Search and Extractor Exam 1 notes
Parts of a rope
mantel and kern
During the size up what/who should be kept aside?"
bystanders and witnesses
load the knot
once tied, the knot should be pulled tight to avoid any accidental movement when a person is loaded on the line
ICS 215
operational planning worksheet prepared by operations officer
What is the girth hitch used for?
used to anchor rope or webbing as a "choker" is the preferred method of attaching a piece of webbing to the foot-end of a backboard or metal utter when using a "diamond weave" to lash a patient
What is the square knot used for?
used to bind two ropes of the same diameter together,, not load bearing, must use the same diameter ropes
What is the water knot used for?
used to join two pieces of webbing
What is a double fishermans knot used for?
used to join two ropes of equal (or slightly unequal) diameter together for load bearing applications
What is the figure-eight knot used for?
used to stop the rope end from moving through a device
Example of airborne contaminates
vapors, fumes, gases, smoke, and dust in the air
Typical harness is made of __________ which has a breaking strength of ______ to ________
webbing components; 6,000 to 9,000 lbf
What is a resource cache?
where assigned tools and equipment can be safely stored, maintained, and retrieved to support the operation
NFPA 1670
standard on operations and training for technical rescue
LZ team consists of what?
1 person establishes the helicopter touchdown site, and 3 people secure the landing zone and make it appropriately
Head protection must conform to what NFPA?
1951
1 k/N= _____ lbs
225
When the ground slope is __ to __ aircraft must land side slope
8 to 15
Squad leader reports to who?
team leader
Loop
a turn in a rope that crosses itself to create a closed loop
Don't use what types of rope for rescue
natural fiber ropes
Lighting resources
natural vs portable vs fixed
Per NFPA regulations: 1 person load = 2 person load=
(300lbs) 4500lbs (600 lbs) 9000 lbs
If the fall factor is greater than ___ the rescuer should not use _____ rope.
0.25; static
Side positions are 9 and 3 o'clock how many yards from the rotor?
10-15
Size of landing zone during the day?
100 ft X 100 ft
The static system safety factor must be greater than ___ to ___
10:1
When obstacles are in the approach or departure routes on a ___ to __ ratio must be used to lay out the landing site (___ to ___ at night)
10:1 during day, 14:1 during night
Size of landing zone at night?
125ft x 125 ft
Once the aircraft has landed position yourself where?
12oclock position at 10 to 15 yards minimum from the rotor
Helicopters can not land on a slope of more than __ degrees
15
What NFPA guideline is used for risk/benefit analysis
1500
For earplugs most have a NRR of at least ___ dBs and some exceed __dBs.
20,30
Tensile strengths
3,500 (single) and 7,200 double pounds of force when made form 8 mm accessory cord tied with a double overhand bend
For oxyacetylene or gasoline fueled cutting operations what shade rating should the eye protection be?
3.0
For cutting operations with exothermic devices what shade rating should be used?
5.0
When the ground slope is under ___ degrees the aircraft must land upslope
7
Rescuers exposed to any noise in excess of _____ dB must be provided with appropriate hearing protection devices should conform to ANSI S3.19 or S12.6 and have a noise reduction rating of at least ____ dB
90, 20
LZ should be identified when?
ASAP and keep the LZ's close to the scene
ERG
Emergency response guide
What are the different PPE types and selections
Head protection (helmets must conform to NFPA 1951) Face and eye protection hearing protection outerwear hand protection foot protection harnesses
What forms are included in an IAP?
ICS 202 Incident Briefing , ICS 203 Organization Assignment List, ICS 204 Assignment List, ICS 205 Incident Radio Communications Plan, ICS 208 safety Message/Plan
Managing and tracking resources including personnel and tools will be aided by early initiation of an ___ and ____ ____ ____
ICS, personnel accoudnility system
Only what class harness offers full security for rescuers in all environments
III
Basics to be considered in scene size up done by the team leader and US&R team
Identify appropriate reference materials gather information interview witnesses identify hazards within the hot zone use local maps identify water resources, electric capabilities , heavy equipment, and construction material determine if you need local utility personnel, civil engineers, public works personnel relay information complete a 360 degree assessment conduct risk/benefit analysis
The technical rescue disciplines identified in NFPA 1006 can be separated into two general categories which are?
