Section 2 Study Questions
Which sociologist illustrated the boundary-maintenance function of deviance in his study of Puritans in 17th-century New England? A.) Kai Erikson B.) Émile Durkheim C.) Robert Merton D.) Edwin Sutherland
A.) Kai Erikson
Which term refers to the relative lack of access to technology among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and citizens of developing countries? A.) digital divide B.) culture lag C.) cultural convergence D.) narcotizing dysfunction
A.) digital divide
A plumber whose father was a physician is an example of A.) downward intergenerational mobility. B.) upward intergenerational mobility. C.) downward intragenerational mobility. D.) upward intragenerational mobility.
A.) downward intergenerational mobility.
Stanley Milgram used the word conformity to mean A.) going along with peers. B.) compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. C.) techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. D.) penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
A.) going along with peers.
One positive consequence of bureaucracy is that it reduces bias. Reduction of bias results from which characteristic of a bureaucracy? A.) impersonality B.) hierarchy of authority C.) written rules and regulations D.) employment based on technical qualifications
A.) impersonality
What occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person? A.) role conflict B.) role strain C.) role exit D.) both a and b
A.) role conflict
__________________________________________ is a state of normlessness that typically occurs during a period of profound social change and disorder, such as a time of economic collapse.
Anomie
Which of the following social scientists used the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people? A.)George Herbert Mead B.) Charles Horton Cooley C.) Erving Goffman D.) Jean Piaget
B.) Charles Horton Cooley
Which sociologist first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts? A.) Robert Merton B.) Edwin Sutherland C.) Travis Hirschi D.) William Chambliss
B.) Edwin Sutherland
Which sociological perspective is especially concerned with the media's ability to decide what gets transmitted through gatekeeping? A.) the functionalist perspective B.) the conflict perspective C.) the interactionist perspective D.) the dramaturgical perspective
B.) the conflict perspective
According to child psychologist Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas during which stage in the development of the thought process? A.) the sensorimotor stage B.) the preoperational stage C.) the concrete operational stage D.) the formal operational stage
B.) the preoperational stage
Approximately how many people in the United States live below the poverty line established by the federal government? A.) 5 percent B.) 10 percent C.) 15 percent D.) 25 percent
C.) 15 percent
Which of the following is not true concerning how men and women use the Internet? A.) Men are more likely to use the Internet daily. B.) Women are more likely to use e-mail to maintain friendships. C.) Men account for 100 percent of players in online sports fantasy leagues. D.) Men are slightly more likely to have ever used the Internet than women are.
C.) Men account for 100 percent of players in online sports fantasy leagues.
From the functionalist perspective, the media can be dysfunctional in what way? A.) They enforce social norms. B.) They confer status. C.) They desensitize us to events. D.) They are agents of socialization.
C.) They desensitize us to events.
On the first day of basic training in the army, a recruit has his civilian clothes replaced by army "greens," has his hair shaved off, loses his privacy, and finds that he must use a communal bathroom. All these humiliating activities are part of A.) becoming a significant other. B.) impression management. C.) a degradation ceremony. D.) face-work.
C.) a degradation ceremony.
In Karl Marx's view, the destruction of the capitalist system will occur only if the working class first develops A.) bourgeois consciousness. B.) false consciousness. C.) class consciousness. D.) caste consciousness.
C.) class consciousness
The U.S. Postal Service, the Boston Pops orchestra, and the college or university in which you are currently enrolled as a student are all examples of A.) primary groups. B.) reference groups. C.) formal organizations. D.) triads.
C.) formal organizations.
Which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive? A.) the conflict perspective B.) the interactionist perspective C.) the functionalist perspective D.) the feminist perspective
C.) the functionalist perspective
George Herbert Mead is best known for his theory of what? A.) rites of passage B.) cognitive development C.)the self D.) impression management
C.)the self
__________________________________________ __________________________________________ is the term Thorstein Veblen used to describe the extravagant spending patterns of those at the top of the class hierarchy.
