Scientific Inquiry Ray- Chapter 1 Midterm

Which way of knowing requires the least critical evaluation of the information by you? a) Tenacity b) Intuition c) Authority e) Empiricism f) Rationalism g) Science

A) Tenacity

When we recognize the type of thinking at the source of information and then apply or consider the veracity of that information based on what we know about the nature of its source (e.g., authority, tenacity, logic, science) we are applying ____________. a) scientific thinking b) intuitive thinking c) critical thinking d) common sense.

C Critical Thinking?

From the list below, which way of thinking (i.e., knowing) requires the most logic? Selected Answer: I a) Tenacity b) Intuition c) Authority d) Rationalism e) Experience

D) Rationalism

Thinking that involves deductive and inductive reasoning is applying _______________ to their thinking. a) rationalism b) empiricism c) common sense d) tenacity

Not C may be a) rationalism

Which of the following is an example of basic research? : a. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment b. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused c. An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste d. An educational psychologist who examines how mindset ("intelligence is innate" or "intelligence can be achieved") affects academic performance

Not D-May B c. An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

Thinking that uses both rationalism and empiricism, in combination, is ____________ thinking. Answers: a) logical b) scientific c) common sense d) authoritative

Not Scientific Maybe a) Logical

From the list below, which way of thinking (i.e., knowing) requires the least effort? Answers: a) Tenacity b) Intuition c)Authority d) Rationalism e) Empiricism f)Science

Not authority or intuition a) tenacity

If you say that science is a two step process, it implies that you understand that a) Science involves both rationalism and empiricism. b) Science is the best way to generate justifications for our beliefs. c) Science require the critical evaluation of peer-reviewed journal articles. d) Science is the intersection of belief, truth, and justirication.

a) Science involves both rationalism and empiricism.

Which way of knowing requires the least critical evaluation of the information by you? a) Tenacity b) Intuition c) Authority d) Empiricism e) Rationalism f) Science

a) Tenacity

A modern definition of psychology that emphasizes the way in which psychologists think is Selected Answer: a) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes of an individual. b) the study of the components and function of the mind of an individual.

a) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes of an individual.

Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? Selected Answer: a. "My data disproves my theory." b. "I may need to collect more data." c. "My data is inconsistent with my theory." d. "My theory needs amending."

a. "My data disproves my theory." Answers:

Which of the following is NOT an example of being a producer of research? Selected Answer: a. Attending a psychological conference b. Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia c. Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms d. Observing the behavior of rats who have been socially isolated

a. Attending a psychological conference

Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women's magazine. Which of the following would you tell her? a. Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings. b. Stop reading those articles because they are never accurate. c. Peer-reviewed journals are much easier to read than magazines. d. Reading those magazines is just as good as reading the peer-reviewed journals.

a. Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings.

Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT: Selected Answer: a. He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies b. He wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style c. He wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important d. He wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs

a. He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. All of the following are important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT: a. He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well b. He will likely need to read research related to enhancing his teaching c. He will likely be asked to read research studies in his future psychology classes d. He will likely encounter research studies described in popular magazines he reads

a. He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well Answers:

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory's: a. Parsimony b. Falsifiability c. Theorizing d. Empiricism

a. Parsimony

Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews? Answers: a. The anonymity of the peer reviewers b. The possibility of rejection c. The number of peer reviewers d. The frequency of publication

a. The anonymity of the peer reviewers

Thinking that uses both rationalism and empiricism, in combination, is ____________ thinking. scientific was marked wrong but I think it is Answers: a) logical b) scientific c) common sense d) authoritative

b) scientific

Translational research is best thought of as ________ basic research and applied research. a. Another word for b. A bridge between c. Inferior to both d. Superior to both

b. A bridge between

Which of the following is NOT an example of applied research? Selected Answer: a. A sports psychologist who examines how mindset ("train well" versus "win") affects athletic performance b. A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure c. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction d. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD

b. A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure Answers:

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions.Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following? a. Research b. A theory c. Data d. A hypothesis

b. A theory

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions.After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step? a. Recalculating her data to fit the theory b. Altering or amending the theory to fit her data c. Writing a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory, because only some of her data supported it d. Ignoring the data that did not fit the theory

b. Altering or amending the theory to fit her data

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1 Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions.After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step? a. Ignoring the data that did not fit the theory b. Altering or amending the theory to fit her data c. Recalculating her data to fit the theory d. Writing a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory, because only some of her data supported it

b. Altering or amending the theory to fit her data Answers:

Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research? Answers: a. Applied research is more important than basic research. b. Basic and applied research have different goals. c. Applied research is done by consumers of research. d. Basic research is more difficult to conduct than applied research.

b. Basic and applied research have different goals.

