SEJONG 4 BOOK (Grammar Ch. 1-14)

(으)ㄴ데/는데 (1) Listing and contrast A + (으)ㄴ데 V + 는데 N + 인데

"But..." Express that the 2nd clause is opposite or contrary to the 1st clause. 1.Present tense: 1.1. Adjective + -ㄴ/은데, (e.g 예쁜데, 바쁜데, 큰데...) E.g. 크다 -- 큰데 =big/tall ; 낮다 --낮은데 = low *멀다 -- 먼데 =long ; 짧다 -- 짧은데 = short *덥다 -- 더운데 =hot ; *춥다 -- 추운데 =cold *빨갛다 -- 빨간데 = red; 검은다 --검은데 =black 1.2. Verb + 는데: (e.g 오는데, 읽는데) E.g. *살다 -- 사는데 =live ; 죽다 -- 죽는데 = die *듣다 -- 듣는데 = listen; 말하다 -- 말하는데 = speak 1.3. Noun이다 + ㄴ데, E.g. 학생 -- 학생인데, 외국 사람-- 외국 사람인데, 의사-- 의사인데 1.4. 있다/없다 + 는데 = 있는데/ 없는데 2.Past tense: A/V/N이다 + 았/었는데 E.g. 오다 -- 왔는데 학생이다 -- 학생이었는데 많다 -- 많았는데 공부하다 -- 공부했는데 Example: 1. 노래는 못하는데 춤을 잘 춰요 = I can't sing but I can dance well. 2. 방은 좀 작은데 너무 깨끗해요 = The room is small but very clean. 3. 일은 많은데 월급은 적어요 = There are a lot of work but the salary is low. 4. 가격이 싼데 디자인이 안 좋아요 = The price is cheap but the design is not good.

(으)ㄴ데/는데 (2) Background Information A + (으)ㄴ데 V + 는데 N + 인데

"So/And..." Express that the 1st clause provides reason or background information for the 2nd clause = A/V-아/어서 grammar = so/and. 1.1. Adjective + -ㄴ/은데, (e.g 예쁜데, 바쁜데, 큰데...) E.g. 크다 -- 큰데 =big/tall ; 낮다 --낮은데 = low *멀다 -- 먼데 =long ; 짧다 -- 짧은데 = short *덥다 -- 더운데 =hot ; *춥다 -- 추운데 cold *빨갛다 -- 빨간데 = red; 검은다 --검은데 black 1.2. Verb + 는데: (e.g 오는데, 읽는데) E.g. *살다 -- 사는데 =live ; 죽다 -- 죽는데 = die *듣다 -- 듣는데 = listen; 말하다 -- 말하는데 = speak 1.3. Noun이다 + ㄴ데, E.g. 학생 -- 학생인데, 외국 사람-- 외국 사람인데, 의사-- 의사인데 1.4. 있다/없다 + 는데 = 있는데/ 없는데 2.Past tense: A/V/N이다 + 았/었는데 E.g. 오다 -- 왔는데 학생이다 -- 학생이었는데 많다 -- 많았는데 공부하다 -- 공부했는데 Example: 1. 추운데 창문을 닫을까요? It's cold, so shall I close the window? 2. 백화점에 가는데 같이 갈래요? I am going to the department store, do you want to go together? 3. 제 동생은 학생인데 공부를 아주 잘해요 = My little sister is a student and she studies very well. 4. 제 친구인데 지금 영국에 있어요 = He is my friend and he is living in UK. 5. 주스가 없는데 커피 드릴까요? There is no juice, do you drink coffee?

V-(으)ㄹ까 하다 ~ "be thinking of"

"be thinking of" ~express a vague intention or uncertain plan Usage : - Indicate the speaker's vague intention or uncertain plan that could still change. = be thinking of. Specific usage: 1. This expression can't be used with interrogative (할까 해요?), imperative (할까 하세요), proposition (할까 합시다) sentences or future tense (할까 할 거예요). e.g. 다음 달부터 매일 아침에 운동을 할까 해요?/ 할까 합시다./ 할까 하세요./ 할까 할 거예요. (X) 다음 달부터 수영을 할까 해요. (Correct) I am thinking of exercising every morning from next month. 2. The negative form of the expression: 안 V-(으)ㄹ까 하다 or V-지 말까 하다. But not 못 V-(으)ㄹ까 하다. E.g. 점심에는 학생 식당에서 밥을 먹지 말까 해요. I don't think I should eat at the student's restaurant for lunch. Tense: Verb + -ㄹ/을까 하다 (present tense) 가다 -> 갈까 해요. (be thinking of going) 먹다 -> 먹을까 해요. (be thinking ofeating) 타다 -> 탈까 해요. (be thinking of getting ...) 마시다 -> 마실까 해요. (be thinking of drinking) 배우다 -> 배울까 해요. (be thinking of learning) 이사하다 -> 이사할까 해요. (be thinking of moving) 운동하다 -> 운동할까 해요 (be thinking of exercising) Verb + -ㄹ/을까 했다 (past tense) 가다 -> 갈까 했다 (was thinking of going) 먹다 -> 먹을까 했다 (was thinking of eating) 놀다 -> 놀까 했다 (was thinking of playing) 공부하다 -> 공부할까 했다 (was thinking of studying) Examples: 1. 안나 씨, 주말에 뭐 할 거예요? - 그동안 여유가 없어서 전혀 못 놀았는데 주말에는 게임을 하면서 좀 놀까 해요. Anna, what will you do in weekend? - I haven't had time to have fun lately, so I am thinking of playing games. 2. 저녁에 뭘 할 거예요? - 친구들과 같이 술을 마실까 해요. 밍 씨도 같이 마실래요? What are you going to do at dinner? - I am going to drink with friends. Do you want to drink with us, Minh? 3. 다음 달부터 요가를 배울까 해요. I am thinking of learning yoga from the next month. 4. 오랜만에 해수욕장에 갈까 하는데 같이 갈래요? I am thinking of going to the beach since a long time, would you like to go with me? 5. 회사를 옮길까 했는데 월급이 올라서 그냥 다니기로 했어요. I am thinking about changing jobs, but I got a salary raise, so I decided to stay. 6. 지난 방학에 고향에 못 가서 이번 방학에 고향에 갈까 해요. Last vacation I couldn't go back my hometown, so this vacation I am thinking of going back my hometown. 7. 주말에 뭘 할 거예요? - 이사를 해야 해서 방을 찾아볼까 해요. What will you do in the weekend? - I have to move, so I am thinking of searching for rooms. 8. 신혼여행을 어디로 갈 거예요? - 아직 잘 모르겠지만 유럽으로 갈까 해요. Where will you go for honeymoon? - I haven't known yet, but I am thinking of going to Europe.

N 때문에 ~ because (of), since A/V-기 때문에

"because (of), since" ~Express a reason or cause of a situation. Usage: - Express a reason or cause of a situation = because (of), since - N 때문에 = N functions as the reason and the object of the sentence, not the subject (e.g. 1, 3, 6) - N이기 때문에 = N functions as the reason and the subject of the sentence (e.g. 2, 4, 5) - 기 때문에 can't be used in imperative (-으세요) or prepositive (-읍시다, 을까요?) sentences N 때문에: 아이 때문에 (because of the baby) 눈 때문에 (because of the snow) 감기 때문에 (because of the cold) 학생 때문에 (because of the student) N이기 때문에: 아이이기 때문에 (because he/she is a baby) 학생이기 때문에 (because I am a student) 외국인이기 때문에 (because I am a foreigner) A/V-기 때문에: 좋기 때문에 (because ... is good) 한가하기 때문에 (because I am spare...) 운전하가 때문에 (because of driving...) Examples: 1. 눈 때문에 길이 미끄러워요. The road is slippery because of the snow. 2. 외국인이기 때문에 한국말을 잘 못해요. I can't speak Korean well because I am a foreigner. 3. 아이 때문에 밥을 못 먹어요. I can't eat because of the baby (e.g. not going to sleep) 4. 아이이기 때문에 밥을 못 먹어요. The baby can't eat because he is still a baby. 5. 학생이기 때문에 할인을 받았어요. I received a discount because I am a student. 6. 학생 때문에 선생님이 화가 나셨어요. The teacher got angry because of the student (e.g. telling a lie) 7. 방학에 여행 가고 싶은데 아르바이트를 하기 때문에 못 가요. I want to go traveling during school vacation but I can't go because I have a part-time job. 8. 날씨가 좋기 때문에 산에 갔어요. I went to the mountain because the weather was good. 9. 그는 사랑 때문에 죽었어. He died of love. 10. 감기 때문에 병원에 갔어요. I went to the hospital because of the cold.

A/V-거든요 ~ because...

"because" ~used to respond to a question/statement to provide a reason/thinking Usage: - A/V-거든요 is used to respond to a question or statement to provide the reason or thinking. - A/V-거든요 is only used in casual speaking form between friends or peers, not used in written form or formal speaking. Specific usage: 1. When indicating a reason, -거든요 must come either after an initial statement made by the speaker or in response to a question asked by a listener. Examples: a. 좋아하는 음악 밴드 있어요? - 노래를 잘하거든요. 소녀시대를 좋아해요. (X) - 노래를 잘해서 소녀시대 좋아해요. (Correct) Is there any music band you like? - I like Girls' generation because they sing well. b. 뭐 먹을까요?- 냉면이 어때요? 이 식당은 냉면이 유명하거든요. What shall we eat? - How about cold noodle? Because this restaurant is famous for its cold noodles. c. 햄버거에서 양파는 빼 주세요. 제가 양파를 못 먹거든요. Please remove the onion from the hamburger. Because I can't eat onions. 2. Provide a hint to the listener that the speaker has more to say. Example: a. 죄송한데요. 이 근처에 은행이 어디에 있어요? - 이 길로 쯕 가시면 편의점이 나오거든요. 편의점 건너편에 은행이 있어요. Excuse me, do you know if there is a bank nearby? - If you go straight on this road, you will see a convenience store. There is a bank across from the convenience store. Tense: Adjective/ Verb + -거든요 (Present tense) / -았/었거든요 (Past tense) / -(으)ㄹ 거든요 (Future tense) 좋다 --> 좋거든요. / 좋았거든요. / 좋을 거든요. 있다 --> 있거든요. / 있었거든요. / 있을 거든요. 느리다 -->느리거든요. / 느렸거든요. / 느릴 거든요. 가다 --> 가거든요. / 갔거든요. / 갈 거든요. 먹다 --> 먹거든요. / 먹었거든요. 먹을 거든요. Noun + (이)거든요 (Present tense) / 였거든요 (Past tense) 학생 --> 학생이거든요. 장마철 --> 장마철이거든요. 일요일 --> 일요일이거든요. 1. 안나 씨, 오늘도 이 식당에 가려고요?- 네, 여기가 정말 맛있거든요. 앤디 씨가 같이 갈래요? Anna, are you planning to go to this restaurant again today?- Yes, (because) the food here is really delicious. Do you want to go too, Andy? 2. 오늘 왜 그렇게 피곤해 보여요?- 어제 영화를 보느라고 잠을 못 잤거든요. Why do you looked so tired today?- I couldn't sleep well since I watched a movie yesterday. 3. 제주도에 갔을 때 한라산에 올라갔어요?- 아니요, 못 갔어요. 날씨가 안 좋았거든요. Did you go up Halla mountain when you went to Jeju?- No, I didn't because the weather was bad. 4. 요즘 비가 정말 자주 오네요.- 요즘 장마철이거든요. 한 달 동안 계속 올 거예요. It's has been raining a lot recently.- Since it is currently the rainy season. It will rain for a month. 5. 공항에 무슨 일로 가세요?- 오늘 부모님이 한국에 오시거든요. How come do you go to the airport?- Because today my parents come to Korea.

