to the consolidated alphabetic phase. To help students read words accurately in this new phase, the teacher should focus on which of the following?

helping students take their knowledge of grapheme-phoneme blends and use them to read larger units of language

Which of the following is not a strategy for building early literacy skills?

hold a pencil correctly

Brandon is having a difficult time reading the word "slippery" and soon after asks for help with the word "underneath." Which of the following strategies would best support Brandon learning to decode these and other multisyllabic words independently?

identify the different syllables of the word by circling them and then sounding out the word by syllables

A prekindergarten teacher is evaluating her unit plans for the remainder of the school year. While planning, the teacher refers to the lists of skills that prekindergarten students are expected to be able to demonstrate prior to kindergarten. Which of the following skills would NOT be on the teacher's list?

identifying and blending phonemes

While reading a big book to the class, a preschool teacher routinely points to the illustrations and asks students to identify plot points, feelings, or interesting features in the illustration. By doing so, the teacher is reinforcing the idea that:

illustrations carry meaning relevant to the written text

At the beginning of class, Mrs. Williams shares a paragraph with a student, asking her if she would read it aloud later in the class. Mrs. Williams suggests she reads through the paragraph before reading it aloud. Which of the following are likely reasons why the teacher asked her to pre-read the paragraph?

improved accuracy improved prosody

Which of the following best represents a direct benefit of learning common spelling patterns?

improved accuracy when reading

In a first-grade class, the teacher has passed out cards with a picture on one side and blanks on the other. On the first card, one side of the card has a picture of a boat, and the other side shows the following blanks: "___-___-___. The teacher asks the student to name the appropriate letters that would fill in the blanks according to the separate sounds they hear when they say "boat" out loud. This activity is helps students develop their reading skills by:

improving their overall phonemic awareness

Reading skills begin developing:

in young children, well before formal schooling begins

After her students take an important exam, Ms. Lesley always sends them home with a document explaining their assessment results for their parents. Which of the following can be done to ensure that non-native parents understand the results?

including charts and graphs on the document providing a translated version of the document

A third-grade class contains students at various levels of English language proficiency. Some have been learning English for less than a year. This week, the teacher has been conducting read alouds featuring biographies as part of a unit on book genres. So far, the teacher has read from the following biographies: Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King, and Harriet Tubman. However, next week, the teacher plans to incorporate excerpts from biographies on Caesar Chavez and Frida Kahlo. Then, the students will pick another person of interest, conduct research, and complete the organizer below: After the organizers are complete, the teacher tells students to take the information they have learned and form a paragraph summarizing the most important aspects of their research. At a later date, students will revise and edit their paragraphs with a peer and then read them aloud individually to the class. By including biographies on the lives of Caesar Chavez and Frida Kahlo, the teacher is demonstrating the importance of:

including culturally relevant texts in the curriculum.

Which of the following is a way that electronic readers can improve reading engagement among reluctant readers?

increased and timely access to books of a variety of topics and genres

A second-grade teacher has the long-term goal for their students to read grade-level texts with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension, a state learning standard. Which of the following is not an example of a short-term goal that would serve as a scaffold for this long-term goal?

increasing student reading levels by one grade level

Phonological awareness is the ability to identify:

individual words, sounds, and syllables

A first-grade teacher designed a word wheel where only the beginning letter of the word changes when students spin the wheel. This activity best assesses which of the following?

initial blends

A third-grade student reads below grade level, and the teacher is planning how to best support her fluency development within the upcoming week's lesson plans. Which of the following would best support this student?

instructing the student to "whisper read" a book on her independent reading level during independent reading time

A new science unit is being introduced and has many unfamiliar words. During introductory activities, the teacher reads a passage and pauses to have students repeat vocabulary words. They practice pronunciation and discuss the meaning before moving on. This method is referred to as:

interactive reading

A kindergarten teacher is planning to read the book Pete the Cat: Five Little Pumpkins, by James Dean, to the class and ask some text-dependent questions. The teacher has several English Language Learners in the classroom and wants to ask developmentally appropriate questions. In the book, five pumpkins sit on a gate, fly in the air, and trick or treat, among other fall activities. The book talks about each pumpkin, from number one to number five, and each one's unique characteristics. At the end of the story, the pumpkins are shown walking away from the reader, ready to have fun. On one page of the text, the pumpkins are scared because the wind has blown out the candles. The picture in the book shows just the pumpkins' scared eyes and the lights out all around them. The teacher says, "All we can see are the pumpkins' eyes. How do you think they are feeling right now?" A student answers, "Sad. It dark." This response is expected of a student at what level of English proficiency?

