section exam 2

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There are ______ regression equations for two correlated variables.

2

The statistic used to determine whether a linear relationship exists between two interval/ratio variables is the

Pearsons r

Type 1 error

Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true

alternative hypothesis

a prediction of what the research expects to happen in the study

null hypothesis

a statement or idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong

Edna compares two groups and finds a Cohen's d of .18, suggesting that the means of the groups differ by ______, which is a ______ effect.

.18 standard deviation units; weak

A double-blind experiment helps reduce __

demand characteristics and experimenter expectancy effects

A sampling distribution is created by

drawing many samples of the same size from a population and computing the same statistic for each sample

probability theory

examines random events that, when repeated, establish a pattern, based on this pattern we can establish how probable certain results are

The critical value of a statistic defines the

extreme 5% of the distribution for a one-tailed hypothesis and extreme 2.5% of the distribution for a two-tailed hypothesis

type 2 error

failing to reject a false null hypothesis

The 99% confidence interval will be ______ the 95% confidence interval.

larger than

Confidence Interval (CI)

margin of error

In order to compute a one-sample t test we must _____

measure our variable on an interval or ratio scale

Two ways a researcher can reduce the probability of a Type I error are to use a ______.

more stringent criterion level and a two-tailed test

A null hypothesis is always stated in terms of _

no difference between groups or no relationship

One of the assumptions of the one-sample t test is _

normally distributed population

Degrees of freedom represent the

number of scores free to vary in a sample

A Type I error occurs when you _

reject a true null hypothesis

All other things being equal we prefer a ______ confidence interval because ______.

smaller; it suggests our results are closer to the true population mean difference

Diffusion of treatment occurs when

the treatment administered to one group is shared with another group through cross-group interactions

The critical t value for p < .05 represents the

value that defines the extreme 5% of the distribution defined by the null hypothesis

two-tailed hypothesis

A hypothesis that predicts a relationship between two variables but does not specify the direction of the relationship.

Power is defined as

correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis

inferential statistics

statistical analysis of data gathered from a sample to draw conclusions about a population from which the sample is drawn

Sequencing

the organization of curriculum content into an order which progresses from simple to more complex

The purpose of inferential statistics is to allow researchers to determine whether ______.

the outcome of a study is typical or unusual for a particular sampling distribution

hypothesis testing

the process of determining the probability of obtaining a particular result or set of results

One reason to use a correlational design is

when an experimental study would be unethical

Individual differences within the sample such as age, gender, and education level can create uncontrolled differences in the measure of our study. This difference is called ______ variance, and it can ______ the power of our study.

within-groups or error; decrease


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