Verb stem + ~다가

"movement from one action/state to another". "in addition to/as well as" 다가 grammar is used when an action or state is stopped and changed to another action or state. 다가 grammar is used when we describe a situation with two or more actions or states. 다가 grammar is used when one action or state transfers to another action or state. It can be a shift in action. It can be a result of the first action. No conjugation is necessary. 다가 attaches after an adjective or a verb stem. Korean grammar 다가 is a connective ending. This structure is used when we describe a situation with two or more actions or states. Imagine that you are doing this action watching TV. And you are doing homework. let's say they are action 1 and action 2. 여기에서 앞으로 쭉 가다가 첫 번째 사거리에서 왼쪽으로 가세요." Go straight ahead and turn left at the first crossroads. In this sentence, 다가 is attached after the verb 가다 (to go). 숙제 하다가 잠들었어요' (I did homework and fell asleep). In this sentence, 다가 is attached after the verb 하다 (to do).

N 덕분에 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에

"thanks to" ~express the reason for the positive result of an action or state Usage: - (으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 grammar is used to express the reason for the positive result of an action or state. = thanks to - (으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 can be replaced by -기 때문에 without meaning change. Tense: Verb + 는 덕분에 (present tense) | (으)ㄴ 덕분에 (past tense) 가다 -> 간 덕분에 (thanks to going...) 먹다 -> 먹은 덕분에 (thanks to eating...) 당첨하다 -> 당첨한 덕분에 (thanks to winning the lottery..) 연습하다 -> 연습하는 덕분에 (thanks to practicing...) 끊임없다 -> 끊임없는 덕분에 (thanks to the constant...) Adjective + (으)ㄴ 덕분에 크다 -> 큰 덕분에 (because it is big...) 좋다 -> 좋은 덕분에 (because it is good,...) 예쁘다 -> 예쁜 덕분에 (because she is pretty,...) Noun + 덕분에 당신 -> 당신 덕분에 (thanks to you) 선생님 -> 선생님 덕분에 (thanks to the teacher) 예수 크리스 -> 예수 크리스 덕분에 (thanks to Jesuㄴ Christ) Specific usage: 1. V + 는 덕분에 is only used for daily repeated actions or obvious things, whereas V + (으)ㄴ 덕분에 is used for action or state completed in the past. a. 매일 연습하는 덕분에 토니의 한국어 실력은 날로 향상되고 있다. Thanks to daily practice, Tony's Korean skill is improving day by day. b. 열심히 공부한 덕분에 대학입학시험에 합격했어요. Thanks to my hard work, I passed the college entrance exam. 2. 덕분이다 can also be used at the end of a sentence. a. 내가 잘된 것은 모두 네 덕분이다. = 네 덕분에 내가 잘 되었다. It's all thanks to you that I did well b. 1등 카드는 모두 고객님 덕분입니다. The 1st rank card is all thanks to you 3. 덕분에 can be replaced by 덕분으로 without meaning change a. 날씨가 좋은 덕분에 소풍을 잘 갔다 왔습니다. = 날씨가 좋은 덕분으로 소풍을 잘 갔다 왔습니다 Thanks to the nice weather, I went on a picnic well. b. 네 덕분에 오늘도 많이 웃었어요. = 네 덕분으로 오늘도 많이 웃었어요. Thanks to you, I laughed a lot today. 4. While -(으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 grammar is only used for positive result, -(으)ㄴ/는 탓에 grammar is only used for negative consequence. They are opposite to each other. a. 날씨가 선선한 덕분에 잠을 잘 잤어요. Thanks to the cool weather, I slept well. b. 날씨가 더운 탓에 잠을 못 잤어요. Due to the hot weather, I couldn't sleep well.

A-게 grammar = '...-ly' or 'in a ... manner' + In cases of 많다 and 이르다, a different form is used. *많다 → 많이 (not 많게) *이르다 → 일찍 (not 이르게)

'...-ly' or 'in a ... manner' ~turn an adjective into an adverb. 예쁘다 → 예쁘게 -> prettily 길다 → 길게 크다 → 크게 가깝다 → 가깝게 깨끗하다 → 깨끗하게 + In cases of 많다 and 이르다, a different form is used. *많다 → 많이 (not 많게) *이르다 → 일찍 (not 이르게) + In some other cases, adverbial form -게 and a different form are both used **빠르다 → 빠르게 / 빨리 **적다 → 적게 / 조금 **느리다 → 느리게/ 천천히 Example: 1. 머리를 짧게 잘랐어요. I cut my hair short(ly). 2. 어젯밤에 집에 늦게 왔어요. I came home late(ly) last night. 3. 비행기가 바르게 지나가요. The airplane goes by fast(ly). 4. 이쪽으로 빨리 오세요. Please come this way quick(ly). 5. 설탕은 적게/조금 넣으세요. Please only a little sugar. 6. 시계가 느리게 가요. My watch is slow(ly). 7. 천천히 드세요. Please take your time eating. 8. 방을 깨끗하게 지웠어요. I cleaned the room neat(ly). 9. 늦어서 죄송합니다. - 내일은 일찍 오세요. I am sorry for being late(ly) - Please come early tomorrow. 10. 오늘 날씨가 추워요? - 네, 추우니까 따뜻하게 입어세요. Is the weather cold today? - Yes, it's cold, so you should wear warmly.

V-(으)면서 grammar = 'while'/ 'and...too' ~ two actions occurs simultaneously

'while'/ 'and...too' ~ two actions occurs simultaneously Usage: - The grammar indicates that two actions occur simultaneously = 'while/and...too' in English - The subjects of both clauses must be the same. If the subjects are different, V-는 동안 grammar is used. (See example 6) - Verb preceding -(으)면서 is always in present tense. This rule is also applied for the V-아/어서 grammar - V-(으)면서 is different from V-(으)ㄴ 채로 grammar = "during V ...", which indicates an action occurring while maintaining the state of a situation. Verbs ending in vowel or ㄹ + 면서: 가다 -- 가면서 (to go) 보다 -- 보면서 (to see) 부르다 -- 부르면서 (to call) 기다리다 -- 기다리면서 (to wait) 공부하다 -- 공부하면서 (to study) 여행하다 -- 여행하면서 (to travel) 울다 -- 울면서 (to cry) 만들다 -- 만들면서 (to make) Verbs ending in consonant + 으면서: 받다 -- 받으면서 (to receive) 먹다 -- 먹으면서 (to eat) *듣다 -- 들으면서 (to listen) *걷다 -- 걸으면서 (to walk) *짓다 -- 지으면서 (to build) *돕다 -- 도우면서 (to help) Examples: 1. 밥을 먹으면서 영화을 봐요. I eat while watching movie. 2. 지난 번에 노래방에서는 토니 씨가 춤을 추면서 노래했어요. In the Karaoke room last time, Tony danced while singing. 3. 운전하면서 전화하지 마세요. 위험해요. Don't use phone while driving. It's dangerous. 4. 어제 많이 바빴어요? - 네, 그래서 김밥을 먹으면서 일했어요. Were you very busy yesterday? - Yes, so I ate kimpap while working. 5. 요즘 왜 피곤해 보여요? - 학교에 다니면서 아르바이트를 해요. 그래서 피곤해요. Why do you look tired these days? - I attend the school while having a part-time job. That's why I am tired. 6. 동생이 청소하면서 나는 빨래를 했습니다. (wrong) → 동생이 청소하는 동안 나는 빨래를 했습니다. While my little brother was cleaning the house, I did the laundry. 7. 언니가 노래를 하면서 샤워를 해요. My older sister sings songs while having a shower.8. 친구를 기다리면서 뉴스를 읽고 있어요.I am reading the news while waiting for my friends.9. 회사를 다니면서 대학원도 다녀요.I am working and attending the graduate school too.

A/V-(으)니까 (1) because/since

(1) because/since ~ express reasons or causes Usage: - Express reasons or causes for something = because, since 1. Words ending in vowel or ㄹ + 니까: 보다 -- 보니까 ; 오다 -- 오니까 아프다 -- 아프니까 ; 크다 -- 크니까 *살다 -- 사니까 ; *만들다 -- 만드니까 2. Words ending in consonant + 으니까: 먹다 -- 먹으니까 ; 읽다 -- 읽으니까 있다 -- 있으니까 ; 좋다 -- 좋으니까 *듣다 -- 들으니까 ; *덥다 -- 더우니까 *춥다 -- 추우니까 ; 살았으니까 ; 갔으니까 Examples: 1. 길이 막히니까 지히철을 탑시다. Since the road is jammed, let's take the subway 2. 추우니까 따뜻한 옷을 입으세요. It's cold, so please wear warm clothes. 3. 날씨가 시원하니까 기분이 좋아요. Because the weather is cool, I feel good. 4. 요즘 바쁘니까 다음에 만납시다. I am busy these days, so let's meet next time. 5. 학교 앞 식당이 맛있으니까 거기로 갈까요? The restaurant in front of the school is tasty, shall we go there?

(1) ~적

(1) ~적 Adding ~적 to a noun changes it into a descriptive word that has the meaning of "relating to, or having the properties of' the original noun. More accurately, a way to translate words with ~적 is to add "-al" to the English word. For example: 문화 = culture 문화적 = relating to, or having the properties of culture = cultural 경제 = economy 경제적 = relating to, or having the properties of economy = economical 역사 = history 역사적 = relating to, or having the properties of history = historical Adding "-al" doesn't always work with the English word, though. For example: 과학 = science 과학적 = relating to, or having the properties of science = scientific 충동 = impulse/shock 충동적 = relating to, or having the properties of impulse = impulsive

A/V-(으)니까 (2) when/ do something to discover

(2) when/ do something to discover ~express the result of an action Usage: - Express the discovery of fact (2nd clause) as a result of an action (1st clause) = when / to do something to discover - Only used with verbs - Past tense -았/었- and future tense -겠- can't precede the grammar form. Word conversion Verbs ending in vowel or ㄹ + 니까: 가다 -- 가니까 ; 배우다 -- 배우니까 출장하다 -- 출장하니까 ; 만들다 -- 만드니까 Words ending in consonant + 으니까: 먹다 -- 먹으니까 ; 있다 -- 있으니까 *듣다 -- 들으니까 ; *걷다 -- 걸으니까 Examples: 1. 집에 들어오니까 맛있는 냄새가 나요. When I arrive home, I smell something tasty. 2. 아침에 일어나니까 선물이 있었어요. When I woke up in the morning, the gift has already arrived. 3. 집에 오니까 밤 12시였어요. When I arrived home, it was midnight. 4. 어제 백화점에 가니까 세일을 하고 있었어요. When I went to the department store yesterday, there were having a sale. 5. 지하철을 타 보니까 빠르고 편해요. When I take the subway, (I see that) it is fast and convenient.