intermediate

A reading teacher has built 50 minutes into her weekly schedule each week for students to read a book of their choice. What is the biggest benefit of using class time for student-led independent reading?

it promotes the idea that reading is pleasurable and enjoyable

Research has analyzed many predictors of students' success in learning to read in early grades. This research has found that which of the following abilities are the best predictors of good readers?

knowledge of letters and phonemic awareness skills

Which of the following is a reading difficulty that frequently contributes to fluency issues?

lacking background knowledge weak decoding skills unfamiliarity with syntax

Which of the following descriptions best describes the linguistic term language acquisition?

learning a first or second language as a process, either piece by piece, or through a total immersive experience

Which of the following skills is not part of phonological awareness?

letter awareness

Which of the following is most important for a teacher to consider when selecting a text for a group of students to read?

level of readability

Which of the following is a qualitative feature of text complexity?

levels of meaning

Teachers of young children often read nursery rhymes and books with rhymes which help to promote phonological awareness by teaching children to:

listen for common sounds at the end of words and make predictions about those sounds

A teacher writes the word "pie" on the chalkboard. She says the word, then says, "What other words do I know that have the same vowel sound as 'pie'?" She adds "idea" to the list. Next she asks the class if anyone else can add words with the same vowel sound to the list. Once the class has a list of 10 words, she asks the class to write a short story that uses as many of the words as they'd like from the list. In this lesson, the teacher is focusing on teaching:

long vowel sounds

A second-grade resource reading teacher is working with her students on nonfiction text. When they encounter an unfamiliar word, she encourages them to use different techniques such as sounding out the word, looking for known prefixes or suffixes, and determining meaning within context. What other technique might be helpful when encountering a new word?

looking at nearby pictures for hints

Which of the following would be the most appropriate activity to support kindergarten students' letter-sound understanding?

making a letter sound while tracing the letter with a pencil and paper

A second-grade teacher models a think-aloud for her students. As she reads a text, she stops periodically and makes a prediction aloud, asks herself a question about the text, or summarizes what she just read. What reading skill is she modeling for her students?

metacognition

Which of the following activities best promotes students' understanding of how oral language relates to literacy?

modeling the writing of words or phrases

Mrs. Mathers is reading aloud with her class. As she reads she periodically stops and asks students questions about the text to clarify important plot developments and to explain the main ideas in the text. Which of the following is Mrs. Mathers most likely trying to accomplish?

monitoring students' comprehension of the text

A student is able to distinguish the structure and form of words. This level of language development is called

morphology

Mr. Jameson notices that one of his English learners almost always adds the suffix "ion" when he wants to change a word to a noun, often resulting in made-up words. This student could use some extra practice with:

morphology

A third-grade teacher incorporates fluency practice throughout the school year. Just before the end of the first semester, he uses the district-provided fluency assessment to assess each student's reading fluency and compares the results to the fluency assessment scores from the beginning of the school year. This assessment is an example of:

ongoing curriculum-based assessment

A kindergarten teacher is conducting a phonological awareness assessment on one of her students. Teacher: Look at this picture I'm holding up. What is it? [The teacher shows a picture of a pig ]. Student: A pig? Teacher: That's right, a pig. What's the very first sound you hear in the word pig? Student: /p/ Teacher: Good. If I take away the /p/ sound, what sound is left? Student: /ig/ Teacher: What's another word that also ends with the /ig/ sound? Student: Dig. Teacher: Good job. Which of the following aspects of phonological awareness does this assessment cover?

onset sounds and rhyming words

Which of the following is most important in promoting reading comprehension across all content areas?

oral reading fluency

In an effort to boost nonfiction comprehension skills, a second-grade teacher reads two articles with her students, one on amphibians and one on reptiles. After reading the articles as a class, she has students complete a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting the two readings. Later in the week, students make a timeline based on an article entitled, "The True Cost of Rainforest Loss." These activities help students:

organize information obtained from cross-curricular readings.

