science portion (scientific reasoning ... 7 questions on this area)

moderator variable

changes how much the independent variable influences on the dependent variable, moderating the strength of the relationship between the two variables

what other variables are used in research?

confounding, extraneous, control, moderator variables

control variables

something that the researcher manipulates in order to keep it constant between conditions, allowing the results to be more homogeneous and/or valid by preventing it from becoming confounding

Significance

statistical determination of whether change observed is due to chance

Conclusion

support or rejection of the experiment's hypothesis produced from the experiment's data

Question:

the problem that an experiment is looking to answer

what is filtration

the process of separating a solid from a liquids - a solid that has been dissolved in a liquid can be separated using evaporation

independent and dependent variables

*** form bias

inductive reasoning

drawing conclusions from evidence (more common way for scientists)

what are the 6 basic steps of the scientific method?

The six steps of the scientific method are as follows: 1. Come Up with a Question, 2. Gather Background Research, 3. Make a Hypothesis, 4. Design an Experiment, 5. Analyze the Data, and 6. Form a Conclusion

important safely equipment

eyewash station: used to flush your eyes with water emergency shower: there is a handle you pull which will throw out water in case a liquid or substances fell in your arm, leg fire extinguisher: help put out fires ventilation hoods: contain gases, vapors, and fumes, preventing you from inhaling harmful chemicals first aid kit: band-aid, burn-gel,

deductive reasoning

finding evidence to support or disprove conclusions

how do you measure the volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder? or other marked container

we must place our eyes along the level of the liquid (where the meniscus is)

pouring technique

when pouring substances in a labatory, the technique must be much more precise

independent variable

-- the researcher controls this variable -- aka the explanatory predictor -- this variable makes the change in the dependent variable x-axis

sometimes glass tubing needs to be inserted into the role of a rubber stopper

1) First, you lubricate the end of the tubing with water or oil. 2) Next, while wearing gloves, you hold the tubing near the end and ease it into the hole with a gentle twist. 3) Finally, you push it through the hole as far as it needs to go, applying the minimal force necessary. 4) Finally, you wipe away any excess lubrication. Glass tubing should be removed as soon as the experiment is completed. You should never bend glass tubing without applying heat, because it will break.

how do you bend glass tubing using heat?

1) attach a flame spread up to your gas burner, and hold the center of a length of glass tubing over a blue flame while using tongs and wearing gloves. 2)The tubing should be at the top of the blue part of the flame, since this is where it is the hottest. 3)Rotate the tubing in the flame to evenly heat a 5 centimeter section until it becomes soft. 4)Remove the tubing from the flame and bend it to the correct shape in a single, fluid motion. 5)Finally, let it cool by resting it on a piece of wire gauze.

what are the steps of the scientific method?

1) observation / Question (topic for research and experimentation or question that needs to be answered) 2) research (find out about the topic) 3) hypothesis (predict the outcome to the problem) 4) experiment (develop a procedure to test the hypothesis) 5) collect data (record the results of the experiment) 6) analysis (examine the data) 7) conclusion (compare the hypothesis to the experiment results)

explain the colors of the flame

1) when the vent is closed there is a yellow color and the flame is very little 2) when the vent open there is a blue color and that means that the hotness is increasing

Scientific Theory

a hypothesis that is widely supported by empirical research

Hypothesis

a potential answer for the research question that can be tested

Experiment

a test that provides data that directly answers a question

what color is the flame when the burner is first lit?

a: blue

what is a meniscus

a: bubble shape along the top of the liquid with a top and bottom line

4. A scientist is running a test of her hypothesis. Which step of the scientific method is she executing?

a: experiment

3. At what step in the scientific method does a scientist propose the problem that he or she wants to solve?

a: question

5. Which of the following is NOT true about science?

a: scientist never compete with one another

what is the best instrument to pour?

a: stirring rod best technique to do when pouring liquid in a lab ----we use the stirring rod to connect the pouring spout from the container to where you want the liquid to go---

should be the vent be closed or open when the burner is first lit?

a: the vent should be closed. (yellow color)

heating material in a test tube?

a: tube should always be held using a special test tube holder or clamp, pointing the test tube away from everyone else

what to do when heating a substance using glassware

a: use heat-resistant glassware and put a wire gauze between the flame and the glass to avoid direct contact

dependent variable

aka : response variable --is the one being measured in an experiment --- this variable is not controlled y-axis

confounding variables

aka third variable -- also changes the dependent variable despite not being the independent variable being studied -- can cause issues in a study

extraneous variable

is any variable present within the experiment that might make the relationship between the independent and dependent variables weaker than initially predicted or observed. There are several kinds of extraneous variables that may be found within a research experiment. Some examples include: •Demand characteristics: any environmental 'clue' that may push the participant to behave or act in a certain way. •Experimenter effect: any clue that may be given by the experimenter to persuade or sway the results in one way or another. •Situational variables: any variable that corresponds to the noise level, the heat, the color of the room, or anything else that is present in the situation. One example is that if you wanted to see whether the amount of time studying (independent variable) impacts the test score (dependent variable), you would also need to account for the time spent sleeping prior to the exam, the temperature of the exam room, and many other factors that may influence the test score (extraneous variables)

why do we use the metric system?

it is used as the standard set of units

Peer review

scientist from the field evaluate the work and determine validity

using standard units

length can be measured in: feet, yards, inches, meters, and kilometers volume can be measured in: liters, ounces, and cubic centimeters

the metric system

length: meter (m) is 3.28 feet about 3ft area: is also measured in meters (m) ex: an area 3meters by 5meters the area is 3mx5m=15m^2 liter: (L) is about 33 ounces but to be more accurate it is 33.81 which is 4 cups mass: kilograms (kg) temperature: Celsius is used in the biology lab note: Celsius is always in capital C because it was named after Swedish scientist Anders Celsius Fahrenheit to Celsius c=(f-32) x 5/9 f= cx9/5+32 0 is the freezing point, 100 is the boiling point

Dependent Variable:

the thing being measured in an experiment

Independent Variable:

the thing being tested in an experiment, it should be the only variable changed

lab techniques

they are the processes and practices that are recommended for using the various equipment in the laboratory

Background

• data available in books/journals/the internet from previous tests that can provide information about the experiment's subject

Empirical Data:

• information obtained through experience or observation

•What are variables in research examples?

•A variable is something that can be measured in a study or experiment. The independent and dependent variable are vital to the understanding and development of research.

•What is dependent and independent variable in research?

•The dependent variable in a research study or experiment is what is being measured in the study or experiment. •The independent variable in a research study or experiment is what the researcher is changing in the study or experiment. It is the variable that is being manipulated. The independent variable is responsible for changing the dependent variable

•What is the scientific method?

•The scientific method is a procedural guideline for people to use in conducting an empirical experiment to learn more about the world.

Scientific Method:

•a series of steps used by scientists to answer questions about the world

Biases

•cause for prejudice towards a certain outcome