Difference between V-(으)려고 grammar and V-기 위해서 grammar

- V-기 위해서 can be used interchangeably with V-(으)려고 without meaning change. However, V-기 위해서 can be used with -아/어야 해요, -(으)ㅂ시다, -(으)세요, and -(으)ㄹ까요?, but V-(으)려고 cannot be used. 저는 커피를 마시려고 제 방을 청소했어요. = 저는 커피를 마시기 위해서 제 방을 청소했어요. I cleaned my room (in order) to drink coffee. 대학교에 입학하려고 열심히 공부해요./ 공부했어요. = 대학교에 입학하기 위해서 열심히 공부해요./ 공부했어요. We study/ studied hard in order to enter the university. 대학교에 입학하기 위해서 열심히 공부해야해요./ 공부합시다. / 공부하세요. We have to / Let's / Please study hard in order to enter the university.

얼마나 A-(으)ㄴ지 모르다 얼마나 V-는지 모르다 look like, seem, I think ~express a supposition/opinion based on a basis VS -겠어요 grammar, -(으)ㄹ 거예요 grammar and -(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 grammar

1. A/V-겠어요 grammar = expresses a subjective supposition with no reason or basis = 'look like, sounds, appears' 2. A/V-(으)ㄹ 거예요 grammar = expresses an objective supposition based on a basis like something directly heard or seen or experienced. = 'I think' 3. A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 grammar = expresses an objective or subjective supposition regardless of direct or indirect basis = 'look like, sound, I think' 이 식당의 음식이 맛있을까요? - (1) (잘 모르겠지만 제 생각에는) 맛있을 것 같아요. - (2) 사람이 많은 것을 보니까 맛있을 것 같아요. - (3) 손님이 많으니까 음식이 맛있을 거예요. Do you think this restaurant food is tasty? - (1) (I'm not sure but I think) it seems good. -> subjective supposition - (2) Seeing there are many customers, it seems good. -> objective supposition - (3) Because there are many customers, I think it's good. -> objective supposition with a basis

Difference between 'N-답다' and 'N-스럽다' grammar

1. N-답다 describes an expected quality associated with the noun. For example, a man (남자) is expected to be a manly (남자답다) person. N-답다 is often attached to concrete nouns 사장님 (boss) -- 사장님답다 (be like a boss) 2. N-스럽다 shows contrast between the described noun and its action. For example, a girl acts like a lady (여성스럽다), a young person acts like an elder (어른스럽다). N-스럽다 is also used to describe a quality or feeling just like the noun. N-스럽다 often goes with abstract nouns 사랑 (love ) -- 사랑스럽다 (lovable, adorable) 농민 (farmer) -- 농민답다 (be like a farmer) 후회 (regret) -- 후회스럽다 (regretful) 평화 (peace) -- 평화스럽다 (peaceful) 자연 (nature) -- 자연스럽다 (natural) 부담 (burden) --- 부담스럽다 (burdensome)

아/어 보이다 = It appears to be/It seems like... The word 보이다 is the passive form of 보다 and is used to indicate that something can or cannot be seen NEGATION: A + 보이지 + 않아요 OR 안 + A + 보여요 To Look Like: ~ 같이 보이다 To Smell/Taste Like: 맛/냄새 To Look (Adjective): ~아/어 보이다

A-아/어 보이다 or A-게 보이다 grammar = look (like), seem (like) ~guess based on outward appearance Usage: - Used to convey one's guess or feelings based on the outward appearance = look like, seem like - A-아/어 보이다 can be interchangeable with A-게 보이다 with meaning change. Tense: Adjective + 아/어 보이다 or -게 보이다 (Present tense) 좋다 --> 좋아 보이다 or 좋게 보이다 덥다 --> 더워 보이다 or 덥게 보이다 멀다 --> 멀어 보이다 or 멀게 보이다 무겁다 --> 무거워 보이다 or 무겁게 보이다 재미있다 --> 재미있어 보이다 or 재미있게 보이다 시원하다 --> 시원해 보이다 or 시원하게 보이다 진천하다 --> 진천해 보이다 or 진천하게 보이다 Adjective + 아/어 보였다 (Past tense) 좋다 --> 좋아 보였다 or 좋게 보였다 덥다 --> 더워 보였다 or 덥게 보였다 멀다 --> 멀어 보였다 or 멀게 보였다 Adjective + 아/어 보일 것이다 (Future tense) 좋다 --> 좋아 보일 것이다 덥다 --> 더워 보일 것이다 시원하다 --> 시원해 보일 것이다 Examples: 1. 밍 씨, 얼굴이 피곤해 보여요. 무슨 일 있어요? - 어제 숙제하느라고 잠을 못 잤거든요. Minh, you look tired. Did something happen? - I wasn't able to sleep yesterday because I was trying to finish my homework. 2. 안나 씨, 제가 머리 모양을 바꿨는데 어때요? - 머리 모양을 바꾸니까 어려 보이네요. Anna, I changed my hairstyle, how does it look? - You look much younger now since you changed your hairstyle. 3. 이 음식은 많이 매워 보이는데 괜찮겠어요? - 이제 매운 음식에 익숙해져서 괜찮아요. This food looks really spicy, is it ok? - I am used to spicy food by now, so I will be fine. 4. 가방이 무거워 보이는데 들어 드릴까요? - 보기보다 가벼우니까 괜찮아요. The bag looks heavy, let me carry it. - It's lighter than looking, so I will be fine. 5. 지도에서는 가까워 보이는데 걸어갈까요? - 보기보다 머니까 버스를 타는게 좋겠어요. In the map, it looks near, so should we take a walk? - It's farther than looking, so it is better to take a bus. 6. 그 옷을 입으니까 날씬해 보여요. (= 그 옷을 입으니까 날씬하게 보여요.) You look slim since you wear those clothes. 7. 하늘색 남방이 빨간색 남방보다 더 시원해 보여요. The blue-sky shirt looks cooler than the read shirt. 8. 왜, 지금 화나 보입니까? Why do you look angry now? 9. 그 점심 음식은 맛있게 보였잖아요. That lunch looked good. 10. 그녀는 아주 친절해 보여요. She seems to be very kind. 11. 이 책은 아주 어려워 보여요. This book looks very difficult. 12. 이 방은 좁아서 좀 답답해 보여요. This room is small so it looks a little stuffy. 13. 어디 아파요? 안색이 안 좋아 보여요. - 어제 저녁부터 배가 아파요. Are you sick? You don't look well. - I've had a stomachache since yesterday evening. 14. 이렇게 더운 날씨에 코트를 입었어요? 너무 더워 보여요. - 감기에 걸려서 그래요. Did you wear a coat in this hot weather? It looks so hot. - It's because I caught a cold. 15. 이것은 무슨 놀이예요? 아주 재미있게 보여요. 한국의 전통 놀이인데 윷놀이라고 해요. What game is this? It looks very interesting. - It's a traditional Korean game called Yutnori.

(2) ~적으로

Adding '으로' to the end of ~적 changes the word into an adverb. These adverbs usually have the ending 'ly' in English. Below are the most common examples of using ~적으로 with example sentences for each: 문화 = culture 문화적 = cultural 문화적으로 = culturally 한국은 지난 50년 동안 문화적으로 많이 변했어요 = Korea has changed a lot culturally in the period of/during/for the past 50 years 경제 = economy 경제적 = economical 경제적으로 = economically 그것은 경제적으로 가능하지 않아요 = That isn't economically possible 역사 = history 역사적 = historical 역사적으로 = historically 한국과 미국은 역사적으로 좋은 관계가 있다 = Historically, Korea and the US have had a good relationship 과학 = science 과학적 = scientific 과학적으로 = scientifically 그들은 그 문제를 과학적으로 풀었다 = They solved that problem scientifically 충동 = impulse/shock 충동적 = impulsive 충동적으로 = impulsively 저는 자주 옷을 충동적으로 사요 = I often buy clothes impulsively 민주 = democracy 민주적 = democratic 민주적으로 = democratically 미국은 대통령을 민주적으로 선출해요 = America elects its president democratically

(3) ~적이다

Adding '이다' to the end of ~적 turns the word into an adjective that can predicate a sentence or describe an upcoming noun. The translation of these adjectives are usually are the same (in English) as without adding '이다." For example: 문화 = culture 문화적 = cultural 문화적이다 = cultural 캐나다와 미국은 문화적인 차이가 있다 = Canada and the US have a cultural difference (차이 = difference) 경제 = economics 경제적 = economical 경제적이다 = economical 미국은 경제적인 결정을 했어요 = The US made an economical decision 경제 = economics 경제적 = economical 경제적이다 = economical 미국은 경제적인 결정을 했어요 = The US made an economical decision 역사 = history 역사적 = historical 역사적이다 = historical 저 학교는 역사적인 건물이에요 = That school is a historical building 과학 = science 과학적 = scientific 과학적이다 = scientific 이것은 과학적인 문제예요 = This is a scientific problem 충동 = impulsive 충동적 = impulsive 충동적이다 = impulsive 저는 너무 충동적이에요 = I'm too impulsive Notice that when a word ending in ~적이다 is used to predicate a sentence, 이다 is conjugated as if it were actually 이다. 민주 = democracy 민주적 = democratic 민주적이다 = democratic 미국은 민주적인 나라예요 = The US is a democratic nation

~겠다 ~ An ending of a word referring to a future event or assumption or expressing possibility ~ An ending of a word referring to the speaker's will ~ An ending of a word referring to an attitude of speaking indirectly.

An ending of a word referring to a future event or assumption or expressing possibility 1) The class must have already ended. 수업이 벌써 끝났겠다. 2) The awards ceremony will (seemingly) begin now. 지금부터 시상식을 시작하겠습니다. An ending of a word referring to the speaker's will. 1) I will be a person who follows my dreams. 나는 꿈을 좇는 사람이 되겠다. 2) I will overcome this difficulty on my own. 이 정도의 어려움은 내 스스로 이겨 내겠다. 3) Jisoo said she would go to Busan during this vacation. 지수는 이번 휴가 때는 부산에 가겠다고 했다. An ending of a word referring to an attitude of speaking indirectly. 1) I wish you could help me. 네가 좀 도와주면 좋겠는데. 2) Can you excuse me for a second? 잠깐 실례 좀 해도 되겠습니까? 3) I'll say something. 제가 한마디 하도록 하겠습니다. 4) Can I go back now? 이제 그만 돌아가도 되겠습니까?

Difference between N밖에 and N(이)나 grammar?