Amanda is a first-grade student learning to read and is practicing the following words in her reading this week: slide hate pine crime lane nope After learning these words, Amanda is able to read the words "slime," "fate," and "rode" simply by visually recognizing the pattern. Which of the following best describes the processing system that Amanda is using to apply her learning to the new words?

orthographic

With on-going instruction, teachers expand student understanding of spelling rules and how they apply to various words. Through this process, they are deepening their understanding of which linguistic concept?

orthography

A kindergarten class has been working to learn all the letters and their corresponding sounds and will later learn about types of syllables and how those syllable types can affect the sounds letters make. Students who are not progressing as planned through the lessons on letter-to-sound correspondence most likely need differentiation in the form of:

pacing

A third-grade classroom includes several students who are English Language Learners (ELLs). The students are reading a novel, and the teacher has introduced a list of vocabulary words on a bulletin board. The ELL students are not currently reading on grade level. Which of the following strategies could help them to learn the vocabulary words?

pair the vocabulary word with a picture and simple definition provide translated versions of the vocabulary words

Assessment data will periodically need to be shared with stakeholders. Specifically for state-mandated assessment, who of the following options would be considered a stakeholder and therefore be provided assessment data?

parents colleagues community members

When students take turns reading appropriate-level texts with a fellow student, which of the following strategies is being used?

partner reading

A student has shown proficiency in the ability to read a text with appropriate inflection. Which of the following skills has the student demonstrated?

prosody

Which of the following best describes the degree to which an assessment accurately measures what it intends to measure?

validity

Samual is an ELL student in Mrs. Brecken's English class. He is struggling to get started on a writing assignment, so Mrs. Brecken provides him with two choices of graphic organizers to use in the planning portion of his writing process. One outlines cause and effect and the other outlines comparing and contrasting ideas. Mrs. Brecken says, "Choose one of these to help you get your thoughts and opinions down on paper so you can start framing your argument" as she presents him with the graphic organizers. What type of writing assignment is Samual most likely planning?

persuasive

During a short story reading, a teacher points out an example of alliteration. "The story says, 'Timmy took his time traveling down the trail.' What sound do we hear repeated in that sentence? I'll read it again. 'Timmy took his time traveling down the trail.'" What phonemic awareness skill are the students practicing?

phoneme identification

What type of sound awareness best describes the ability to recognize that "hand," "heart," and "happy" all begin with the same sound?

phoneme identification

A kindergarten asks her teacher how to spell the word "list." First, before helping her spell the rest of the word, the teacher responds by slowly saying the word, and asking her student what the first sound is. What skill is the teacher supporting by slowly saying the word and asking the student to determine the first sound?

phoneme isolation

Which of the following competencies is demonstrated by identifying the four sounds that form the word "help"?

phoneme segmentation

A teacher shows a student a written letter and asks the student to say the sound the letter makes. Next, the teacher says a sound and asks the student to write the letter. The student is demonstrating mastery in:

phoneme-grapheme correspondence

The smallest individual sounds in a word are called:

phonemes

A kindergarten teacher reads the word map and asks her students to identify the last sound in the word. What skill is the teacher assessing?

phonemic awareness

A student who is learning to read is struggling to recognize the three different sounds that make up the word "dog." This student needs intervention in the area of:

phonemic awareness

A teacher asks a student to verbalize the individual sounds in the word "lay." The teacher is assessing the student's:

phonemic awareness

Which of the following concepts involves understanding that spoken words consist of a sequence of individual sounds?

phonemic awareness

Which of the following stages of spelling development is primarily characterized by letter-sound correspondence?

phonetic

A first-grade student writes the following sentence on the board: "Mi mom maks soop for us wen it is kold outsid." Which of the following does the student's sentence best demonstrate?

phonetic spelling

The following represents a writing sample from a first-grade student: The pezzu was cold and cuvrd with veges so I did not want to et it for dinr. My mom was mad and sed I cud go to bed with nuthing. This student would best fit into which of the following levels of spelling development?

phonetic spelling

The following sentence was written by a kindergarten student. I am betr at soker than mi frend. Which of the following best describes this student's stage of spelling development?

phonetic spelling

The teacher reads a passage and asks students to listen for rhyming words. She instructs students to put their finger on their nose when they hear a rhyme on the page. Which of the following would this activity be used in assessing?

phonological awareness

Which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping students in the emergent literacy stage of development?