Conspicuous consumption
Which sociologist has applied functionalist analysis to the existence of poverty and argues that various segments of society actually benefit from the existence of the poor? A.) Émile Durkheim B.) Max Weber C.) Karl Marx D.) Herbert Gans
D.) Herbert Gans
Which of the following is an example of innovation as defined in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance? A.) An advocate for a new form of government initiates a blog. B.) A bureaucrat demands higher wages. C.) A prison guard agitates for a labor union. D.) Rather than writing an original essay, a student copies his submission from the Internet.
D.) Rather than writing an original essay, a student copies his submission from the Internet.
Which of the following is not a problem feminist theorists see with media coverage? A.) Women are underrepresented, suggesting that men are the cultural standard and that women are insignificant. B.) Men and women are portrayed in ways that reflect and perpetuate stereotypical views of gender. C.) Female athletes are treated differently from male athletes in television commentary. D.) The increasing frequency of single moms in the media is providing a negative role model for women.
D.) The increasing frequency of single moms in the media is providing a negative role model for women.
Which of the following conducted observation research on two groups of high school males (the Saints and the Roughnecks) and concluded that social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the two groups? A.) Richard Quinney B.) Edwin Sutherland C.) Émile Durkheim D.) William Chambliss
D.) William Chambliss
Which of the following describes a condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power? A.) esteem B.) mobility C.) slavery D.) social inequality
D.) social inequality
_____________________ _____________________ is the term used to describe the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
Dominant ideology
____________________________________ theorists view standards of deviant behavior as merely reflecting cultural norms, whereas ____________________________________ and __________________________________________ theorists point out that the most powerful groups in a society can shape laws and standards and determine who is (or is not) prosecuted as a criminal.
Functionalist, conflict, labeling
__________________________________________ mobility involves changes in social position within a person's adult life.
Intragenerational
Nearly 50 years ago, Canadian media theorist ________________________________ ________________________________ predicted that the rise of the electronic media would create a "global village."
Marshall McLuhan
__________________________________________ poverty is a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole.
Relative
__________________________________________ groups often emerge in the workplace among those who share special understandings about their occupation.
Secondary
_________________________________________ is the most extreme form of legalized social inequality for individuals or groups.
Slavery
___________________________________________________is the term used by sociologists in referring to the lifelong process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.
Socialization
Jane has two young, active children. She is also the primary caregiver or her aging father, who still lives alone but needs help around the house and assistance in getting to doctors' appointments. Which of the following best describes Jane's situation? Select one: a. Jane is a member of the sandwich generation. b. Jane is a member of Generation X. c. Jane is experiencing a rite of passage. d. Jane is experiencing a midlife crisis.
a. Jane is a member of the sandwich generation.
Jane has two young, active children. She is also the primary caregiver or her aging father, who still lives alone but needs help around the house and assistance in getting to doctors' appointments. Which of the following best describes Jane's situation? Select one: a. Jane is a member of the sandwich generation. b. Jane is a member of Generation X. c. Jane is experiencing a rite of passage. d. Jane is experiencing a midlife crisis.
a. Jane is a member of the sandwich generation.
Which of the following is true of mass media in the United States? Select one: a. New technologies have changed people's viewing and listening habits. b. People do not spend a lot of time with the new forms of media. c. Media consumers continue to prefer television, as opposed to portable devices. d. New forms of media only provide information on celebrities.
a. New technologies have changed people's viewing and listening habits.
A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is Select one: a. White and non-Hispanic. b. Black. c. Hispanic. d. Asian or Native American.
a. White and non-Hispanic.
The dramaturgical approach is Select one: a. a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers. b. a framework developed by George Herbert Mead. c. a phrase used to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interaction with others. d. the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
a. a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
In total institutions, people are subjected to humiliating rituals known as Select one: a. degradation ceremonies. b. resocialization. c. anticipatory socialization. d. reverse socialization.
a. degradation ceremonies.
Being late for class can be categorized as a(n) Select one: a. deviant act. b. accident. c. crime. d. infraction.
a. deviant act.