Difference between N밖에 and N(이)나 grammar? 1. N밖에 = the number or amount less than expected or normal standard. 이번 시험에서 80점밖에 받았어요. I got only 80 points in this exam. (The score is worse than I expected.) 2. N(이)나 = the number or amount more than expected or normal standard. 이번 시험에서 80점이나 받았어요. I got as much as 80 points in this exam. (The score is better than I expected.)

Differences between A/V-아/어서 grammar and A/V-(으)니까 grammar

Differences between A/V-아/어서 grammar and A/V-(으)니까 grammar : 1. A/V-(으)니까 can be used with imperative (i.e. -(으)세요, (으)ㄹ까요?) and propositive (i.e. -(으)ㅂ시다) sentences, but A/V-아/어서 can't be used. 시간이 없으니까 빨리 가세요. (Correct) 시간이 없어서 빨리 가세요. (Incorrect) There's no time, so go quickly. 배가 고프니까 밥 먹으러 갑시다. (Correct) 배가 고파서 밥 먹으러 갑시다. (Incorrect) Since I am hungry, let's go to eat. 다리가 아프니까 택시를 탈까요? (Correct) 다리가 아파서 택시를 탈까요? (Incorrect) My legs are hurt, shall we take a taxi? 2. A/V-(으)니까 can be used with past tense -았/었 or future tense -겠 in the 1st clause, but A/V-아/어서 can't be used. 한국에서 살았으니까 한국말을 좀 할 수 있어요. (Correct) 한국에서 살았어서 한국말을 좀 할 수 있어요. (Incorrect) Since I have lived in Korea, I can speak some Korean. 3. A/V-아/어서 can be used with common greeting words such as 반갑다, 고맙다, 감사하다, and 미안하다 but A/V-(으)니까 can't be used. 만나서 반갑습니다. (Correct) 만나니까 반갑습니다. (Incorrect) Nice to meet you.

V-게 되다 - "BECAME" "CAME TO (BE/DO)" "HAS BEEN DECIDED" -

Get V-ed, end up V-ing ~passive form without subject's will "BECAME" "CAME TO (BE/DO)" "HAS BEEN DECIDED" -- Expresses a change from one verb state to another, or a change in a situation as a result of someone else's action, or the environment, regardless of the will of the subject. Usage:- Express the passive form without involvement of subject's will (mostly by chance or fate) Tense: (Past tense) Verb + -게 되었어요 가다 --> 가게 되었어요. 먹다 --> 먹게 되었어요. 살다 --> 살게 되었어요. 받다 --> 받게 되었어요. 잘하다 --> 잘하게 되었어요. (Present tense) Verb + -게 돼요 가다 --> 가게 돼요. 살다 --> 살게 돼요. 먹다 --> 먹게 돼요. 잘하다 --> 잘하게 돼요. (Future tense) Verb + -게 될 거예요 가다 --> 가게 될 거예요. 살다 --> 살게 될 거예요. 잘하다 --> 잘하게 될 거예요. Specific usage: 1. V-게 되었어요 = the situation has come to true at present or has been decided. 그 회사에 취직하게 되었어요. I ended up getting a job at that company. 2. Using this expression is a more gentle and indirect way to tell another person, instead of using its direct form 그 회사에 취직했어요./취직하게 되었어요. I got a job at that company./ I ended up getting a job at that company. 3. It can also express the result of a change. 친구들과 노래방에 가서 연습하니까 노래를 잘하게 되었어요. After going to the karaoke shop to practice with my friends often, I have come to sing well. Examples: 1. 민아 씨가 입원했다면서요?- 며칠 전에 교통사고가 나서 입원하게 되었어요. Is it true that Mina is in the hospital?- She got in a traffic accident a few days ago and was hospitalized. 2. 요즘에 남편하고 사이가 좋졌어요?- 네, 서로 이야기를 많이 한 후에 잘 이해하게 되었어요. Have you gotten along with your husband lately?- Yes, we came to understand each other after we talked a lot about things. 3. 한국으로 유학을 와서 서울에 살게 되었어요. I came to Korea to study, and I came to live in Seoul. 4. 친구가 이 가게를 좋아하니까 저도 자주 오게 돼요. Because my friend likes this store, I have came to it often, too. 5. 내년에 친구들 다 고향으로 돌아가고 저만 혼자 한국에 남게 될 것 같아요. Next year, all my friends will go back home, and it seems I will will be left alone in Korea. 6. 남편 직장 때문에 부산으로 이사를 가게 되었어요. Because of my husband work changes, I came to move to Busan. 7. 안나 씨를 어떻게 알아요?- 지난 학기에 같은 수업을 들어서 알게 되었어요. How do you know Anna?- Last semester, we took the same lecture, so I came to know her. 8. 그 여자랑 사랑에 빠지게 되었어요. I ended up falling in love with her.

~스럽다

Has the feeling or quality just like the noun it is attached to. ~스럽다 can also be added to some nouns to change them into an adjective, much like the function of ~적(이다). When doing this, ~스럽다 changes the noun into an adjective that has the "properties" of that noun. The two easiest examples to explain this change are: 사랑 = love 사랑스럽다 = "with the properties of love" 사랑스럽다 = lovely 자연 = nature 자연스럽다 = "with the properties of nature" 자연스럽다 = natural ~스럽다 can be added to nouns to make that noun a descriptive word. However ~스럽다 is sometimes added to words that seem to already have an adjective form. For example: 실망 = disappointment 실망하다 = to be disappointed 실망스럽다 = "with the properties of disappointment" (disappointing) 저는 실망했어요 = I was disappointed 우리 아버지는 어제 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed yesterday If you want to say that somebody is disappointed in a person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle ~에게/한테 to the person he/she is disappointed in. For example: 저는 친구에게 실망했어요 = I was disappointed in my friend 우리 아버지는 저에게 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed in me If you want to say that somebody is disappointed in a non-person using 실망하다, you must attach the particle ~에 to the thing he/she is disappointed in. For example: 저는 영화에 실망했어요 = I was disappointed in the movie 우리 아버지는 식당에 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed in the restaurant In order to say one is disappointed, you can use 실망하다: 저는 실망했어요 = I was disappointed 우리 아버지는 어제 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed yesterday In order to say one is disappointed in something/somebody, you can use 실망하다 along with the use of the particles ~에게/한테 (for a person) or ~에 (for a non-person). For example: 저는 친구에게 실망했어요 = I was disappointed in my friend 우리 아버지는 저에게 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed in me 저는 영화에 실망했어요 = I was disappointed in the movie 우리 아버지는 식당에 실망했어요 = Our dad was disappointed in the restaurant Now, 실망스럽다 usually is not describing one's emotions. Rather, it is describing something that has the "properties of disappointment." This usually translates to "disappointing." For example: 결과는 조금 실망스러웠어요 = The result was a little bit disappointing 그 영화는 조금 실망스러웠어요 = The movie was a little bit disappointing

(으)로 to/by/using

N(으)로 particle = 'to/toward' or 'by/using/from' in English Usage: (1) Express a direction = 'to' or 'toward' (2) Express means of transport, tools, or materials used to make something = 'by', 'using', 'with', or 'from' Comparison between -(으)로 가다 and -에 가다. 1. -(으)로 가다 = focus on direction. 2. -에 가다 = focus on destination. Noun ending in vowel or ㄹ + 로: 버스로 가요. = go by bus 배로 왔어요. = came by vessel 한국말로 하세요. = please speak in Korean 칼로 잘라요. = cut using knife Noun ending in consonant + 으로: 왼쪽으로 /오른쪽으로 가세요. = please go to the left/to the right. 콩으로 만들었어요. = made from bean. 젓가락으로 먹어요. = eat using chopsticks. Examples: 1. 저기에서 오른쪽으로 가세요. 은행이 나와요. Please go to the right from there. You will see a bank. 2. 인천에서 제주도까지 비행기로 가요. I go from Incheon to Jeju by airplane. 3. 가위로 종이를 잘라요. I cut the paper with scissors. 4. 쌀로 떡을 만들었어요. I made tteok (rice) cake from rice. 5. 밀가루로 빵을 만들어요. I made bread from flour. 6. 이 과자가 맛있어요. 뭐로 만들었어요? - 이 과자는 찹쌀로 만들었어요. This biscuit is good. What's it made of? - It is made of sticky rice. 7. 대전에서 분산에 어떻게 가요? - 버스로 가세요. 버스 시간표가 편해요. How do you go from Daejeon to Busan? - Please go by bus. Its time schedule is comfortable. 8. 실례합니다. 우체국이 어디에 있어요? - 저 약국 앞에서 오른쪽으로 가세요. Excuse me. Where is the post office? - Please go to the right from the pharmacy over there.

N도 particle = 'also' or 'too'

N도 particle = 'also' or 'too' in English Usage: - Express listing or addition of subject or object mentioned previously = 'also' or 'too' in English - Subject and object particles (은/는 and 을/를) are omitted when 도 is added. - When 도 is added to particles other than subject and object particles, the particles are remained. (E.g. 에도, 에서도, 에게도...) Noun(은/는/을/를) + 도: (omit 은/는/을/를) 1. 나는 한국 사람입니다. 친구도 한국 사람입니다. I am a Korean. My friend is also a Korean. 2. 아버지는 키가 커요. 저도 키가 커요. My father is tall. I am tall too. 3. 나는 사과를 좋아해요. 그리고 딸기도 좋아해요. I like Apple. And I also like strawberry Noun (other than 은/는/을/를) + 도: 1. 일본에 친구가 있어요. 미국에도 친구가 있어요. I have a friend in Japan, and in USA too. 2. 친구에게 선물을 주었어요. 동생에게도 선물을 주었어요. I gave a present to my friend. And to my younger brother too.

N만 particle = 'only' or 'just'

N만 particle = 'only' or 'just' in English Usage : - Express the selection of 1 thing excluding others = 'only' or 'just' in English. - When used after number = 'minimum' (e.g. 5분만 = just 5 min) - 만 can be used in the place of the particles 은/는/이/가/을/를 or used together with them. 만 stays before the particle → 만이, 만은 , 만을. - 만 can be used with other particles, but staying after the particles → 에서만, 에게만, 까지만... Noun + 만 : 1. 그 식당은 월요일만 쉬어요. That restaurant is only close on Monday. 2. 우리 아이는 하루 종일 게임만 해요. Our kid just plays game the whole day. 3. 마크는 만화책만 읽어요./ 만화책만을 읽어요. Mark only read comic books. 4. 우리 딸은 학교에서만 공부하고 집에서는 공부하지 않아요. Our daughter studies only at school and doesn't study at home. 5. 민아 씨에게만 선물을 줬어요. I gave a present just to Mina.

N밖에 particle = 'only' or 'nothing but' in English

N밖에 particle = 'only' or 'nothing but' in English N밖에 - is placed after a noun to indicate that this noun is the only viable option. N밖에 is followed by a negative verb. Usage :- Express that only 1 thing or option is available, no other things else. = 'only' or 'nothing but'- Must use in negative form (except for 아니다) Noun + 밖에 (ending in negative form): 1. 안 /지 않다: 사과가 한 개밖에 안 남았어요. There's only 1 Apple left. 2. 못/ 지 못하다: 선물을 한 개밖에 못 받았어요. I can only receive one present. 3. 없어요: 돈이 1000 원밖에 없어요. I only have 1000 won left. 음식이 조금밖에 없어요. There's only a little food left. 4. 몰라요: 한국어는 '안녕하세요'랑 '감사합니다'밖에 몰라요. I only know to say 'hello' and 'thank you' in Korean.