phonological awareness skills

When reading a text aloud for comprehension, a third-grade English learner makes several errors with inflectional endings. The teacher's best response would be to:

plan a lesson to explicitly teach specific rules related to the inflectional endings

To continuously enhance early literacy skills, a kindergarten teacher would:

play "Word vs. Letter" games in print form provide numerous oral readings with emphasis on certain words while pointing to those words utilize playdough letters or have students trace letters with their fingers, then give the sound of the letter

A first-grade teacher tells her students to pick out a book from the library specifically to be taken home with instructions to ask a parent or older sibling to read it aloud to them. After reading, the student and their parent or sibling will discuss a few questions asking them to identify the main problem and determine if and how it was resolved. Which of the following would this homework assignment promote?

plot analysis fluency development

Emelia is an ELL student with a high level of English language proficiency, but she is struggling to comprehend the text her English teacher assigned her. It does not follow a typical sentence structure and contains a great amount of figurative language. Emelia is most likely reading a:

poem.

A third-grade teacher is looking over the results of a student's oral reading fluency assessment. The results are as follows: Passage Assessment Level: Early third grade Accuracy rate: 93% Error rate: 1:10 (an average of 1 error for every 10 words read) Self-correction rate: 1:5 (makes an average of 1 self-correction per 5 errors) After examining these results, the teacher conferences with the student privately. Below is a transcript of their conference. Teacher: While you were reading, I noticed you used some good reading strategies. When you read the word addinstead of ask, you made a face because it didn't sound right and reread it correctly. I could tell you were thinking about the story events, and that helped you fill in the right word. Let's take a look at another word (pointing to the word set in the passage). You read let. Let's read the first letter. What is it? Student: It's s. I see! It says set! Teacher: That's right! When you read let, it somewhat went with the passage, but didn't sound right. The word setgoes well in the passage, and it also sounds correct when reading the text. The transcript of this teacher-student conference shows the teacher understands the importance of:

pointing out the student's successes and providing constructive feedback to facilitate continued growth.

A kindergarten teacher is planning to read the book Pete the Cat: Five Little Pumpkins, by James Dean, to the class and ask some text-dependent questions. The teacher has several English Language Learners in the classroom and wants to ask developmentally appropriate questions. In the book, five pumpkins sit on a gate, fly in the air, and trick or treat, among other fall activities. The book talks about each pumpkin, from number one to number five, and each one's unique characteristics. At the end of the story, the pumpkins are shown walking away from the reader, ready to have fun. The teacher turns to the page in the book where the pumpkins are flying and says, "What are the pumpkins doing?" When calling on students, the teacher should expect a student with a beginning level of oral language proficiency to respond by:

pointing to the flying pumpkin in the book while the teacher holds it open

Which of the following is not an example of one of the phases of word recognition?

post-alphabetic stage

Students who read below grade level and are working to improve their fluency should:

practice reading aloud reread books that they have already enjoyed read books at their current independent reading level

While riding along in the car, a child sees a familiar building and marquee and calls out the name of the restaurant. Which stage of word recognition is this student in?

pre-alphabetic

A four-year-old likes to mimic her mother writing a shopping list, but the child is actually only making scribbled shapes on a paper, occasionally making a mark that looks like a letter. Which of the following does this child's writing best demonstrate?

precommunicative spelling

A third-grade teacher reads the following passage from a story: "As Jimmy was brushing his teeth before going to bed, he heard a terrible roar come from the garage. Jimmy didn't know what could be making that terrible noise, but he left a light on in the closet while he slept that night." The teacher then asks students questions about their thoughts on the events of the passage and what might be happening. Which of the following would this activity best promote?

predicting

In the word unreliableness, the underlined part is the:

prefix

A teacher is reading a unique, large print text to her class. As she turns the pages, she points to the words and identifies places in which the text is larger or smaller and other pages that have the text oriented vertically and upside down. By pointing out these irregularities, the teacher is building student's understanding of:

print concepts

Mr. Sullivan has asked his students to write a short blog-style article about a time they did wrong and what steps they did to remedy the situation. Which type of organizational structure will students most likely be using?