Land-based and water-based rescues
Gloves used for technical rescue must meet the requirements established by what?
NFPA 1951
Protective clothing for technical rescue applications must meet the standards established in what?
NFPA 1951
Disposal methods of PPE must comply with who?
OSHA
NFPA 1500
Standard on Firefighter occupational health and Safety
NFPA 1983
Standard on life safety rope and equipment for emergency
ICS 218
Support vehicle/ equipment inventory prepared by NCOIC
Who works together to establish incident objectives and works to develop the IAP?
US&R Size up and the incident management system
Bight
a U-shaped bend
What is ICS 214
activity log prepared by all sections and units
What is the clove hitch (middle of the rope) used for?
adjustable anchor hitch that can be used horizontally or vertically
Overhand knot (safety knot) is used for what?
as a safety to secure the loose end
What is a figure-eight on a bight knot used for?
as an anchor knot that creates a single loop that will not slip
What are some tasks associated with searching?
determine the number of victims involved and those requiring rescue remove accessible surface victims interview rescue victims identify possible victims last reported locations establish search boundaries by assessing the perimeter surrounding the incident to determine possible victim location establish policies and procedures that define lines of communication that enables self rescue, self escape and protocol on how to maneuver in and out of the hazard zones
Fall factor= ______/_______
distance fall/ length of rope between object and anchor
Define pattern search
divides the search area into smaller blocks that can be assigned to individual teams
Always approach the helicopter on the
downward side
Overhand safety is not required on which knot?
figure-eight on a bight
Class III harness is aka
full body harness (fastens around the waist thighs or buttocks used for a two person load
The sharper the bend the ____ the efficiency loss
greater
Characteristics of polyester rope
higher melting point
Describe class I harness
intended for emergency escape or single rescuer fall protection with a load of up to 300 lbs worn around the waist and used to secure the rescuer to a stationary object for fall protection
Is the overhand knot load bearing?
no and it should be set as close to the primary knot as possible
Is an overhand safety knot required on a figure-eight on a bight?
no due to its ability to tighten once loaded and not allow the tail to slip the tail should be no longer than 4"
What are NFPA 1983 standards on elongation?
no less than 1% at 10% of the ropes breaking strength and no more than 10% at 10% of the ropes breaking strength
What is included in the relay information portion of the size up?
provide the unit designation of the unit arriving on the scene provide a brief description of obvious conditions describe the actions you will take to imply your personnel for rescue describe any obvious safety concerns provide your identification designation and physical location during the incident request additional rescousrse
Define hasty search
quick obvious victims
The number one accountability system is through what?
radio communications
What are some forms of accountability?
radio, name-tag, barcode system, unit identifier
What are the different tools used in a technical search?
seismic devices (sensitive to movement) listening devices (enhance sounds) cameras (fiber optics) thermal imagers (differences in temp)
Rehabilitation area
should be away from the incident site, located in the cold zone and used for personnel needs, ensure PPE is re-issued, all personal gear in serviceable
Types of environmental hazards
temperature extremes and adverse weather high noise levels, limited visibility, e contamination hazard, biological hazards, untreated sewage, increase the physical damage to buildings when they collapse, Natural or LP gas pipes electrical wiring and equipment may be damaged
running end
the free end of the rope used for hauling if needed
What is a figure eight on a bend used for?
to tie two ropes for load bearing purposes
PAPR filters are only sufficient when oxygen levels are above what?
19.5%
What is ICS form 201?
incident briefing/ prepared by US&R Team Leader
What is ICS 203
organization assignment list prepared by NCOIC
A carabineer rated at 9000lbs. breaking strength has a force of 600lbs. There is a ____ to ___ component safety factor (9000/600)
15:1
Life safety equipment will be manufactured to maintain a component safety ration of ___ to ____
15:1
For helicopters obstructions greater that ___ inches high, deep or wide that can not be removed must be ____
18; marked
Harnesses must adhere to what NFPA?
1983
Example: to prevent efficiency loss with 1/2 rope, the knot must have no bends smaller than what?
2 inches
What average percent efficiency is lost with each knot?
30%
EX. if during a day approach a helicopter must fly over 40 foot trees the landing sight must be how many feet long?