N에 - Preposition - noun expressing time or quantity as unit of measure.

N에 - is added to a noun expressing time or quantity to indicate that the noun is a unit of measure, similar to English preposition "per". Example: 1. 자장면은 한 그릇에 4,000원 입니다. Jajangmyon costs ₩4,000 per bowl. 2. 옷 한 벌에 100,000원 입니다. The clothes cost ₩100,000 by the set. 3. 나는 한 달에 2번 영화를 봅니다. I see a movie twice a month. 4. 나는 일주일에 세 번 갑니다. I go three times a week.

(으)ㄹ 것 같아 To seem like/to be likely to

Probability in the future tense ~(으)ㄹ/을 것이다 Whenever you finish a sentence using ~ㄹ/을 것 같다, the meaning changes to something that might happen. When describing "것 같다" in the future tense these situations are guesses from the speaker. This meaning is quite similar to ~ㄹ/을지 모르다. 나는 밥을 먹을 것이다 = I will eat rice 나는 밥을 먹을 것 같다 = I will probably eat rice/I might eat rice나는 밥을 먹을지 모르겠다 = I don't know if I will eat rice When using these past and present conjugations before 것 같다, there is a slight nuance that the speaker has received some information to make him/her express this possibility. In order to describe this nuance, when ~ㄴ/은 or ~는 is used before 것 같다 I prefer the translation of "it seems that" or "it seems as though." Below are examples of this being done in the past tense (using ~ㄴ/은 것 같다): Example: 부장님이 그 일을 이미 다 한 것 같아요 = It seems that the boss already did all that work. In this situation, you could be looking at a pile of papers on your boss's desk that looks like the completed work. 옆 집에서 사는 사람은 그 소나무를 자른 것 같아요 = It seems that the person who lives in the house next door cut that pine tree. In this situation, you could be looking outside to your yard and noticing that the tree is missing. Below are examples that show this being done in the present tense (using ~는 것 같다) 엄마는 기다리고 있는 것 같아요 = It seems as though mom is waiting now. In this situation, your mother may have called you and told you that she would have been finished 10 minutes ago. 그는 휴식을 하는 것 같아요 = It seems as though he is taking a break now. In this situation, the worker may have been very loud a few minutes ago. However, now it seems like he is not making a sound, so he probably taking a break now. 학생들이 요즘에 운동을 하지 않는 것 같아요 = It seems like students don't like exercising these days. In this situation, you could be looking at some students playing on their phones during lunch time instead of playing outside. When describing 것 같다 in the past tense, it is possible to do so in two ways: ~ㄴ/은 것 같다 (for example: 한 것 같다) ~았/었을 것 같다 (for example: 했을 것 같다) 아빠가 돈을 이미 낸 것 같아요 = It seems like dad already paid. Here, the speaker probably saw his/her family get up and leave a restaurant (or some similar evidence). This evidence would lead the speaker to believe that the father already paid, and they are ready to leave. However, by using ~았/었을 것 같다, the speaker is indicating that this sentence is more of a blind guess and hasn't received any evidence that would lead him/her to think this way. More examples: 선생님이 살이 찐 것 같아요 = It seems like the teacher gained weight. You would say this if you are looking at the teacher and noticed that (for example) his face looks a little bit fatter than usual. Of course, you can't be sure if the teacher gained weight or not, but the evidence in-front of you leads you to believe that he/she did gain weight. 선생님이 살이 쪘을 것 같아요 = The teacher probably gained weight. You would say this if you are talking about the teacher and how he went on vacation recently. You haven't seen him since he left, but you are guessing that - because he went on vacation, he "probably gained weight." We see a similar phenomenon with 것 같다 used in the present tense. Even if "것 같다" is being described in the future tense, it doesn't necessarily mean that the meaning of the sentence is based in the future. For example, look at the following sentence: 후배들이 봉사하는 것을 싫어할 것 같아요 This doesn't necessarily mean that the speaker thinks the juniors "will not like" volunteering. It is possible that the juniors are volunteering right now, and the speaker is not with them. Therefore, the speaker has no real way of knowing if the juniors are enjoying themselves or not - and this is merely a guess. However, if the present tense was used: 후배들이 봉사하는 것을 싫어하는 것 같아요 In this situation, the speaker is most likely with the juniors and can directly see (receiving evidence) that the juniors are not enjoying themselves.

What is the difference between using ~적이다 and just using ~적?

The difference between these is that ~적 is a noun, whereas ~적이다 is an adjective. Sometimes however, nouns can technically be used to sound like adjectives. See the following example: "That is a book bag". In this example, 'book' acts as a descriptive word because it describes the type of bag it is (that it is a book bag). This is usually the only time that ~적 (with nothing following it) is used in Korean. That is, when it is actually a noun, but acting as a descriptive word within a sentence. Because it is usually used as this type of descriptive word, you don't really need to worry much about the difference between ~적 and ~적이다. Just be aware that ~적이다 is more commonly used, and how they are used within a sentence. That is, when using "~적이다," 이다 should be conjugated, and when using "~적" nothing needs to be conjugated because it is a noun.

A/V-잖아(요) = (1) as you know, (2) didn't I tell you that...

To indicate that the listener and speaker are both already aware of the action or condition conveyed by the stem (verb): (1) remind listener about something, (2) rebuke listener Usage: (1) State a reason that the listener should be aware or Remind something that the listener has apparently forgotten. (2) Scold or rebuke the listener for not following an advice OR for allowing something bad to happen after being warned. (3) The expression is only used in casual speaking (NOT in formal speaking or in written form). Tense: Adjectives/ Verbs + -잖아요 (Present tense) / -았/었잖아요 (Past tense) / -(으)ㄹ 거잖아요. (Future tense) 가다 -> 가잖아요. / 갔잖아요. / 갈 거잖아요. 알다 -> 알잖아요. / 알았잖아요. / 알 거잖아요. 먹다 -> 먹잖아요. / 먹었잖아요. / 먹을 거잖아요. 덥다 -> 덥잖아요. / 더웠잖아요. / 더울 거잖아요. 먹다 -> 먹잖아요. / 멀었잖아요. / 멀 거잖아요. 멋있다 -> 멋있잖아요. / 멋있었잖아요. / 멋있을 거잖아요. 힘들다 -> 힘들잖아요. / 힘들었잖아요. / 힘들 거잖아요. 공부하다 -> 공부하잖아요. / 공부했잖아요. / 공부할 거잖아요. 좋아하다 -> 좋아하잖아요. / 좋아했잖아요. / 좋아할 거잖아요. Noun + (이)잖아요 (Present) / 였잖아요. (Past) 친구 -> 친구잖아요./ 친구였잖아요. 애인 -> 애인이잖아요. / 애인이었잖아요. 학생 -> 학생이잖아요. / 학생이었잖아요. 일요일 -> 일요일이잖아요. Examples: 1. 저 가수가 왜 좋아해요? - 노래도 잘하고 멋있잖아요. Why do you like that singer? - He sings well and (as you know) is handsome too. 2. 마리 씨가 일본어를 정말 잘하네요. - 마리 씨는 일본에서 공부했잖아요. 지난번에 마리 씨가 말했는데 생각 안나요? Mary is really good at Japanese. - (As you know) Mary studied in Japan. Don't you remember that she told us last time (we met). 3. 이번에도 안나 씨가 1등을 하네요. - 안나 씨는 항상 열심히 공부하잖아요. Anna got the 1st place again this time. - (As you know) Anna always studied hard. 4. 마리 씨가 집에 온다고 해서 딸기를 좀 샀어요. - 마리 씨는 딸기 알레르기가 있잖아요. - 아, 그랬죠? 깜빡했네요. Mary said she will visit our home, so I bought some strawberries. - (As you know) she is allergic to strawberries. - Oh, that's right. I totally forgot that. 5. 엄마, 어떻게 해요? 학교에 늦겠어요. - 그래서 어제 일찍 자라고 했잖아. Mom, what should I do? I am going to be late for school. - Didn't I told you to go sleeping early last night. 6. 그 남자가 알고 보니 정말 나쁜 사람이었어요. - 그러 보자. 내가 뭐라고 했어. 그 사람 나쁜 사람 같다고 했잖아요. Once I got to know him, I realized that he was really a bad person. - Look. What I did tell you. Didn't I told that he seemed to be a bad person. 7. 시험에 떨어졌어요. - 그래서 제가 뭐라고 했어요? 평소에 열심히 공부하고 했잖아요. I failed the exam. - Now what did I tell you. Didn't I always told you to study hard. 8. 주말에 남이섬에 갔다 올래요? - 남이섬은 너무 멀잖아요. 가까운 데로 가면 좋겠어요. Shall we go to Nami island in the weekend? - (As you know) it is very far. It is better to go a near place. 9. 점심에 같이 김치찌개를 먹을까요? - 밍 씨는 매운 음식을 못 먹잖아요. 맵지 않은 음식을 먹는 게 좋겠어요. Shall we eat Kimchi stew at launch? - As you know Minh can't eat spicy food. It is better to eat a non-spicy food. 10. 오늘 앤디 씨가 귀국하네요. - 어제 말했잖아요. Andy returns his country. - Didn't I told you yesterday. (Don't you remember). 11. 오늘은 왜 학교에 가요? - 오늘 월요일이잖아요. Why are you going to church today? - Come on... it's Monday today!

N쯤 about/around

Usage : (1) Added to nouns, quantities, and time to indicate approximation = 'about' or 'around' (2) When it is referring to prices N쯤 하다 is used more often than N쯤이다. Examples: 1. 모임에 10명쯤 왔어요. About 10 persons came to the meeting. 2. 서울역에 10시쯤 도착했어요. I arrived at the Seoul station around 10 o'clock. 3. 사과가 요즘 얼마쯤 해요? - 요즘 5개에 5000원쯤 해요. About how much are apples these days? - They cost about 5000 won for 5 these days. 4. 서울에서 분산까지 기차로 가면 얼마쯤 해요? - 글쎄요. 3만원쯤 할 거예요. About how much to go from Seoul to Busan by train? - Well. It is about 30k won. 5. 한국에 언제 오셨어요? - 2년 전쯤 왔어요. When did you come to Korea? - I came about 2 years ago.