problem and solution

A selection of students has been called aside for individual instruction based on the area they struggled in on a recent assessment. The teacher presents the students with a simple sentence, such as, "The cat ran very fast." The teacher reads the sentence one word at a time with no intonation or expression. Then, she models how when people read and speak, it is natural to emphasize certain words in the sentence. She tells the group, "Today we will be working on adding emphasis to a sentence and thinking about the effect that has on our understanding. I will call on you and tell you what word to emphasize, and then you will say the sentence, saying that specific word strongly." The teacher models once again, this time reading, "The CAT ran very fast." Based on the nature of this activity, which area of reading fluency did these students need additional instruction in?

prosody

A third-grade teacher assesses her students' fluency by listening to them read aloud. While they read aloud, she counts the number of errors they make, uses a timer to determine how long it takes for them to read a set number of words, and evaluates the flow and expression in their reading. The third consideration, evaluating the flow of the reading, is more subjective than the other two factors. What is the term used to describe a student's flow and expression while reading aloud?

prosody

Henrique is an ELL student from Mexico. He really wants to improve his reading fluency. His parents ask his teacher for advice, and she informs them that while Henrique has strong reading accuracy and a fast reading rate, he is struggling a bit with his use of intonation and phrasing in reading. He thinks that Henrique would benefit from some additional practice with his:

prosody.

Which of the following would best promote students' knowledge about how printed words represent specific sounds?

provide labels for commonly referred to items around the classroom

A kindergarten class schedules regular opportunities for students to participate in show and tell. The teacher structures opportunities to share to the whole class, small groups, and pair and share formats. Which of the following is most likely the main instructional purpose of these show and tell activities?

provide opportunities for oral language development for students at various comfort levels

A third-grade teacher is looking over the results of a student's oral reading fluency assessment. The results are as follows: Passage Assessment Level: Early third grade Accuracy rate: 93% Error rate: 1:10 (an average of 1 error for every 10 words read) Self-correction rate: 1:5 (makes an average of 1 self-correction per 5 errors) After examining these results, the teacher conferences with the student privately. Below is a transcript of their conference. Teacher: While you were reading, I noticed you used some good reading strategies. When you read the word addinstead of ask, you made a face because it didn't sound right and reread it correctly. I could tell you were thinking about the story events, and that helped you fill in the right word. Let's take a look at another word (pointing to the word set in the passage). You read let. Let's read the first letter. What is it? Student: It's s. I see! It says set! Teacher: That's right! When you read let, it somewhat went with the passage, but didn't sound right. The word setgoes well in the passage, and it also sounds correct when reading the text. Which of the following strategies would be the most appropriate for the teacher to implement in subsequent class periods to help this student continue to improve?

provide small group instruction to this student and other peers working on self-monitoring strategies

An elementary teacher could encourage and provide support for at-home reading by:

providing a list of popular children's books parents/guardians would enjoy reading with their children

Children will often develop an awareness of many print concepts and form a basic understanding of the alphabetic principle intuitively through text interactions and being read to even before beginning school. Which of the following would be the best way for a kindergarten teacher to support a new student who has not yet developed an awareness of text directionality?

providing direct instruction on text directionality and pointing to words as they are read when reading aloud to the student

A prekindergarten teacher reads aloud to her class each day. While reading, she will point at the text as she reads to reinforce the alphabetic principle, and she asks questions both during and after reading to improve comprehension skills. What other type of activity should this teacher regularly include to support her students' prekindergarten comprehension skills?

providing time for student questions and comments about the stories read aloud

James is a student in Mrs. Marsh's third-grade class. He currently reads right around grade level with 90% accuracy and comprehension. James tells Mrs. Marsh that he watched the Percy Jackson movies over the weekend and decided to check out Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes from the city library so he can read more about Greek gods and goddesses. He pulls the book out of his bag and hands it to his teacher. Mrs. Marsh holds the 384-page book in her hands, scans a few pages of text, and tells James, "I am very excited that you are interested in Greek mythology. It's one of my favorite genres to read. I think this text might be too complicated for you to read. It is a very long book and I noticed quite a few challenging vocabulary words like 'pinnacle,' 'firmament,' and 'venerated,' to name a few. I also don't see any footnotes that would help define these challenging words like there are in the stories we read in class. Would it be okay if I found something for you to check out from our library instead?" Mrs. Mar

quantitative

Mr. Blaschke wants to develop his students' fluency while reading. Which activity would best help him achieve this goal?

read short excerpts of poetry, demonstrating how to pause and add proper inflection