"Deviance helps to define the limits of proper behavior." This statement represents the view of which sociological perspective? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. feminist perspective
a. functionalist perspective
Early in life, a person learns to slant his or her presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. This process is known as Select one: a. impression management. b. reverse socialization. c. face-work. d. anticipatory socialization.
a. impression management.
Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's Select one: a. race, gender, and age. b. age, educational achievements, and gender. c. employment status, age, and race. d. gender, race, and social class.
a. race, gender, and age.
In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as Select one: a. ritualists. b. rebels. c. innovators. d. retreatists.
a. ritualists.
Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status? Select one: a. social role b. structural role c. achieved role d. ascribed role
a. social role
Every evening at a neighborhood bar, the clientele—which consists of construction workers, police officers, plumbers, and factory workers—watches sports events on the big screen television set and play pool. The people who hang out in this bar are an example of a Select one: a. status group. b. power group. c. class. d. caste.
a. status group.
Role exit is defined as Select one: a. the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity. b. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person. c. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise within one social position occupied by an individual. d. a set of expectations of people who occupy a given social position.
a. the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
An inner-city youth spends many hours in the neighborhood playground shooting baskets on the basketball court and engaging in every game that he can play. His skills become outstanding, and he receives a college scholarship and then signs a lucrative contract to play in the National Basketball Association. This is an example of Select one: a. vertical mobility. b. ascribed status. c. horizontal mobility. d. structural mobility.
a. vertical mobility.
An open class system implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's __________________________________________ status.
achieved;
Preparation for many aspects of adult life begins with socialization during childhood and adolescence and continues throughout our lives as we prepare for new responsibilities.
anticipatory
The African American activist Malcolm X wrote in his autobiography that his position as a Black man, a(n) _________________________________status, was an obstacle to his dream of becoming a lawyer, a(n) __________________________________________ status.
ascribed, achieved
Which of the following did Max Weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification? Select one: a. class, caste, and power b. class, status, and power c. class, caste, and age d. class, prestige, and esteem
b. class, status, and power
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to support the idea that a dominant ideology is created through media images and used to construct a reality based on protecting the interests of the powerful? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. global perspective
b. conflict perspective
The process by which a relatively small number of people control what eventually reaches the audience is referred to as Select one: a. the dominant ideology. b. gatekeeping. c. the surveillance function. d. the narcotizing dysfunction.
b. gatekeeping.
Status group refers to Select one: a. people who share a similar level of wealth and income. b. people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position. c. members of a class who have a subjective awareness regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change. d. a feudal class.
b. people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position.
The fact that an unemployed coal miner in Appalachia has a higher standard of living than a doctor in Congo illustrates the idea that Select one: a. poverty is absolute. b. poverty is relative. c. being a doctor is not a high-prestige occupation in all countries. d. Americans are ethnocentric.
b. poverty is relative.
A system of enforced servitude in which people are legally owned by others is known as Select one: a. feudalism. b. slavery. c. communism. d. a caste system.
b. slavery.
Sara takes her four-year-old brother Matt to a carnival for the first time. They decide to ride the merry-go-round. Matt runs to the front of the line. His sister pulls him back and explains they have to stand in line. This is an example of Select one: a. nature versus nurture. b. socialization. c. personality. d. degradation.
b. socialization.
According to gerontologist Robert Atchley's phases of retirement, in what phase of the retirement experience do retirees learn to deal with life after retirement in a reasonable and comfortable fashion? Select one: a. near phase b. stability phase c. reorientation phase d. honeymoon phase
b. stability phase
Which of the following is the third stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development? Select one: a. the preoperational stage b. the concrete operational stage c. the formal operational stage d. the sensorimotor stage
b. the concrete operational stage
Max Weber uses the term class to refer to people who share a similar level of Select one: a. culture. b. wealth and income. c. power. d. esteem.
b. wealth and income.
A corporate vice president is convicted of attempting to bribe a presidential aide. This type of crime is called Select one: a. professional crime. b. white-collar crime. c. organized crime. d. an index crime.
b. white-collar crime.
