Section E: East India Company under Lord Cornwallis

In England, the Court of Directors of the company had expressed their disapprobation of the system, not because it exploited the peasants, but because there was a frequent change in the revenue system. The questions were raised about the Izaredars who had no permanent interest in the welfare of the peasants. These ............., considerably putting down the poor peasants

."Thekedars" consistently endeavored to raise the land tax

The above system was in the Civil Judiciary. In Criminal Judiciary, Cornwallis introduced the following structure: At Taluka / Tahsil level there was a ............. Its Judge was "Darogha" who was "An Indian". This was the lowest level.

..Darogh-i-Adalat

The Izaredar squeezed the poor peasants and then paid to the company saving his profit. .......... was the chief antagonist of Warren Hastings, had raised a question on this system and struggled against the policy of Warren Hastings, when he was appointed in the Calcutta Council in 1773. His recommendations brought fruits in 1786, but again the new system was no good as far as India's common public is concerned.

..Philip Francis, English politician (MP House of Commons)

Please note that Izaredari system was introduced in Bengal only In .... who formerly collected revenues were "recognized" as Land Lords and the ownership of the Land was made hereditary. This means that now onwards there would be no auctioning. The son of Zamindar would be a Zamindar. The idea was that Zamindars would have a "permanent interest" in the welfare of the Peasants. But the result was that cultivators were reduced to tenants, deprived of all kinds of rights on the land. The Zamindar could kick a cultivator any time, without giving any reason.

..Zamindari system Bengal, Banaras, Bihar, Carnatic (Today's North Karnataka) and Orissa came. As per this system, the Zamindars

In 1798, ........... or Lord Wellesley arrived in India. He was another British Aristocrat close to the Prime Minister Pitt, the younger, who had appointed him a Lord of the Treasury earlier. Meanwhile some new changes were introduced in the management of the company as well as Indian Judiciary via the Charter Act of 1793

.1st Earl of Mornington, better known as the Marquis Wellesley

The higher court was the ........... This session Judge was essentially an Englishman, who used to deliver justice to "only Indians" and not the Europeans. He was assisted by assessors.

.District court or "Diwani Adalat". The Judge was called "Session Judge"

The higher than Diwani Adalat was the Provincial Court of Appeal. Four provincial Courts of appeal were set up at ........... These courts heard appeals from the districts except the English.

.Four provincial Courts Dhaka, Calcutta, Murshidabad and Patna.

Izaredari system was introduced in ............. Izaredari system was coterminous with the farming system in which right of collecting revenue of a particular area was auctioned to the Highest Bidder. This means that the Peasants, shopkeepers and merchants had to pay their taxes to the Izaredar who eventually was also the Highest Bidder to the company. We can easily make out what would have happened to the poor people of India under this system.

1773 by Warren Hastings

Arrival of Lord Cornwallis .........

1786

Third Anglo Mysore War

1790-92

Lord Cornwallis twice held the high post of governor general. His first tenure lasted from 1786 to 1793. For second time, he came to India in ...........

1805, but died before he could do any wonders again.

The system of Civil Judiciary was as follows: Lowest Court was the ............. The Munsifs could decide the case where the value was less than Rs. 50.

Amin Court or Munsif Court

The Supreme Court of..........was the final court of appeal.

Calcutta

The system remained in placed but later a new......... was placed during the times of Sir Thomas Munroe in certain areas of India.

Mahalwari system

Lord Cornwallis retired in 1793, and was succeeded by .............. was politically uneventful in India but in Europe, a new sun Napoleon Bonaparte had risen.

Sir John Shore. The Tenure of Sir John Shore's rule as Governor General from 1793 to 1798

The system remained in placed but later a new Mahalwari system was placed during the times of .............. in certain areas of India.

Sir Thomas Munroe

The Highest court of Criminal appeal was in...........at Calcutta which used to sit once in a week. It was supervised by Governor General in council.

"Sadar Diwani Adalat"

The appeals from a Darogha could be taken to .........The judge of this court was a Session Judge, an English.

"District Criminal Courts".

Other reforms of Cornwallis Court fees were abolished by Cornwallis. Lawyers were to prescribe their fees. Ordinary people could sue the Government servants

(Indians) if they committed mistakes. Inhuman punishments such as cutting limbs, cutting nose and ears

In the same system in 1799, the Zamindars were given .......... So the system was as follows: Zamindar was the real owner of the Land and "representative" of the Government. Peasants were now "tenants" of the Zamindars Peasants could be kicked out any time by the Zamindar

.rights to confiscate the land and kick out the tenant cultivators.

To hear the criminal appeals from District courts, 4 Circuit Courts at .......were established.

Murshidabad, Dhaka, Calcutta and Patna

Finally, exhausted, Marathas and Tipu Sultan signed the ..............and maintained peace.

Treaty of Gajednragarh in 1787

. The immediate reason of the war which commenced in 1789 was that the ...........which were claimed by Tipu. In Cochin he purchased two forts from the Dutch, but Cochin was paying tribute to Tipu.

local Dharamaraja of Travancore made some fortifications into the territories

The accession of Lord Cornwallis set a new era, transformed from the chartered commercial company to a ............

senatorial proconsul. The first object was to set in order the chaos in Bengal misgovernment

The Permanent Settlement fixed the revenue of the land on a ............by putting in place the Zamindari or Permanent settlement system.

10 year basis. The economic drain from India was set at a faster pace by Lord Cornwallis

WhenSir John Shore left India in 1798 ......., as senior member of council, became acting Governor General.