Mr. Hernandez is concerned about his son's reading fluency. He feels that his son has a solid understanding of English, strong grammar, and a limited accent, and he doesn't understand why reading is so difficult for him. His ESL teacher explains to Mr. Hernandez that reading fluency takes time, and while the factors that he mentioned are important, the three components of fluency that his son needs to work on are:

reading accuracy, automaticity, and prosody

A second-grade teacher expects students to consistently read at home and also asks that they spend time reading aloud to an adult or older sibling. Which of the following is a skill the teacher hopes the students will further develop due directly to reading out loud?

reading fluency

A third-grade teacher reads a fictional story to the class and bases activities on one character of the story. The teacher assigns the same story to be read that night with parents/guardians and provides questions based on another character. Which of the following would this lesson best promote?

reading for a purpose and fluency

Systematic and explicit reading instruction is necessary because:

reading skills are scaffolded, build in complexity, and rely on mastery of earlier skills.

A prekindergarten teacher is having a meeting with the parents of one of her students. The parents are looking ahead to their child's upcoming kindergarten year and wondering how to best support her development in order to ensure she has the skills necessary to learn to read in kindergarten. Which of the following parental habits will have the greatest impact on the student's reading development?

reading to their child every day

A kindergarten student can name letters quickly and accurately and is beginning to sound out simple words. What skill should her teacher be working on in addition to these two skills?

recognizing some words by sight

Sally has an extensive oral vocabulary but is having difficulty in learning how to read, due to a reading disability. How is Sally's extensive oral vocabulary most likely going to help her as she learns decoding techniques for reading?

recognizing the meaning of a word after sounding out the word

A three-year-old prekindergarten student is noticeably struggling with his oral skills compared with the other students in his class, so the teacher begins more formal observations to document his oral language skills. Which of the following skills should the teacher NOT expect the three-year-old to demonstrate when speaking?

regularly talking about the past and future

Which of the following terms means that a test produces the same scores when given in the same conditions?

reliability

When thinking about early readers and language acquisition, what is one benefit of reading connected texts?

repeated exposure to high-frequency words in context which improves automatic recognition of these words while reading

Which of the following words contain a closed syllable?

request pan

English Language Learners may:

require direct, explicit instruction in phonological and phonemic awareness

A second-grade teacher responds to a parent who has reached out for reading guidance for their child. She has noticed that the child frequently rereads books that he has read before and she asks the teacher for help finding new books that he would find interesting. The teacher agrees to help the child find new books, but suggests the parent allow him to spend some of his time rereading old favorites. This suggestion best demonstrates the teacher's awareness of which concept related to reading development?

rereading familiar texts supports fluency development

Ms. Snyder assesses the fluency of all of her second graders at three predetermined points throughout the school year, once at the beginning of the year, once in the middle of the year, and once at the end of the school year. During each assessment, she tracks the number of words read within a period of time and takes notes over the type of errors the students make. She collects and reviews the data over time, planning intervention for students that are not demonstrating growth at an expected rate. Which of the following best describes the type of assessment that Ms. Snyder uses to assess reading fluency?

running records

When ELL students hear phrases such as, "It's raining cats and dogs outside," or "This is just a drop in the bucket," they may be confused, as they probably need to have specific instruction in:

semantics

A first-grade student writes the following sentence on the board: "Mi dg lks mi hnd" but means "my dog licks my hand." Which of the following does the student's sentence best demonstrate?

semiphonetic spelling

A second-grade teacher assigns each table group a different fictional text to read. After reading, each group receives a set of cards, and each card lists one main event from the story. The teacher asks students to put the cards in the correct order. This activity will teach students how to:

sequence the plot points from the story.

Which phonological awareness skill will students will most likely learn first?

showing awareness that the word "ball" sounds like "fall" and "tall"

Blocks with letters that are used by students to build words from the word wall would be effective for work with:

sight words

Lisa is struggling to comprehend grade-level texts during independent reading and her oral reading is jerky and irregular. Mr. Harris wants to improve Lisa's reading comprehension. Which of the following instructional strategies should Mr. Harris focus on?

sight-word automaticity

While listening to a student read, a teacher records the following errors in pronunciation. Word Student Pronunciation Cologne ku-log-neh Sword s-WOR-d Raspberry RASP-ber-rie Based on the errors in all three words, the student is struggling with which phonics pattern?