V-기 grammar = V-ing in English

Turn a verb or a phrase into nouns (~V-ing in English) Usage: + 기 functions to turn a verb into a noun = 'V-ing' in English + 기 can turn an entire phrase into nouns. 말하다 -> 말하기 한국어를 말하다 -> 한국어를 말하기 + 기 can be combined with a number of particles to form subjects, objects, and adverbials in a sentence. -기(를) 좋아하다/싫어하다 -기(를) 바라다/원하다 -기(를)시작하다/끝내다 -기가 좋다/싫다/힘들다 -기에 좋다/나쁘다 Example: 1. 한국말을 공부하기가 어려워요. Studying Korean is difficult 2. 다리가 아파서 걷기가 힘들어요. My legs are hurt, so walking is difficult. 3. 집이 멀어서 학교에 오기가 힘들어요. My house is far, so coming to school is difficult. 4. 시험시즌에는 도서관에서 공부하기를 좋아해요. I like studying in library in exam season. 5. 한국말을 잘하면 한국에서 살기가 편해요. If you speak Korean well, then living in Korea is easy. 6. 수지 씨, 대학에 꼭 합격하기를 바라요. Suzy, I wish for your successful admission into university. 7. 언제부터 눈이 오기 시작했어요? When did it start snowing?

A/V/N-기는요 -- no need to/not really Politely disagree with one's statement or compliment

Usage : - Politely disagree with one's statement or compliment to express the speaker's modesty or personal opinion = not really, no need to - Shortened form: -긴요 - Can't be used with expression that denotes tense such as -았/었- or -겠- Tenses 1. Adjective / Verb: A/V-기는요 덥다 -- 덥기는요. 예쁘다 -- 예쁘기는요. 잘하다 -- 잘하기는요. 공부하다 -- 공부하기는요. 2. Noun: N (이)기는요 의사 -- 의사기는요. 학생 -- 학생이기는요. Examples 1. 지금 너무 춥죠? - 춥기는요. 다음 달에 기온이 더 낮아질 거예요. It's so cold now, right? - Cold? Next month the temperature will be much lower. 2. 한국말을 정말 잘하시네요!- 잘하기는요. 아직도 더 많이 배워야 해요. You speak Korean really well. - No, it's not really that good. I still have got so much to learn. 3. 어제 영화 재미있어요?- 재미있기는요. 보다가 졸았어요. Was the movie interesting yesterday? - Interesting? No. I fell asleep when watching it. 4. 여기 가기로 도와주셔서 고맙습니다.- 고맙기는요. 오히려 제가 도움을 받았는데요. Thanks for all you have done for me. - Not really / No need to thank me. You have helped me more. 5. 주말에 잘 쉬었어요?- 잘 쉬기는요. 조카들이 놀러 와서 정신이 하나도 없었어요. Did you take a good rest on weekend? - Good rest? No. My nieces came over and I don't even have a little time to rest. 6. 우와, 숙제를 다 했어요. 열심히 공부를 하네요.- 열심히 공부하기는요. 무엇을 놀지 몰라요. 그러니까요. Wow, you finished all the homework. You study really hard. - Study hard? No, I just don't know what to play around. That's why. 7. 기다리게 해서 죄송해요.- 죄송하기는요. 저도 방금 왔어요. I am sorry for letting you wait.- No need to sorry. I also just came. 8. 요즘에 날씨가 너무 덥죠.- 덥기는요. 다음 달에 기온이 더 늘릴 거예요. It's very hot these days. - Hot? No, the temperature will increase more in the next month. 9. 옷을 잘 어울리네요.- 잘 어울리긴요. 작은 것 같아요. These clothes really fit you well. - No, it doesn't really fit well. It seems a little small to me. 10. 수지 씨, 오늘 예쁘네요.- 예쁘기는요. 화장을 해서 예뻐 보일 거예요. Suzy, you looks pretty today. - Pretty? It looks pretty since I do some makeups.

V-고 나서 and then, after doing ~express sequential events

Usage: (1) Express sequential events that the 2nd event occurs after the completion of the 1st one. = and then, after doing (2) In some cases, -나서 can be omitted without changing the meaning. The inclusion of -나서 simply clarifies that the 1st event has completed. E.g. 일하고 나서 쉬세요 = 일하고 쉬세요. Please take a rest after finishing work (3) If the subject of the motion and state verbs are the same in the both clauses, E.g. 가다 = to go 오다 = to come 올라가다 = to go up 내려가다 = to go down 일어나다 = to wake up 앉다 = to sit 눕다 = to lie down 만나다 = to meet then -아/어서 is used instead of -고 and -고 나서. Examples : 1. 텔레비전을 보고 나서 자요. I slept after watching TV. 2. 아침을 먹고 나서 회사에 가요. I go to company after eating breakfast. 3. 김 선생님, 서류를 언제까지 드릴까요? - 수업이 끝나고 나서 주세요. Teacher Kim, when shall I give you the documents? - Please give them to me after the class. 4. 듣기 시험을 어떻게 봐요? - 문제를 잘 듣고 나서 대답을 찾으세요. How do you take the listening test? - Listen the question carefully and then find the answer. 5. 나는 학교에 가고 나서 공부해요. (wrong) → 나는 학교에 가서 공부해요. (correct) I go to school and study. 6. 한라산에 올라가고 나서 사진을 찍었어요. (wrong) → 한라산에 올라가서 사진을 찍었어요. (correct) I climbed Hallasan and took the pictures. 7. 나는 아침에 일어나서 샤워를 해요. 샤워를 끝나고 나서 아침 식사를 해요. I wake up in the morning and take a shower. After having a shower, I have a breakfast. 8. 숙제를 다 하고 나서 밖에 친구를 만나러 가요. After doing all the homework, I go out to meet my friend.

N처럼 'like' N같이 + 이다 'as...as'

Usage: - Express that some action/thing appears the same or similar to something = 'like' or 'as...as' - 처럼 and 같이 are interchangeable. Some common proverbs using 처럼 / 같이: - 호랑이처럼 무섭다 = someone is scary (like a tiger) - 토끼처럼 귀엽다 = someone is cute (like a rabbit) - 거북이처럼 느리다 = someone is slow (like a turtle) - 돼지처럼 뚱뚱하다 = someone is fat (like a pig) - 바다처럼 마음이 넓다 = someone is generous (his/her heart is as wide as the sea) Examples: 1. 아이가 인형처럼/같이 예뻐요. The child is pretty like a doll. 2. 하늘처럼/같이 높아요. It is as wide as the sky. 3. 가수처럼 노래를 잘 불러요. He sings like a singer. 4. 토니 씨는 영화배우같이 잘생겼어요. Tony is as handsome as a movie actor. 5. 남자친구 어때요? - 코미디언같이 재미있어요. How is your boyfriend? - He is funny like a comedian. 6. 하노이가 복잡해요? - 네, 세울같이 복잡해요. Is it crowded in Hanoi? - Yes, it is crowded like Seoul. 7. 슬퍼서 아이처럼 울었어요. When she is sad, she cries like a baby. 8. 우리 어머니는 화가 날 때 호랑이처럼 무서워요. When my mother gets angry, she is very scary (like a tiger).

V-(으)ㄴ 지 - It's been (time) 'since' I did something

Usage: - Indicate how much time has passed since the event has occurred = how long has been 'since' I did something - It could be expressed as: -(으)ㄴ 지...되다/ 넘다/ 지나다 or -(으)ㄴ 지... 안 되다/ 넘다/ 지나다 Verbs ending in vowel or ㄹ + -ㄴ 지: 가다 -- 간 지 오다 -- 온 지 사귀다 -- 사귄 지 공부하다 -- 공부한 지 *놀다 -- 논 지 *만들다 -- 만든 지 *살다 -- 산 지 Verbs ending in consonant + -은 지: 먹다 -- 먹은지 끊다 -- 끊은 지 *듣다 -- 들은 지 *걷다 -- 걸은 지 *짓다 -- 지은 지 *돕다 -- 도운 지 Example: 1. 저는 한국에 온 지 5년 됐어요. It's been 5 years since I came to Korea. 2. 담배 끊은 지 한 달 되었어요. It's been one month since I stopped smoking. 3. 결혼을 한 지 2년 됐어요. It's been 2 years since I got married. 4. 언제부터 한국어를 공부했어요? - 한국어를 공부한 지 1년이 되었어요. When did you start studying Korean? It's been a year since I begin studying Korean. 5. 기차가 출발한 지 10 분이 됐습니다. It has been 10 minutes since the train left. 6. 그 이야기를 들은 지 일주일 되었어요. It has been a week since I heard that story. 7. 여자친구하고 데이트한 지 3년이 지났어요. It's been 3 years since I dated my girlfriend.

2. N(이)나 = 'as many as' or 'no less than' or 'up to'

Usage: - Indicate the number or amount of something is much higher than expected or normal = 'as many as' or 'no less than' in English Examples: 1. 친구를 두 시간이나 기다렸어요. I waited for my friend for no less than 2 hours. 2. 우리 할머니는 아이가 열 명이나 있어요. Our grandmother has up to 10 children 3. 친구에게 5번이나 전화했어요. I phoned my friend no less than 5 times. 4. 바나나가 맛있어요. 그래서 바나나를 10 개가 먹었어요. The banana is tasty. So I ate up to 10 bananas. 5. 어제 술을 많이 마셨어요? - 네. 맥주를 열 병이나 마셨어요. Did you drink a lot yesterday? - Yes. I drank no less than 10 bottle. 6. 기차 시간이 얼마나 남았어요? - 30분이나 남았어요. How much time is left before the train arrives? - There's still as much as 30 min.

N 동안 V-는 동안 "During/for a time period, while V-ing"

Usage: - Indicate the time period when a certain action begins and lasts until it ends = 'during/ for N' / 'while V-ing' - In the V-는 동안 grammar, the subjects of the first and second clauses can be either same or different. - However, in the V-(으)면서 grammar, the subject of both clauses must be the same. Noun + 동안: 30분 동안 = during/for 30 min 한 달 동안 = for a month 방학 동안 = during school vacation 휴가 동안 = during holiday Verb + 는 동안: 가는 동안 = while going 읽는 동안 = while reading 일하는 동안 = while working *사는 동안 = while living Examples: 1. 어제 12 시간 동안 잤어요. Yesterday, I slept for 12 hours. 2. 곰은 겨울 동안에 겨울잠을 자요. Bears hibernate during winter. 3. 동생이 텔레비전을 보는 동안 나는 숙제를 했어요. I did my homework while my younger brother was watching TV. 4. 한국에서 사는 동안 좋은 친구들을 많이 만났어요. While I lived in Korea, I made a lot of good friends. 5. 얼마 동안 한국에 있을 거예요? - 일주일 동안 있을 거예요. How long will you be in Korea? - I will be here for a week. 6. 방학 동안에 뭐 할 거예요? - 친척 집을 방문할 거예요. What will you do during the vacation? - I will visit my relatives' home. 7. 비행기가 2시간 후에 출발해요. - 그러면 비행기를 기다리는 동안 면세점에서 쇼핑을 합시다. The airplane will depart after two hours. - Then let's go shopping at the duty-free shop while waiting for our flight. 8. 어머니가 요리하는 동안 아버지가 청소를 해요. While my mother is cooking, my father cleans the house. 9. 아이들이 자는 동안 산타가 선물을 주고 가요. While the children slept Santa came to give presents.

V-(으)려면 = if you want/ intend to...then you should...