Sir Alfred Clarke

So far Police was under the Zamindars. It was taken away from Zamindars and handed over to the ...........They were now paid salary and given unlimited powers to arrest the suspected persons.

Superintendent of the Police at District level. The Police was Europeanized.

Lord Cornwallis is chiefly remembered in India for the administrative achievement ..........

Permanent Settlement of the land revenue of Bengal.

Lord Cornwallis led the British army in person, with pomp and a magnificence of supply which recalled the campaigns of Aurangzeb. The result was Tipu's defeat. The peace was restored by the.............. The terms of the Treaty were dictated by the British.

Treaty of Shrirangpatnam which was signed in 1792

The predecessor to the Permanent Settlement, the ............ was the Izaredari system.

brainchild of Lord Cornwallis

retirement of Cornwallis..............1798 June 5, 2011

1793 to arrival of Lord Wellesley

When Lord Cornwallis was busy in making administrative reforms in the English dominions, the Indian Great Marathas and Tipu Sultan were engaged in bloody quarrels. After second Anglo Mysore war, Tipu Sultan was the sovereign King of Mysore. The Marathas established a military alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad to recover the territories that were lost to Mysore. Tipu Sultan resolved to teach them a lesson and attacked. .............. stick to the policy of neutrality and did not participated in the war game. Finally, exhausted, Marathas and Tipu Sultan signed the Treaty of Gajednragarh in 1787 and maintained peace.

Marathas tried to include Lord Cornwallis in the war which commenced with marches, counter marches and skirmished from 1785 onwards. Cornwallis

Treaty of Shrirangpatnam which was signed in 1792 As per this treaty: Half of the territories of Tipu were snatched away from Tipu and divided into................ got independences from Tipu. Two sons of Tipu were delivered as Hostages. This war eventually crippled the great Sultan, who once thought of making India free of the British. He fulfilled the conditions of the treaty but ever afterwards he burnt in the fire of revenge upon his British victors.

Marathas, British and Nizam Tipu had to pay Rs. 3.30 Crore as war indemnity. The Raja of Coorg

To "curb" the corruption in the company, Cornwallis was given sufficient powers and authorities. He put in place the rules and regulations for the servants of the company. As per the new rules Only qualified people would enter into the service of the company. ............. were now to sign a bond which included that they won't accept any gifts from Indians and will not indulge in private trade. Top posts were only for Europeans, Indians were given posts which were lowest such as peons. The revenue collectors were deprived of the Judicial powers.

No recommendation from England would be given weightage for appointments in the company's service. The private trade of all the company servants was abolished. Company servants

Lord Cornwallis, ...........arrived in India in 1786. This was the First English Nobleman to come to India to undertake the office of the Governor General. Prior to that he had served in America and commanded the British generals in the American War of Independence. He was made to surrender by the combined forces of America and French in the Siege of Yorktown in 1781, after which the British government hastened to restore peace and that paved the way for America's independence in 1783.

1st Marquess Cornwallis

Travancore was an ally of the British. So when Tipu attacked Travancore, the British attacked Tipu. The .............., Coorg and Nizams.

Diplomacy of Cornwallis kept Tipu aloof from the Marathas

After provincial court, the Highest Court of Appeal was set up which was called "Sadar Diwani Adalat". The headquarters of Sadar Diwani Adalat was at Calcutta and it was the Highest Court of Appeal. Its judge was supported by a .................rupees.

Head Qazi, two Muftis and Two Pandits. The appeals from the "Sadar Diwani Adalat" were submitted to the King in England. The King of England only entertained those cases whose value was more than 5000

So now Thanas were there in India to maintain "peace and order". Zamindars had still a great influence on these Thanas, but legally there were detached from the Police functionary................that "anyone who is found associated with Slavery would be prosecuted in the Supreme Court". This step he had taken to curb the menace of slavery prevalent in India since Sultanate Era but the immediate reason was that the Children were collected by the Indians and sold to "French".

In 1789 Lord Cornwallis made a proclamation

In England, the Court of Directors of the company had expressed their disapprobation of the system, not because it exploited the peasants, but because there was a frequent change in the revenue system. The questions were raised about the Izaredars who had no permanent interest in the welfare of the peasants"Thekedars" consistently endeavored to raise the land tax considerably putting down the poor peasants Thus, as expected,...............

Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in Bengal

Tipu Sultan was hostile towards the British since the beginning. ......... which was signed on the end of the Second Anglo Maratha war had an article regarding transfer of the Prisoners. Tipu did not honor this and kept the British prisoners with him. This was one of the reasons of the hostility. In the same treaty, the British had promised to not to enter into agreements with the Marathas and Nizam, but Cornwallis informally convinced them to not support if there was a war.

Mangalore Treaty of 1784,

The Zamindar was like a servant to the Government. He used to keep 11% of the revenue with him for ".......... he had to pay to the Government. Thus the revenue started coming to the British on 10/11 ratio.

serving as agent of the Government" and 89%

The next important change Cornwallis did was to set up courts in the..........

states, districts and provinces.

Lord Cornwallis, the first of the new dynasty of the Parliamentary Governors General of India came to India with a high reputation as a soldier and as a diplomat. He was having the support of the strongest ministry that had ever governed England. He was invested with the well defined ................. and was also appointed the Commander in Chief of the British Forces in India.

supreme authority for; he was the Governor General of all the three Presidencies