silent letters

A kindergarten teacher is providing the parents of her students with guidance on how to best support their children's phonological awareness from home. Which of the following would be the most impactful specifically for phonological awareness?

singing songs that contain rhymes and making up new rhymes

A prekindergarten teacher is working with an ELL student who is in the early production stage of second language acquisition and uses their home language as the foundation of instruction. According to the Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines, which of the following instructional elements should the teacher incorporate to encourage the student's second language acquisition?

slowly increasing the amount of English language used in instruction

Which activity would best help students master common vowel spelling patterns?

sorting words based on spelling patterns

As the first semester ends, a third-grade teacher is adjusting her lesson plans for spring by working on an outline of skills to cover in whole-group instruction. Which of the following should the teacher use to guide these revised lesson plans?

state curriculum standards informal assessments and teacher observations results of formal assessments

During a decoding exercise, a first-grade teacher noticed a student could not decode new words when particular suffixes were added to the word. This student would most benefit from which of the following instruction?

structural analysis

A student who struggles with reading motivation would most benefit from:

student choice

A first-grade teacher teaches three sight words per week during the course of the fall semester. This includes reading books and playing games containing the words. At the end of six weeks of instruction, she has students take turns individually reading all the sight words taught over the six week period from the word wall. The teacher then records the percentage of words each student reads correctly as a grade in the grade book. Which of the following assessment types is this teacher utilizing?

summative assessment

A second-grade teacher wants to improve his student's reading fluency. Which activity would be an effective way to achieve this goal?

supervised oral reading

A kindergarten teacher has been working with her students on blending onsets and rimes. Most of the class is struggling to grasp this new skill. The teacher recognizes the need to back up and review a previous skill before continuing with whole-class instruction on blending onsets and rimes. Which of the following would be the most reasonable skill for her to review with her class?

syllable awareness

At the beginning of the school year, a kindergarten teacher plans various activities to begin informally assessing a wide range of her students' skills, including their emergent reading skills. During class, the teacher writes a sentence on the board and asks her class to clap for each word while she reads it aloud. Then, she reads the sentence again, this time asking the students to count how many words are in the sentence. Following the activity, the teacher determines that most of her students have mastered word awareness. Which of the following skills would the teacher most likely teach next?

syllable awareness

Which of the following terms means that a test measures what it is supposed to measure?

validity

A second-grade teacher recently read her class a story called "The Garden" from the book Frog and Toad are Friends by Arnold Lobel. The teacher is implementing a reading protocol where she has the students focus on a different aspect of the story each time she reads it aloud. During the first reading, the teacher has students focus on the sequence of events in the story. After reading the text for a third time, the teacher has students participate in a class discussion on what Toad means by "hard work" and how he overcomes the obstacles he faces in getting his garden to grow. The students work with their table group to come up with answers to questions provided by the teacher. The questions are not straightforward and require students to discuss the events of the text and form an opinion. As part of their answers, they must provide sentences from the text as proof. This activity helps students understand complex texts by:

teaching them to use textual evidence to support their claims.

A teacher is developing an assessment to determine what students have learned during the semester. Which of the following is the most important for the teacher to consider as she develops this test?

that the test is carefully aligned to the material taught throughout the semester

Which of these abilities is the weakest connection between strong oral language skills and strong writing abilities?

the ability to decode new words in a text

Which of the following is NOT a goal of teaching phonics and word recognition skills?

the ability to use metacognition to self-monitor reading comprehension

The onset of a word is:

the initial phoneme or sound in a word

A third-grade teacher assigns students an expository text to read with a set of five questions. More than half the class misses the same question about the article's main idea. Which of the following topics should the teacher cover to help students with this concept?

the purpose of titles, subtitles, and topic sentences

Which of the following syllables types is the last syllable in "star"?

the r-controlled syllable

Which of the following would NOT be considered when determining whether a student is a fluent reader?

the student's ability to infer unfamiliar word meanings

Pragmatics is:

the study of language in its use

Which of the following best describes the purpose of an entry-level assessment?

to align instruction with student needs

A teacher is preparing her class to independently read an article about a new telescope being built by a group of scientists. During their pre-reading activity, the teacher purposefully includes challenging or unfamiliar vocabulary like "Magellan," "precision," and "resolution" in both the class discussion about telescopes and their anticipation guide. Which of the following best explains the teacher's reason for incorporating these words into their pre-reading activities?