Which sociologist is associated with the concepts of the dramaturgical approach, impression management, and face-work? Select one: a. Charles Horton Cooley b. George Herbert Mead c. Erving Goffman d. Wilbert Moore
c. Erving Goffman
Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. The narcotizing dysfunction of the media was identified in the 1980s after the deluge of cable news programming. b. Massive amounts of information tend to excite audiences. c. The numbing effect of the narcotizing dysfunction may prevent people from taking action in response to compelling issues. d. The term narcotizing dysfunction was created by feminist scholars.
c. The numbing effect of the narcotizing dysfunction may prevent people from taking action in response to compelling issues.
Which of the following terms refers to hereditary systems of rank that are relatively fixed, immobile, and generally religiously dictated? Select one: a. tenures b. slavery c. castes d. feudalism
c. castes
Which of the following types of stratification systems required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services? Select one: a. caste b. class c. estate d. slavery
c. estate
Which term is used to refer to the reputation that a specific person has within an occupation? Select one: a. power b. prestige (X) c. esteem d. status
c. esteem
A retirement party, a high-school graduation party, and a confirmation party are all examples of Select one: a. role taking. b. impression management. c. rites of passage. d. face-work.
c. rites of passage.
The term social control refers to Select one: a. justifications for deviant behavior. b. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. c. techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. d. behavior that violates the norms of a group.
c. techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
Karl Marx viewed __________________________________________ differentiation as the crucial determinant of social, economic, and political inequality.
class
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget developed the theory of development.
cognitive
The __________________________________________ perspective contends that television distorts the political process.
conflict
Both __________________________________________ and __________________________________________ theorists are troubled that the victims depicted in violent imagery are often those who are given less respect in real life: women, children, the poor, racial minorities, citizens of foreign countries, and even those who are physically disabled.
conflict, feminist
From a sociological point of view, the current controversy over censorship illustrates the concept of ________________________________
culture lag
Which of the sociological perspectives would express concern about those with power, whether media companies or governments, exercising control over what people can see and read? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. global perspective c. interactionist perspective d. conflict perspective
d. conflict perspective
A group to which people feel they do not belong is called a(n) Select one: a. social network. b. primary group. c. reference group. d. out-group.
d. out-group.
Max Weber defined ________ as the ability to exercise one's will over others. Select one: a. control b. status c. class d. power
d. power
A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called Select one: a. socialization. b. status. c. social structure. d. social inequality.
d. social inequality.
Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection? Select one: a. postmodernism b. negotiated order c. industrialization d. sociocultural evolution
d. sociocultural evolution
Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work. Which of the following is his achieved status? Select one: a. social worker b. male c. African American d. college student
d. college student
In the __________________________________________ system of stratification, or feudalism, peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services.
estate;
Daniel Bell used the term __________________________________________ __________________________________________ to describe the process during which leadership of organized crime was transferred from Irish Americans to Jewish Americans and later to Italian Americans and others.
ethnic succession
We risk being __________________________________________ if we overstress U.S. dominance and assume that other nations do not play a role in media cultural exports.
ethnocentric
Police officers, judges, administrators, employers, military officers, and managers of movie theaters are all instruments of __________________________________________ social control.
formal
The perspective emphasizes the role of schools in teaching the values and customs of the larger society.
functionalist
The media increase social cohesion by presenting a more or less standardized, common view of culture through mass communication. This statement reflects the __________________________________________ perspective
functionalist;
Studies of twins raised apart suggest that both ___________________________________________________and___________________________________________________ influence human development.
heredity, environment
Max Weber developed a(n) __________________________________________ __________________________________________ of bureaucracy, which reflects the most characteristic aspects of all human organizations.
ideal type
In studying the social behavior of word processors in a Chicago law firm, sociologist Mitchell Duneier drew on the _______________________________perspective.
interactionist
The __________________________________________ perspective examines the media on the micro level to see how they shape day-to-day social behavior.
interactionist
Some norms are considered so important by a society that they are formalized into __________________________________________ controlling people's behavior.
laws
Max Weber used the term __________________________________________ __________________________________________ to refer to people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences.
