Scientific Management

Henry Gantt (1861-1919)

Created the Gantt chart, a tool that aids the planning and controlling of specific work projects.

Chester Barnard (1886-1961)

Focused on the role of the person in the organization. He proposed that the manager's role was to communicate with workers and encourage them to recognize the common goals of the organization and their performance.

Douglas McGregor (1906-1964)

Formulated two assumptions about workers, Theory X (employees naturally dislike work and responsibility, and must be controlled) and Theory Y (employees seek responsibility, and will be self-directed and committed if the job is satisfying).

Management

Getting work done through others

Victor Vroom (1932)

His Expectancy Theory states that employee's motivation is an outcome of how much an individual wants a reward (Valence), the assessment that the likelihood that the effort will lead to expected performance (Expectancy) and the belief that the performance will lead to reward (Instrumentality).

Robert Rosenthal, PhD (1964)

Empirical research in 1964 set the stage for the identification of a motivational concept called the "Pygmalion Effect" - that expectations bring self-fulfilling prophecies.

Scientific Method of Inquiry

- A formal five-step process of research that includes: 1) observation & description 2) hypothesis formulation 3) data gathering 4) data analysis 5) findings & conclusions.

Peter Drucker (1909-2005)

- Authored 39 books including The Practice of Management. Drucker is commonly referred to as the man who invented management. Three famous quotes from Drucker include: 1) "The most important thing in communication is to hear what isn't being said" 2) "We now accept the fact that learning is a lifelong process of keeping abreast of change. And the most pressing task is to teach people how to learn" 3)"Long-range planning does not deal with future decisions, but with the future of present decisions."

Fredrick Herzberg (1923-2000)

- Established a management theory known by two names: the Motivation-Hygiene Theory and the Two-Factor Theory. This theory states there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction (motivators), while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction (hygiene factors). Herzberg theorized that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act independently of each other

Mary Parker Follett (1864-1920)

Addressed the issue of management and worker relations

Frank Gilbreth (1868-1924) & Lilian Gilbreth (1878-1972)

Believed that cooperation from workers was key to realizing efficiencies in the workplace. Filmed workers and work under study and to identify strategies for reducing time, effort and worker fatigue

Max Weber (1864-1920)

Believed that rational principles guide the organization of bureaucracies. Weber believed activity is based upon authority relations, which are characterized by a division of labor, a defined hierarchy, and rules and regulations. Jobs consist of well-defined tasks, and authority is based upon workers' position in the organization.

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

Created Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization. Human beings must first satisfy lower order needs before higher order needs come into play. 1.Physiological (Food and water). 2.Safety (Physical and economic). 3.Belongingness (Friendship, love, social interaction). 4.Esteem (Achievement and recognition). 5.Self-actualization (Realizing your full potential).

David McClelland (1917-1998)

His Need Theory contended that three dominant needs - the need for achievement, for power, and for affiliation - underpin human motivation. McClelland believed that the relative importance of each need varies among individuals and cultures.

Fredrick Taylor (1856-1915)

Introduced time and management studies to design the work to promote production efficiency. Taylor's four principles were: 1. Develop a science (process) for each element of an individual's work. 2. Scientifically (systematically) select and train, teach, and develop workers. 3. Cooperate with workers to make sure work guidelines are followed. 4. Divide work and responsibilities between management and workers.

Henri Fayol (1841-1925)

Proposed workers should be supervised by a single person. Fayol proposed managers had five functions: plan, organize, command, coordinate activities, and control performance (which has evolved to plan, organize, lead & control).

Hawthorne Effect

Summary description given to a variety of management research studies conducted at the Bell Telephone Plant in Hawthorne, Illinois. The crux of this theory states that worker productivity and performance is elevated when management pays more attention to the workers.

Industrial Revolution

The shift from an agrarian-based economy to an industrial-based economy in the nineteenth century. This shift resulted in changes to social and economic organization.

Scientific Management

The study of management activities based upon theory and research

Co-option

Word created to represent the current healthcare environment where health service organizations must simultaneous cooperate and compete with other similar health service organizations.