to encourage student recognition of the words and improve their ability to connect their oral vocabulary to their written vocabulary

At the beginning of the year, during open house, a preschool teacher always welcomes her class by reading aloud one of her favorite books. She holds the book up for everyone to see the words and pictures, and she uses her finger to move along the text as she reads. She then encourages parents to also track their progress through books at home by tracing the line of text as they read. Which of the following is the teacher's reason for this suggestion?

to help students develop an understanding of print orientation

Which of the following statements describes the purpose of having a student repeatedly read aloud?

to increase the student's fluency and reading rate

Which of the following describes the best use of a running record?

to track student reading progress over a year

A teacher provides her students with a list of word pairs where one word is spelled correctly and the other option is spelled phonetically. For example, "tough" and "touff." Students are asked to select which word is correct. In order for students to successfully choose the correct spelling, they would most likely need to be in which stage of spelling development?

transitional

A second-grade student writes the following sentence on the board: "My dog nose triks and is my best freind, but my sister prefers our pet cat." Which of the following does the student's sentence best demonstrate?

transitional spelling

Which of the following words should a teacher use to demonstrate structural analysis for word identification?

unknown

Which of the following strategies would not meet the needs of diverse learners?

use one modality of instruction

To support vocabulary development, which of the following activities would be particularly helpful to English Language Learners when assigning a text related to a new instructional unit?

use visual images when pre-teaching unit vocabulary

Of the following options, which activity best represents an activity in line with the reading expectations laid out in the Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines?

using big books and pointers to demonstrate text directionality and draw attention to punctuation

While evaluating a student's reading performance, Mr. Daniels identifies two problem areas. The student struggles to correctly read unfamiliar three-syllable words. The miscues from these words are causing comprehension issues after the fact. In order to help the student improve his comprehension, which activities should Mr. Daniels provide?

using context clues to decode for meaning

A prekindergarten teacher regularly reviews letter names and shapes using a combination of songs, images, and games during whole-class instruction that are meant to develop alphabetic knowledge. Some students are making little progress in their development of this skill, so she is planning new strategies to provide intervention for the struggling students. Which of the following describes the best way for this teacher to approach intervention with these students?

using direct, focused instruction paired with games and fun activities to reinforce instruction

A second-grade teacher has an intermediate ELL student in her class. She noticed that the student struggles with oral instructions and needs differentiation for listening activities. Which of the following supports or accommodations would be most appropriate for an intermediate student?

using visual and verbal cues, including gestures, to reinforce spoken words

A first-grade teacher is working with students to improve their automaticity of sight words. The class includes several students whose native language is not English. In order to help this group read sight words automatically and accurately, the teacher should first implement which of the following strategies?

utilize short, repetitive readings containing sight words as well as illustrations to match the events of the text

For a warm-up activity each morning, a teacher will post a word in front of the class. In response to the word, the students must write a synonym and an antonym, provide a student-created definition, and use the word in a sentence. Which of the following skills is the teacher most likely trying to promote using this warm-up activity?

vocabulary

Which of the following are appropriate ways for a teacher to encourage home involvement in promoting literacy development?

weekly communication through email with information about the week's literacy focus in class hosting a parent night at which the teacher shares ways to improve phonological awareness

When communicating student exam results to stakeholders, it's important to ensure that they have a clear understanding of the context, methods, and results of the assessment data. This includes which of the following? Select all that apply: Select all answers that apply.

what the performance indicates what was assessed why it was assessed how it was assessed

At the beginning of the school year, a kindergarten teacher plans various activities to begin informally assessing a wide range of her students' skills, including their emergent reading skills. During class, the teacher writes a sentence on the board and asks her class to clap for each word while she reads it aloud. Then, she reads the sentence again, this time asking the students to count how many words are in the sentence. The teacher is using this activity to evaluate which of the following skills?

word awareness

A first-grade teacher creates a fun, engaging story and writes the story on flashcards. The teacher writes unfamiliar words larger than the familiar words so they are easy for students to identify. As the teacher reads to the class, the teacher points to each word as he reads it. After reading through the story one time, the teacher reads the flashcards a second time and tells the students when he points to a word written in big letters to say the word along with him. Which of the following reading skills is this activity most promoting?

word recognition

Which of the following is a morpheme?

write