life chances
According to Émile Durkheim, societies with a minimal division of labor are characterized by __________________________________________ solidarity, while societies with a complex division of labor are characterized by __________________________________________ solidarity.
mechanical, organic
Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton created the term _____________________ _____________________ to refer to the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of information that the audience becomes numb and generally fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue.
narcotizing dysfunction
As children grow older, the family becomes less important in social development, while groups become more important.
peer
In everyday speech, the term ___________________________________________________ is used to refer to a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.
personality
A(n) __________________________________________ society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images.
postmodern
Early work in , such as that by Sigmund Freud, stressed the role of inborn drives—among them the drive for sexual gratification—in channeling human behavior.
psychology
In many cases, people model their behavior after groups to which they may not belong. These groups are called __________________________________groups.
reference
Sociologist Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh developed the term _____________________________________ _____________________________________to describe the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
role exit
If we fail to respect and obey social norms, we may face punishment through informal or formal __________________________________________.
sanctions
A(n)___________________________________________________ is an individual such as a parent, friend, or teacher who is most important in the development of the self.
significant other
The term __________________________________________ __________________________________________ refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
social structure
It is important to underscore the fact that __________________________________________ is the primary source of conformity and obedience, including obedience to law.
socialization
Labeling theory is also called the __________________________________________ __________________________________________ approach.
societal-reaction
Sociologists blame the media for the creation and perpetuation of __________________________________________, or generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group.
stereotypes
In Gerhard Lenski's theory of sociocultural evolution, a society's level of __________________________________________ is critical to the way it is organized.
technology
Resocialization is particularly effective when it occurs within a(n) institution.
total
Sociologist William Julius Wilson and other social scientists have used the term __________________________________________ to describe the long-term poor who lack training and skills.
underclass
Feminists contend that prostitution and some forms of pornography are not __________________________________________ crimes.
victimless
Consumer fraud, bribery, and income tax evasion are considered __________________________________________ ______________________ crimes.
white-collar
Crime is a violation of Select one: a. criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. b. societal standards and is punished with informal sanctions. c. informal norms that are sanctioned with stigmas. d. normative behaviors that are considered by society to be proper conduct.
a. criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority.
Gender roles are Select one: a. expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. b. the biologically determined patterns of behavior that are appropriate for males and females. c. universally consistent learned behaviors of males and females. d. the biological characteristics of males and females, such as genital organs, hormones, and body hair.
a. expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
Which of the sociological perspectives would more than likely take a positive view of the Internet, pointing to its manifest ability to facilitate communication? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. global perspective c. interactionist perspective d. conflict perspective
a. functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that social roles contribute to a society's stability by enabling members to anticipate the behavior of others and to pattern their own actions accordingly? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. feminist perspective
a. functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective suggests that a society or a relatively permanent group must accomplish certain major tasks if it is to survive? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. feminist perspective
a. functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. feminist perspective
a. functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on the functions of the mass media in conferring status on people, organizations, and public issues? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. feminist perspective
a. functionalist perspective
Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole? Select one: a. generalized other b. significant other c. impression management d. symbolic other
a. generalized other
A stratification system that implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's achieved status is referred to as a(n) Select one: a. open stratification system. b. closed stratification system. c. egalitarian class system. d. fractured class system.
a. open stratification system.
An important tenet of labeling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view shares the emphasis on the social significance of power maintained by the Select one: a. functionalist perspective. b. conflict perspective. c. interactionist perspective. d. global perspective.
b. conflict perspective.
Life course theorists suggest socialization Select one: a. stops after a person experiences a rite of passage. b. continues through all stages of the life cycle. c. is attributable solely to biological influences. d. is attributable to both biological and physical influences.
b. continues through all stages of the life cycle.
In a city on the East Coast, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family," but they were eventually displaced by African Americans. This would be an example of Select one: a. assimilation. b. ethnic succession. c. labeling. d. differential association.
b. ethnic succession.
Bob is on his first date with Mary, whom he really likes. He tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too, and to want to go out with him again. This is an example of Select one: a. face-work. b. impression management. c. idealization of the other. d. role taking.
b. impression management.
