Science Test 3
How much larger is the amplitude of the waves generated by a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than a 4.5 Richter magnitude earthquake?
100 times.
Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5?
32 times
Which statement best describes slumping a mass wasting process?
A block or blocks of unconsolidated regolith slide downhill along a curved slip surface.
________ involves rapid movement on a zone of compressed air or material experiencing liquefaction.
A debris /rock avalanche.
Major earthquakes are often followed by somewhat smaller events known as ________.
Aftershocks.
The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from the ________.
Arrival times of P and S waves.
Where do most earthquakes occur?
At or near plate boundaries.
What type of metamorphism is associated with very thick sedimentary strata?
Burial
Why are there so many earthquakes in California?
California is a plate boundary
The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel, planes is known as _______.
Cleavage
Most minerals are a combination of two or more elements. Therefore most minerals are?
Compounds.
Which type of metamorphism is driven by a change in temperature when magma invades host rock?
Contact
Which type of plane boundary produces most metamorphic rock?
Convergent
Which type of mass wasting is associated with freeze thaw cycles?
Creep
Which of the following is a result from shaking?
Damaged to buildings. Fires, landslides, and liquefaction. Damage to lifelines. ALL OF THE ABOVE.
The amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations is affected by ________.
Design of structures . Nature of the surface material. Intensity and duration of the vibrations. ALL OF THE ABOVE.
Alluvial fans are created by stream or rivers
False
During metamorphism, a rock melts and recrystallizes into a different form of rock?
False
The epicenter of an earthquake can be determined by using three seismogram from different earthquakes.
False
Unconsolidated, water -saturated soils or sediments provide good foundation materials for buildings and other structures.
False
Which of the following is the biggest hazard to well built wood frame building?
Fires spreading from one building to another, with little / no water or resources to extinguish them.
When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. The source is also referred to as the _______.
Focus.
What do the sizes of grain in a sedimentary rock tell you about the environment and or transport mechanism for those grains?
Grain sizes tells you the strength of the process that transported/ deposited the grains.
Why did the 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Haiti in 2010 cause much more damage and loss of life compared to the 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011?
Haiti's building were of poor construction.
Metamorphism may result from_____
Heat, Pressure, Chemically active fluids. ALL OF THE ABOVE.
Which type of metamorphism occurs as hot ion-rich fluids migrates through fissures and cracks that develop in rock?
Hydrothermal
The Mercalli scale is a scale from ______.
I to XII that rates the structural damage due to an earthquake
Which type of metamorphism occurs when meteoroids strike Earth's surface?
Impact
A subjective measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage and human reaction is referred to as______ .
Intensity
Which of the following correctly describes a mafic igneous rock?
It is dark in color, and rich in magnesium, and iron.
________ refers to the process by which unconsolidated materials that are saturated with water act like a liquid.
Liquefaction
________ refers to the process by which unconsolidated sediments are transferred into solid sedimentary rocks.
Lithification
What are two main sources of heat for metamorphism?
Magma and the geothermal gradient.
A measurement that describes the size of an earthquake by estimating the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake is referred to as_______.
Magnitude.
Which term best describes those process that move weathered rock materials and soils downslope under the direct influence of gravity?
Mass wasting
Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the bases of ________.
Particle size
Which of the following situations can cause a fire?
Power and gas lines are often ruptured, causing fires. Electrical appliances shaken into dangerous positions. Chemicals spill and mix. ALL OF THE ABOVE.
Which of these are considered "lifelines" that can be damaged in an earthquake?
Power, gas and water lines. Roads, freeways, bridges, and railways. Communication (phone lines, fiber optic lines, cell phone towers ect) ALL OF THE ABOVE.
_______ have the highest velocities.
Primary waves
Which mineral is number 7 on the Moh's hardness scale?
Quartz
The texture of an igneous rock records.
Records the rocks cooling history.
Which type of metamorphism is associated with mountain buildings or events affecting a large area?
Regional
The elastic rebound theory for the origin of earthquakes was first proposed by_________ following the ______ earthquake.
Reid , 1906 San Francisco
The _______ magnitude scale is a measure of the energy released . It does not directly measure the extent of building damaged.
Richter.
The Lituya Bay mega-tsunami was caused by a?
Rock avalanche.
Which mass wasting process has the slowest rate of movement?
Rock fall
Which type of mass wasting moves under the acceleration of gravity?
Rock fall
Which of the following statements is correct?
S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through solids and liquids.
The ________ earthquake was accompanied by extensive fire damaged.
San Francisco 1906.
An instrument that detects and records seismic waves is referred to as ________.
Seismograph.
Of the following which one would most likely be triggered by an earthquake?
Slump
Which type of mass wasting is most often a result of human activity?
Slump
What physical property is the color of a powdered mineral?
Streak
On a typical seismogram _______will show the highest amplitudes.
Surface waves.
Ions dissolved in water will crystallize and precipitate when which of the following occurs?
Temperature changes, a rainstorm occurs, or when organisms remove the dissolved material.
What do variations in the mineralogy and textures of metamorphic rocks tell us?
The degree in grade of metamorphism.
Which of the following is true about a rock with very angular grains?
The grains in the rock did not travel far from the source.
Which of the following statement is correct?
The longer the time delay between P and S waves, the farther away the earthquake was centered.
What condition exist in order for magma to rise toward the surface?
The magma needs to be less dense than the rock that surrounds it.
What do we call repeating events that gradually and continually changes rocks from one type to another.
The rock cycle.
Which of the following statements is correct?
The two main type of waves are Body and Surface waves
Which one of the following is NOT true for minerals?
They can be liquid, solid, or gas.
Which one of the following best characterizes tsunamis?
They have relatively small amplitudes compared to their very long wavelength.
Why will two igneous rocks with the exact same compositions , but different cooling histories be given two different names?
They look different because they have different grain sizes textures.
Chemical sedimentary rocks consist of precipitated material that was once in
True
Landslides can be triggered by earthquakes often causing great damage to structures.
True
What is another term for an extrusive igneous rock? Where does it cool?
Volcanic igneous rock, on the surface of Earth.
For metamorphism, what is the main chemically active fluid?
Water.
What occurs in order for an igneous rock to be made into sediment?
Weathering.
What are the names of the grain sizes of sediments in order, from the largest to the smallest grain?
boulders, pebbles, cobbles, granules, sand , clay, silt.