40x10=400 (10:1 ratio during the day)
A helicopter requires a relatively level landing area ____ ft in diameter
50
Tail rotor position is where
6 o'clock position 10-15 yards aways from the rotor
Tensile strength of tubular 4,000 ibf and flat webbing is _________ iff
6,000
A class II harness can be used in rescues up to _____
600 lbs
NFPA 472
standard for competence of responders to hazardous materials/ weapons of mass destruction incidents
NFPA 1951
standard on protective ensembles for technical rescue incidents
NFPA 1983 establishes what?
standards for rescue rope, harnesses and equipment
What requirement must face and eye protection adhere to?
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 87.1
What organization defines the roles, responsibilities and standard operating procedures used to manage emergency operations?
FEMA IMS (Federal emergency management agency incident management system)
The command staff of the iCS is comprised of who/what?
Incident commander-overall responsible for management of incident operations Public information officer-interacts with the media Safety officer- enforces general safety Liaison officer-coordinates with assisting agencies
What is ICS 202
Incident objectives prepared by Planning section chief
What is ICS 205
Incident radio communications plan prepared by all all sections and units
What is ICS 209
Incident status summary prepared by all sections and units
SAR is used when
a rescuer needs to egress to a safe area in the event of a problem with the primary air supply good option in an confined space rescue
During a natural or manmade disaster that requires CBRNE response the US&R reports to who?
Operations officer/section to receive mission objectives
Which can last longer SAR or SCBA
SAR
Types of respiratory protection
SCBA (open circuit self contain breathing apparatus) SAR (open circuit supplied air respirators)
NFPA 1006
STANDARD FOR TECHNICAL RESCUER PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
What is ICS 208
Safety message/plan prepared by safety officer
Operations/Command Post area is where who is?
Team leader
What is a figure-eight follow through knot used for?
used as an anchor knot that can be tied around an object
What are the 3 types of helicopters and how much can they hold?
Type I: large seats 16 people; max 5,000 lb Type II: medium seats 10 people; max 2,500 lb Type III: small seats 3 and minimum of 600lb
US&R teams should use the US Army Corp of Engineers _______ _____ ______ _____
US&R field operations guide
What is the criteria for communicating with other professionals?
Use clear text and plain english do not use slang "10/4" codes or military jargon clear, concise and spoken at a reasonable pace use assigned radio designations designation used will be assigned by the IC
What can be used to mark the landing site but not be any closer than ___ feet to the touchdown point
VS-17 panels
round turn
a full wrap in the rope
Headsets or earmuffs provide what?
a higher level of noise reduction and comfort related issues
During the termination of the incident what are the roles of the Safety officers
advises IC about safety issues,
What is ICS 204
assignment list prepared by squad leader, NCOIC
Operations officer does what?
assist the US&R team leader in monitoring and tracking the incident response, responsible for maintinatning and documenting incident objectives on the ICS 201 form, provide situations reports to the team leader, provide accountability for personnel and time in the hot zone
Equipment retrieval begins where and ends where?
begins at the edge and then progresses away from the edge
Types of load bearing hardware
buckles D-rings attachment points structural webbing loops equipment loops
Define hailing and listening search
calling out and listening
Define physical search
can be done without specialized equipment
During the termination of the incident what are the roles of the NCOIC/PSG?
collects and analyzes info, tracks resources, and maintains documentation. Ensures accountability and maintenance for all issued equipment and accountability of all assigned personnel
What are the five major functional areas of the Incident command system?
command, operations, planning, logistics, and finance/administration
It is important to consider that some ear protection may interfere with what?
communication
What are some operations resources that may be needed?
construction equipment expendable and supplies equipment operators heavy machinery
Sheath damage occurs when
core is visible through the rope's sheath 50% or more of the sheath fibers are broken in any location
What is the 4-to-1 rule
efficiency of the rope during bending. if a rope is bent around an object at least four times its diameter there will be no loss of efficiency due to bending
squad leaders are responsible for what?
ensuring all assigned personnel are kept informed of mission objectives ands status, executing the rescue mission in accordance with (IAW IAP
DO NOT attach live loads to the ___________ loops
equipment
During the termination of the incident what are the roles of the US&R Team Leader?