The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as Select one: a. role conflict. (X) b. role strain. c. role exit. d. resocialization.
b. role strain.
Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a prostitute, gambles illegally, drinks excessively, and uses drugs. Some would argue he has committed various Select one: a. organized crimes. b. victimless crimes. c. white-collar crimes. d. corporate crimes.
b. victimless crimes.
In Karl Marx's view, a worker who identifies with the wealthy and believes that she can achieve great wealth through hard work is likely to have developed a Select one: a. bourgeoisie consciousness. b. class consciousness. c. false consciousness. d. caste consciousness.
c. false consciousness.
Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex offenders to register with police agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly known? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. global perspective
c. interactionist perspective
William I. Thomas wrote from which perspective when observing that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation, but also to the meaning that person or situation has for them? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. feminist perspective
c. interactionist perspective
Which theory attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions? Select one: a. cultural transmission theory b. labeling theory c. social disorganization theory d. conflict theory
c. social disorganization theory
A master status is a Select one: a. category used by sociologists for any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. b. social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. c. status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society. d. series of social relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
c. status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society.
A woman who was born and raised in a poor family becomes a regional supervisor for the U.S. Postal Service. She has experienced Select one: a. structural mobility. b. horizontal mobility. c. upward intergenerational mobility. d. institutional mobility.
c. upward intergenerational mobility.
The U.S. government was heavily criticized for which of the following media monitoring behaviors after the September 11, 2001, attacks? Select one: a. censoring college newspaper Internet content b. editing Clear Channel Radio news program broadcasts c. censoring ABC Nightly News reports d. authorizing wiretaps of U.S. citizens' telephone conversations
d. authorizing wiretaps of U.S. citizens' telephone conversations
Monica, a new student at Valley High School, becomes friends with a group of teenagers who use marijuana and remain seated during the singing of the national anthem. Although Monica had never used marijuana and used to sing the anthem, she begins to engage in the same behavior as her new friends. This is an example of Select one: a. differential association and anomie. b. conformity and labeling. c. labeling and social disorganization. d. differential association and conformity.
d. differential association and conformity.
What is the term used for the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests? Select one: a. gatekeeping b. surveillance function c. narcotizing dysfunction d. dominant ideology
d. dominant ideology
The social constructionist perspective is most closely affiliated with which other sociological explanation of deviance? Select one: a. differential association theory b. labeling theory c. anomie theory of deviance d. social disorganization theory
b. labeling theory
A person leaves a singles' bar alone and later tells a friend, "There wasn't anyone interesting in the entire crowd." This is an example of Select one: a. reverse socialization. b. anticipatory socialization. (X) c. impression management. d. face-work.
d. face-work.
In what he called the play stage of socialization, George Herbert Mead asserted that people mentally assume the perspectives of others, thereby enabling them to respond from that imagined viewpoint. This process is referred to as A.) role taking. B.) the peer group. C.) the significant other. D.) impression management.
A.) role taking.
Which social institution is considered to be the most important agent of socialization in the United States, especially for children? A.) the family B.) the school C.) the peer group D.) the mass media
A.) the family
Sociologist Robert Park studied how newspapers helped immigrants to the United States adjust to their environment by changing their customary habits and by teaching them the opinions held by people in their new home country. His study was conducted from which sociological perspective? A.) the functionalist perspective B.) the conflict perspective C.) the modernist perspective D.) the dramaturgical perspective
A.) the functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that stratification is universal and that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill socially important positions? A.) the functionalist perspective B.) the conflict perspective C.) the interactionist perspective D.) the labeling perspective
A.) the functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that the present organization of social institutions is no accident? A.) the functionalist perspective B.) the conflict perspective C.) the interactionist perspective D.) the global perspective
A.) the functionalist perspective
__________________________________________ poverty is the minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below.
Absolute
Which of the following statements is true of deviance? A.) Deviance is always criminal behavior. B.) Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. C.) Deviance is perverse behavior. D.) Deviance is inappropriate behavior that cuts across all cultures and social orders.