Usage: - It is the shortened form of V-(으)려고 하면, which is used to express a plan or intention to do something in the 1st clause and the condition to fulfill the plan or intention in the 2nd clause = "if you want/ intend to... then you should..." - The 2nd clause is often ended in suggestive forms such as V-아/어야 해요, V-(으)면 돼요, V-(으)세요, 이/가 필요해요, and -는 게 좋아요. Verb ending in vowel or ㄹ + 려면: 가다 → 가려면 (if you want to go...) 만나다 → 만나려면 (if you want to go...) 공부하다 → 공부하려면 (if you want to study...) *살다 → 살려면 (if you want to live...) *놀다 → 놀려면 (if you want to play...) Verb ending in consonant + 으려면: 먹다 → 먹으려면 (if you intend to eat...) 받다 → 받으려면 (if you intend to receive...) *듣다 → 들으려면 (if you intend to listen...) *돕다 → 도우려면 (if you want to help...) *낫다 → 나으려면 (if you want to recover...) Examples: 1. 피아노를 잘하려면 연습을 많이 해야 해요. If you want to play piano well, you have to practice a lot. 2. 빨리 부산에 가려면 KTX를 타세요. If you want to go to Busan quickly, then take the KTX. 3. 우리 어머님을 만나려면 주말에 우리 집에 가세요. If you want to meet my mother, then come to my home on weekend. 4. 감기가 걸리지 않으려면 코트를 입으세요. If you don't want to get a cold, then please wear a coat. 5. 이 식당에서 식사하시려면 예약을 하셔야 합니다. If you intend to have a meal in this restaurant, you have to book in advance. 6. 한국말을 잘하고 싶어요. - 한국말을 잘하려면 매일 한국말로만 이야기하세요. I want to speak Korean well. - If you want to speak Korean well, then only speak Korean every day. 7. 시간표를 자주 잊어버려요. - 잊어버리지 않으려면 메모를 쓰세요. I often forget my schedule. - If you don't want to forget your schedule, try to write a memo.8. 돈을 벌려면 일을 해야 합니다.If you want to earn money, you have to work.

V-(으)려면 -- if you want/ intend to...then you should...

Usage: - It is the shortened form of V-(으)려고 하면, which is used to express a plan or intention to do something in the 1st clause and the condition to fulfill the plan or intention in the 2nd clause = if you want/ intend to... then you should... - The 2nd clause is often ended in suggestive forms such as V-아/어야 해요, V-(으)면 돼요, V-(으)세요, 이/가 필요해요, and -는 게 좋아요. Verb ending in vowel or ㄹ + 려면: 가다 → 가려면 (if you want to go...) 만나다 → 만나려면 (if you want to go...) 공부하다 → 공부하려면 (if you want to study...) *살다 → 살려면 (if you want to live...) *놀다 → 놀려면 (if you want to play...) Verb ending in consonant + 으려면: 먹다 → 먹으려면 (if you intend to eat...) 받다 → 받으려면 (if you intend to receive...) *듣다 → 들으려면 (if you intend to listen...) *돕다 → 도우려면 (if you want to help...) *낫다 → 나으려면 (if you want to recover...) Examples 1. 피아노를 잘하려면 연습을 많이 해야 해요. If you want to play piano well, you have to practice a lot. 2. 빨리 부산에 가려면 KTX를 타세요. If you want to go to Busan quickly, then take the KTX. 3. 우리 어머님을 만나려면 주말에 우리 집에 가세요. If you want to meet my mother, then come to my home on weekend. 4. 감기가 걸리지 않으려면 코트를 입으세요. If you don't want to get a cold, then please wear a coat. 5. 이 식당에서 식사하시려면 예약을 하셔야 합니다. If you intend to have a meal in this restaurant, you have to book in advance. 6. 한국말을 잘하고 싶어요. - 한국말을 잘하려면 매일 한국말로만 이야기하세요. I want to speak Korean well. - If you want to speak Korean well, then only speak Korean every day. 7. 시간표를 자주 잊어버려요. I often forget my schedule. - 잊어버리지 않으려면 메모를 쓰세요. If you don't want to forget your schedule, try to write a memo. 8. 돈을 벌려면 일을 해야 합니다. If you want to earn money, you have to work. 9. 한국말을 잘 하려면 어떻게 해야 할까요? What should I do to speak good Korean? 10. 한국말을 배우려면 한글부터 배워야 합니다. If you intend to learn Korean, you have to learn Hangul first. 11. 살을 빼려면 운동을 열심히 해야 돼요. If you intend to lose weight, you have to work out hard. 12. 통장을 만들려면 신분증이 필요해요. If you intend to open a bank account, you need your ID card.

얼마나 A-(으)ㄴ지 모르다 얼마나 V-는지 모르다 look like, seem, I think ~express a supposition/opinion based on a basis

Usage: - It is used to suppose that something happened in the past or suppose an occurrence of an action or situation that has yet to occur = look like, sound like, appear that... - It is also used to express the speaker's opinion or thought about something in a polite and gentle manner = I think... - (으)ㄴ 것 같다 is used when speaker has a clear basis for the supposition, while -(으)ㄹ 것 같다 is used when making a vague supposition. [Past tense] Verb + -ㄴ/은 것 같다 가다 --> 간 것 같다 (look like he went...) 먹다 --> 먹은 것 같다 (seem that she ate...) *만들다 --> 만든 것 같다 (look like she made...) *듣다 --> 들은 것 같다 (seem that we heard...) [Present tense] Verb + -는 것 같다 Adjective + ㄴ/은 것 같다 Noun + 인 것 같다 바쁘다 --> 바쁜 것 같다 많다 --> 많은 것 같다 *춥다 --> 추운 것 같다 핵복하다 --> 행복한 것 같다 학생 --> 학생인 것 같다 가다 --> 가는 것 같다 먹다 --> 먹는 것 같다 *만들다 --> 만드는 것 같다 *듣다 --> 듣는 것 같다 [Future tense] Verb + -ㄹ/을 것 같다 Adjective + ㄹ/을 것 같다 Noun + 일 것 같다 작다 --> 작을 것 같다 친절하다 --> 친절할 것 같다 춥다 --> 추울 것 같다 학생 --> 학생일 것 같다 가다 --> 갈 것 같다 먹다 --> 먹을 것 같다 *만들다 --> 만들 것 같다 *듣다 --> 들을 것 같다 Examples 1. 어젯밤에 비가 온 것 같아요. It looks like it rained last night. (See water on the road) 2. 지금 비가 오는 것 같아요. It looks like it is raining now. (See someone bringing an umbrella) 3. 비가 올 것 같아요. It looks like it's going to rain. (See the cloudy sky) 4. 이 영화는 좀 심심한 것 같아요. (See the movie poster) This movie seems a bit boring. 5. 오늘 날씨가 추운 것 같아요. (See someone wearing warm clothes) It looks like the weather today is cold. 6. 집에 아무도 없는 것 같아요.I guess there is no one in this house. (See the quiet house) 7. 음식 맛이 어때요?- 좀 짠 것 같아요.How does the food taste?- It seems a little salty. 8. 시간이 빨리 가는 것 같아요. - 그래요. 벌써 퇴근 시간이에요. It seems like the time is flying by. - Right. It's already the quitting time. 9. 다음 주 동아리 모임 올 수있어요? - 가고 싶지만 다음 주에 출장이 있어서 못 갈 것 같아요. Can you come to the club meeting next week? - I want to go but I don't think I can make it because I have a business trip next week. 10. 아이는 자요? - 아직 안 자는 것 같아요. Is the baby sleeping? - I don't think he's sleeping yet

(1) N(이)나 = 'or'

Usage: - N(이)나: select one of two or more listed nouns. - In case of verbs or adjectives, -거나 is used - Subject and object particles (이/가 and 을/를) are omitted when (이)나 is added to the subject/ object particles. - In case of other particles such as 에, 에서, and 에게, N(이)나 can be used alone with the first word(s) in the list while 에, 에서, and 에게, are often used with the final word. (See example 2) Noun ending in vowel + 나: 잡지나 신문을 봐요. = I read magazine or newspaper . 참외나 수박을 사요. = I buy Korean melon or watermelon 바다나 산에 가요. = I go to the sea or mountain. Noun ending in consonant + 이나: 신문이나 잡지를 봐요. = I read newspaper or magazine. 물이나 맥주를 마셔요. = I drink beer or water. 산이나 바다에 가요. = I go to the mountain or sea. Examples: 1. 이참에 빵이나 라면을 먹어요. I eat bread or noodle in the morning. 2. 방학에 호주나 유럽에 가고 싶어요. I want to go to the Australia or Europe during the school vacation. 3. 어머니나 아버지가 요리해요. My mother or father cooks. 4. 공원이나 커피숍에서 데이트해요. We date at the park or a coffee shop. 5. 무엇을 살 거예요? - 빵이나 라면을 살 거예요. What will you buy? - I will buy some bread or noodle. 6. 제주도에 어떻게 가요? - 비행기나 배로 가요. How to go to Jeju island? - By airplane or vessel.

~(으)시겠습니까? Would you like, why not...? ~politely suggesting or asking for preference

Usage: - Politely suggesting something or asking for listener's preference = would you mind/like...., why not....? - This grammar is much more formal and polite than V-(으)ㄹ래요? and V-(으)실래요? Verb ending in vowel or ㄹ + 시겠어요? 가다 -- 가시겠어요? 만나다 -- 만나시겠어요? *만들다 -- 만드시겠어요? 예약하다 -- 예약하시겠어요? Verb ending in consonant + 으시겠어요? 읽다 -- 읽으시겠어요? 받다 -- 받으시겠어요? *듣다 -- 들으시겠어요? Examples: 1. 음료수 좀 드시겠어요? Would you like some beverages? 2. 방을 예약 하시겠어요? Would you like to reserve a room? 3. 커피에 설탕을 넣으시겠어요? Would you like some sugar in your coffee? 4. 내일 몇 시에 오시겠어요? - 10시까지 갈게요. At what time will you come tomorrow? - I will be there by 10 o'clock. 5. 한국의 전통 기념품을 사고 싶어요. - 그럼, 인사동에 가 보시겠어요? I want to buy some traditional Korean souvenir. - Then why don't you go to Insadong? 6. 머리를 어떻게 하시겠어요? - 짧게 잘라 주세요. How would you like (to cut) your hair? - Please cut it shortly. 7. 내일 제 생일 파티가 있어요. 와 주시겠어요? - 네, 좋아요. 꼭 갈게요. I hold my birthday party tomorrow. Would you like to join it? - Ok. I will definitely go.