establishes incident objectives, strategies, and priorities during the termination phase assume overall responsibility for the incident termination sends reports to the IC and manages the transfer of responsibilities
Characteristics of nylon rope
excellent strength (>9,000 lbs) chemical resistance lightweight more stretch
In environments such as trench and structural collapse incidents what PPE is appropriate?
full structural PPE
Benefit of skid and toe in landing?
gives pilots both horizontal and vertical reference to their surroundings
When controlling crowds what should be used?
guards, jersey barriers, caution tape, engineer tape, and emergency vehicles to control crowds
What is a potential disadvantage of earplugs?
hand to ear contamination
What are the components for the SAR
harness harness mounted regulator ow pressure hose connected to a conventional face piece small, reserve cylinder of compressed air
Types of physical search
hasty search secondary search hailing and listening pattern search
What is the prusik hitch used for?
hauling ascending and self rescue, the hitch serves as a "soft" rope grab around a larger diameter rope
What are the different hazard safety zones
hot zone (where rescue is taking place) warm zone- located immediately outside the hot zone and is for personnel directly supporting the rescuers in the hot zone cold zone- area for staging vehicles, equipment and contains the command post
depending on the nature of the incident it may be necessary for rescuers to wear what?
identification vests at all times in order to freely pass form zone to zone
Safety officer is responsible for what?
in charge of all the IAP; ensure personnel accountability is maintained, all rescuers have proper PPE, rest cycles, rotations, and rehabilitation, evaluating changing conditions during the rescue incident
The overhand knot is not _____ _____ and is not used as an independent knot for ____ ____ activities and should be set close to the primary knot as possible
load bearing; life safety
Other areas of consideration
logistics area, maintenance area, medical treatment area, medical evacuation area
The US& R team leader is responsible for what?
managing all aspects of of a mission including operational and administrative issues developing and completion of all task force tactical objectives proper reporting, record keeping, and AAR developing and implementation of incident action plan receive briefing to ensure all personnel are informed of mission objectives
What is ICS 206
medical plan form
standing part
middle of the rope between the working end and the running end
define secondary search
more detailed search
What should be included when requesting air support?
name/agency of caller callback number nature of emergency number of patients (if known) exact location (using GPS) radio frequency and call sign of LZ command
The general staff of the ICS is comprised of who/what?
operations section-coordinates tactical operations planning section-all support requirements needed to facilitate incident management logistics cell-responsible for getting needed resources and equipment finance and administrations
types of atmospheric hazards
oxygen defiant or oxygen enriched, flammable atmospheres, toxic atmosphere dust
Rescue specialist is responsible for what?
performs the rescue functions of the task force; reports to the squad leader
What are the different hazard categories?
physical, environmental, atmospheric
safety the knot
refers to the securement of any loose ends. in many cases if a knot has a loose end (tail) after it is finished, it should be secured using another knot
Fall factors >0.25 are not acceptable for what?
rescue
What is ICS 210
resource status change prepared by all sections and units
What is the criteria for a risk/benefit analysis
risk lives to save lives risk tools and equipment to save property risk nothing to save nothing
Uses of helicopters?
skid and toe in landing hoist ops rappelling medical evac
Proper footwear should have what
steel toe and steel shank
Due to the lack of expertise in all the fields the US&R will lean on who to develop the IAP?
subject matter experts (structural engineers, mechanical engineers, chemist, or heavy equipment operators
Types of physical hazards
surface hazards, unstable debris, overhead obstructions, confined space, below grade spaces, heights, vibrations, damaged utilities
"tightness of the bends" determines what?
the efficiency ratings of knots
Working end
the end of the rope used to make all of the bends to tie the knot
RIC/RIT is what?
the just in case team
Dress the knot
the proper arrangement of all the knot parts, removing the unnecessary kinks, twists and slack so that all rope parts of the knot make contact
Rescue team area
the rescue squad leader and rescue specialist along with their mission
Size up is the actions of who?
the team leader and members of the US&R team conduct in order to analyze information provided in the initial notification
US&R NCOIC reports to who and responsible for what?
the team leader; responsible for managing and coordinating all class I and IV items,assisting in the development of the IAP, ensuring accountability of all assigned personnel
What is the butterfly knot used for?
used as a bridle knot that provides a midline attachment point and is designed to take a three directional pull