B.) Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
In sociological terms, what do we call any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis? A.) a category B.) a group C.) an aggregate D.) a society
B.) a group
Which of the following were viewed by Max Weber as analytically distinct components of stratification? A.) conformity, deviance, and social control B.) class, status, and power C.) class, caste, and age D.) class, prestige, and esteem
B.) class, status, and power
Which sociological theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms? A.) feminist theory B.) control theory C.) differential theory D.) functionalist theory
B.) control theory
Sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues pioneered the study of A.) the audience. B.) opinion leaders. C.) the media's global reach. D.) media violence.
B.) opinion leaders
Gatekeeping, the process by which a relatively small number of people control what material reaches an audience, is least dominant in which of the following media? A.) television B.) the Internet C.) publishing D.) music
B.) the Internet
British sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf viewed social classes as groups of people who share common interests resulting from their authority relationships. Dahrendorf's ideology aligns best with which theoretical perspective? A.) the functionalist perspective B.) the conflict perspective C.) the interactionist perspective D.) sociocultural evolution
B.) the conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that schools in the United States foster competition through built-in systems of reward and punishment? A.) the functionalist perspective B.) the conflict perspective C.) the interactionist perspective D.) the psychological perspective
B.) the conflict perspective
According to the Peter principle, A.) all bureaucracies are notoriously inefficient. B.) if something can go wrong, it will. C.) every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. D.) all line workers get burned in the end.
C.) every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.
A University of Alaska sociologist asked her male and female students to apply fingernail polish to people of the opposite sex. This experiment demonstrated A.) a rite of passage. B.) a total institution. C.) gender roles. D.) generalized other.
C.) gender roles.
Social control in what Ferdinand Tönnies termed a Gemeinschaft community is maintained through all but which of the following means? A.) moral persuasion B.) gossip C.) legally defined punishment D.) gestures
C.) legally defined punishment
The respect or admiration that an occupation holds in a society is referred to as A.) status. B.) esteem. C.) prestige. D.) ranking.
C.) prestige.
The Shakers, a religious sect that came to the United States in 1774, has seen their group's membership diminish significantly due to their inability to A.) teach new recruits. B.) preserve order. C.) replace personnel. D.) provide and maintain a sense of purpose.
C.) replace personnel.
Which of the following theories contends that criminal victimization increases when communal relationships and social institutions break down? A.) labeling theory B.) conflict theory C.) social disorganization theory D.) differential association theory
C.) social disorganization theory
In the United States, we expect that cab drivers will know how to get around a city. This expectation is an example of which of the following? A.) role conflict B.) role strain C.) social role D.) master status
C.) social role
A measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation is known as A.) the objective method. B.) stratification. C.) socioeconomic status. D.) the open system.
C.) socioeconomic status.
Media advertising has several clear functions, but it also has dysfunctions. Sociologists are concerned that A.) it creates unrealistic expectations of what is required to be happy. B.) it creates new consumer needs. C.) advertisers are able to influence media content. D.) all of the above
D.) all of the above
There are problems inherent in the socialization function of the media. For example, many people worry about A.) the effect of using the television as a babysitter. B.) the impact of violent programming on viewer behavior. C.) the unequal ability of all individuals to purchase televisions. D.) both a and b.
D.) both a and b.
The term gender role refers to A.) the biological fact that we are male or female. B.) a role that is given to us by a teacher. C.) a role that is given to us in a play. D.) expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
D.) expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
Suppose a clerk tries to appear busier than he or she actually is when a supervisor happens to be watching. Erving Goffman would study this behavior from what approach? A.) functionalist B.) conflict C.) psychological D.) interactionist
D.) interactionist
Sociologist Daniel Bell uses which of the following terms to refer to a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information? A.) gathering B.) horticultural C.) industrial D.) postindustrial
D.) postindustrial
Society brings about acceptance of basic norms through techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior. This process is termed A.) stigmatization. B.) labeling. C.) law. D.) social control.
D.) social control.