Journals and magazines are similar in all the following ways EXCEPT: Answers: a. Both tend to have articles written by several different contributors. b. Both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles. c. Both tend to be released monthly or quarterly. d. Both are trying to inform their readers.

b. Both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles.

________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. Answers: a. Theorizing b. Empiricism c. Application d. Falsifiability

b. Empiricism

Which of the following people will likely NOT find it important to be a consumer of psychological research professionally? a. Human resource managers b. Gardeners c. Sales representatives d. High school teachers

b. Gardeners

Nadia submits her article to a scientific journal for publication. Who makes the final decision on whether an article is published in that scientific journal? Selected Answer: a. A panel of experts b. The editor of the journal c. Nadia, the author of the article d. The publisher of the journal

b. The editor of the journal

According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as: Answers: a. Empirical research b. Translational research c. Practical research d. Compound research

b. Translational research

Which way of thinking produces the most rigorous support for knowledge? a) authority b) intuition c) science d) tenacity e) rationalism f) empiricism

c) Science

Which way of thinking produces the most rigorous support for knowledge? Selected Answer: a) authority b) intuition c) science d) tenacity e) rationalism f)empiricism

c) science

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make? Answers: a. "My theory is generalizable." b. "The data complicate my theory." c. "The data provide support for my theory." d. "The data prove my theory."

c. "The data provide support for my theory."

Translational research is best thought of as ________ basic research and applied research. Answers: a. Another word for b. Inferior to both c. A bridge between d. Superior to both

c. A bridge between

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as: a. Empirical research b. Applied research c. Basic research d. Translational research

c. Basic research

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to ________. a. Data b. Answers c. Questions d. Research

c. Questions

Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching patients with schizophrenia to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions. Vinai hopes that the findings of this research could then be used to create an intervention used in the treatment of schizophrenia. Vinai's study is an example of: Answers: a. Applied research b. Basic research c. Translational research d. Empirical research

c. Translational research

From the list below, which way of thinking (i.e., knowing) requires the most logic? Answers: a) Tenacity b) Intuition c) Authority d) Rationalism e) Experience

d) Rationalism

Which of the following is an example of applied research? Selected Answer: a. A personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts b. An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year-olds c. A cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women d. A social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept

d. A social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept

Articles that could be considered journalism: Selected Answer: a. Are typically written for scientists b. Are typically written by scientists c. Are hard to access d. Do not require specialized education to read

d. Do not require specialized education to read

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review? a. It is cost effective. b. It is more efficient/faster. c. It encourages collaboration among researchers. d. It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.

d. It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.

Both James and Thomas have theories that explain why listening to classical music while reading is associated with increased recall of the material. James' theory is much simpler than Thomas'. Thomas created his theory a few months before James did. Which of the following is true? Answers: a. Thomas' theory would be considered better because he thought of it first. b. James' theory would be considered better because it was thought of more recently. c. Thomas' theory would be considered better because it is more complex. d. James' theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious.

d. James' theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious.

All of the following are reasons that a journalist may misrepresent a psychology study in a magazine EXCEPT: a. Journalists may not personally have the scientific background to understand the study b. Journalists are working under strict publication deadlines c. Journalists may oversimplify the study for their readers d. Journalists are unethical

d. Journalists are unethical

Another word for data is a/an ________. Selected Answer: Answers: a. Outcome b. Theory c. Prediction d. Observation

d. Observation

Another word for hypothesis is a/an ________. Answers: a. Theory b. Outcome c. Observation d. Prediction

d. Prediction

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to ________. Selected Answer: a. Data b. Answers c. Research d. Questions

d. Questions

The quality of journalists' coverage of a science story will be determined by two factors: Answers: a. The education and experience of the scientist b. The education and experience of the journalist c. The length and source of the story d. The importance and accuracy of the story

d. The importance and accuracy of the story

Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on all of the following EXCEPT: a. How well the research was conducted b. How important the results are c. How interesting the research is d. The prestige/reputation of the author

d. The prestige/reputation of the author

Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching patients with schizophrenia to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions. Vinai hopes that the findings of this research could then be used to create an intervention used in the treatment of schizophrenia. Vinai's study is an example of: Answers: a. Basic research b. Empirical research c. Applied research d. Translational research

d. Translational research