~(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 ~express the past experience (have done)

Usage: - V-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다 = having a certain experience in the past = have done - V-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 = not having a certain experience in the past = haven't done - V-(으)ㄴ 일이 있다/없다 expresses the same meaning as V-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다, but V-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 is used more often. Tense: Verb + -(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 Verb ending in vowel + -ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 보다 -- 본 적이 있다/없다 (have seen) 타다 -- 탄 적이 있다/없다 (have ridden) 여행하다 -- 여행한 적이 있다/없다 (have traveled) *만들다 -- 만든 적이 있다/없다 (have made) Verb ending in consonant + 은 적이 있다/없다 읽다 -- 읽은 적이 있다/없다 (have read) 받다 -- 받은 적이 있다/없다 (have received) 먹다 -- 먹은 적이 있다/없다 (have eaten) *듣다 -- 들은 적이 있다/없다 (have heard) Examples: 1. 회사에 지각한 적이 없어요. I have never been late to work 2. 어릴때 병원에 입원한 적이 있어요. I was hospitalized when I was a child. 3. 한국말을 몰라서 실수한 적이 있어요. I've made a mistake because of my poor Korean.

~(으)려고 하다 plan to, intend to ~express intention or plan that has yet to be done

Usage: - V-(으)려고 하다 is used to express subject's intention or plan that has yet to be done = plan to, intend to - The past tense V-(으)려고 했다 is used when the intended plan did not go as expected (example 9-11). - V-(으)려고 하다 grammar is different from the V-(으)려고 grammar = in order to, so that. Verb ending in a vowel or ㄹ + -려고 하다: 사다 → 사려고 하다 배우다 → 배우려고 하다 보다 → 보려고 하다 *놀다 → 놀려고 하다 *살다 → 살려고 하다 Verb ending in a consonant + -으려고 하다: 먹다 → 먹으려고 하다 찾다 → 찾으려고 하다 *듣다 → 들으려고 하다 *짓다 → 지으려고 하다 *돕다 → 도우려고 하다 Examples: 1. 여름휴가 때 여행을 하려고 해요. I plan to go travelling during the summer vacation. 2. 결혼하면 아이를 두령 낳으려고 해요. I plan to have 2 children if I am married. 3. 방학 동안 운전을 배우려고 했어요. 그런데 팔을 다쳐서 못 배웠어요. I had planned to learn driving during the vacation. But my arm got injured, so I couldn't do it. 4. 졸업할 때 대학교에서 취직하려고 해요. When I graduate, I intend to get a job at the university. 5. 날씨가 따뜻할 때 공원에 가려고 해요. When the weather gets warm, I plan to go to the park. 6. 보너스를 받으면 뭐 할 거예요? - 새 스마폰을 사려고 해요. What will you do if you get a bonus? - I plan to buy a new smartphone. 7. 대학교를 졸업하면 무엇을 할 거예요? - 대학원에서 공부를 더 하려고 해요. What will you do after you graduate university? - I intend to continue my study at graduate school. 8. 시험 후에 공부를 계속하려고 해요. After the test, I plan to continue to study. 9. 잠을 자려고 했을 때 제 친구를 전화했어요. When I intended to sleep, I got a phone call from my friend. 10. 자동차를 씻으려고 했는데 비가 와서 못 했어요. I intended to wash my car, but it was raining so I couldn't do it. 11. 내일 쉬려고 했는데 일이 많아서 출근하게 돼요. I intended to take a rest tomorrow, but I have a lot of work to do, so I have to go to work.

V-아/어 본 적이 있다/없다 ~express the past experience (have tried)

Usage: - V-아/어 본 적이 있다 = express the past experience of having tried something = have tried - V-아/어 본 적이 있다/없다 = express the experience of not having tried something = haven't tried Tense: Verb + 아/어 본 적이 있다: 사다 -- 사 본 적이 있다 (have tried to buy) 먹다 -- 먹어 본 적이 있다 (have tried to eat) 공부하다 -- 공부해 본 적이 있다 (have tried to study) 여행하다 -- 여행해 본 적이 있다 (have tried to travel) 만들다 -- 만들어 본 적이 있다 (have tried to make) *듣다 -- 들어 본 적이 있다 (have tried to listen) Examples: 1. 한국 드라마를 본 적이 있어요? Have you seen Korean drama? 2. 유럽에 가 본 적이 있어요? - 네, 한번 가 본 적이 있어요. Have you ever been to Europe? - Yes, I have traveled there once. 3. 한국 음식을 먹어 본 적이 없어요. I have never tried Korean food. 4. 시장에서 물건값을 잘 깎아요? - 아니요. 깎아 본 적이 없어요. Can you bargain well at the market? - No, I have never been able to bargain.

-ㄴ/은/는지 +V [e.g. 알다/모르다] know/teach/show who/what/where/how/when

Usage: - ㄴ/은/는지 is a connective ending used when connecting a clause requiring additional information to the followed verb (V)= who/what/where/how/when + clause -ㄴ/은/는지 generally precedes the following verbs: + 알다 (to know) : ㄴ/은/는지 알다 + 모르다 (not to know) : ㄴ/은/는지 모르다 + 궁금하다 (to curious about) : ㄴ/은/는지 궁금하다 + 질문하다 (to ask a question) : ㄴ/은/는지 질문하다 + 조사하다 (to investigate) : ㄴ/은/는지 조사하다 + 알아보다 (to look into) : ㄴ/은/는지 알아보다 + 생각하다 (to recall) : ㄴ/은/는지 생각하다 + 말하다 (to speak) : ㄴ/은/는지 말하다 + 가르치다 (to teach) : ㄴ/은/는지 가르치다 - The grammar can also be used in these forms: (i) Verb 1-(으)ㄴ/는지 Verb 2-(으)ㄴ/는지 (ii) Verb 1-(으)ㄴ/는지 안 Verb 1-(으)ㄴ/는지 Tense: 1) Adjective Present tense + ㄴ/은지 크다 -> 큰지, 이다 -> 인지 적다 -> 적은지, 많다 -> 많은지 Past tense + 았/었는지 의사이다 -> 의사였는지, 학생이다 -> 학생이었는지 2) Verb Present tense + 는지 가다 -> 가는지, 먹다 -> 먹는지 Past tense + 았/었는지 가다 -> 갔는지, 보다 -> 봤는지 Future tense + ㄹ/을 건지 가다 -> 갈 건지, 먹다 -> 먹을 건지 Example: 1. Kaist에 어떻게 가는지 알아요? Do you know how to go to Kaist? 2. Kaist에 어떻게 가는지 가르쳐 주세요. Please teach me how to go to Kaist. 3. 저 사람이 누구인지 모르겠어요. I don't know who that person is. 4. 어제 무엇을 했는지 생각 안 나요. I can't remember what I did yesterday. 5. 그 사람이 어느 나라 사람인지 알아요? Do you know which country that person is from? 6. 내일 날씨가 좋은지 나쁜지 알아요? Do you know whether tomorrow's weather is good or bad? 7. 우리 딸이 방에서 자는지 공부하는지 모르겠어요. I don't know if our daughter is sleeping or studying in her room. 8. 우리 딸이 공부 하는지 안 하는지 모르겠어요. I don't know if our daughter is studying or not. 9. 여자 친구가 있는지 없는지 궁금해요. I am curious whether you have a girlfriend or not. 10. 제 여자친구가 누구인지 궁금하지 않아요? Aren't you curious who my girlfriend is?

-ㄴ/은/는지 +V grammar -ㄴ/은/는지 알다 / 모르다 know/teach/show... + who/what/where/how/when -ㄴ/은/는지 generally precedes the following verbs: 알다 (to know) : ㄴ/은/는지 알다 모르다 (not to know) : ㄴ/은/는지 모르다 궁금하다 (to curious about) : ㄴ/은/는지 궁금하다 질문하다 (to ask a question) : ㄴ/은/는지 질문하다 조사하다 (to investigate) : ㄴ/은/는지 조사하다 알아보다 (to look into) : ㄴ/은/는지 알아보다 생각하다 (to recall) : ㄴ/은/는지 생각하다 말하다 (to speak) : ㄴ/은/는지 말하다 가르치다 (to teach) : ㄴ/은/는지 가르치다

Usage: - ㄴ/은/는지 is a connective ending used when connecting a clause requiring additional information to the followed verb (V)= who/what/where/how/when + clause The grammar can also be used in these forms: (i) Verb 1-(으)ㄴ/는지 Verb 2-(으)ㄴ/는지 (ii) Verb 1-(으)ㄴ/는지 안 Verb 1-(으)ㄴ/는지 Tense: 1) Adjective Present tense + ㄴ/은지 크다 -> 큰지 이다 -> 인지 적다 -> 적은지 많다 -> 많은지 Past tense + 았/었는지 의사이다 -> 의사였는지 학생이다 -> 학생이었는지 2) Verb Present tense + 는지 가다 -> 가는지 먹다 -> 먹는지 Past tense + 았/었는지 가다 -> 갔는지 보다 -> 봤는지 Future tense + ㄹ/을 건지 가다 -> 갈 건지 먹다 -> 먹을 건지 Examples 1. Kaist에 어떻게 가는지 알아요? Do you know how to go to Kaist? 2. Kaist에 어떻게 가는지 가르쳐 주세요. Please teach me how to go to Kaist. 3. 저 사람이 누구인지 모르겠어요. I don't know who that person is. 4. 어제 무엇을 했는지 생각 안 나요. I can't remember what I did yesterday. 5. 그 사람이 어느 나라 사람인지 알아요? Do you know which country that person is from? 6. 내일 날씨가 좋은지 나쁜지 알아요? Do you know whether tomorrow's weather is good or bad? 7. 우리 딸이 방에서 자는지 공부하는지 모르겠어요. I don't know if our daughter is sleeping or studying in her room. 8. 우리 딸이 공부 하는지 안 하는지 모르겠어요. I don't know if our daughter is studying or not. 9. 여자 친구가 있는지 없는지 궁금해요. I am curious whether you have a girlfriend or not. 10. 제 여자친구가 누구인지 궁금하지 않아요? Aren't you curious who my girlfriend is?

N-답다 N-like, be like a N ~Express an expected quality associated with the noun

Usage: Convert a noun to adjective that expresses an expected quality associated with the noun. Noun + -답다: 신사 -- 신사답다 (gentleman-like) 연구자 -- 연구자답다 (researcher-like) 형 -- 형답다 (be like a brother) 남자 -- 남자답다 (manly) 전문가 -- 전문가답다 (be like an expert) 선수 -- 선수답다 (be like a player) 기자 -- 기자답다 (be like a journalist) Examples: 1. 오늘 저 선수가 왜 저렇게 경기를 못하죠?- 그러게요. 오늘 경기 모습은 세계적인 축구 선수답지 않네요. Why isn't that player competing well today? - I know. His play today is unlike that of a world-class football player. 2. 엄마, 이 옷 어때요? 저한테 어울려요?- 옷이 그게 뭐니? 학생은 학생답게 옷을 입어야지. 좀더 얌전한 옷으로 갈아입어. Mom, how are these clothes? Do they fit me? - What's that? Student should wear something fitting for students. Change to something a little more modest. 3. 수지 씨는 여자다운 데가 하나도 없는 것 같아요. Suzy doesn't seem to have any womanly quality at all. 4. 그 회사에는 국내 최고의 회사답게 우수한 직원들이 많이 있습니다. That company has a lot of outstanding employees, which is typical of a top domestic company. 5. 정말 신사답게 행동하네요. That's really a gentleman-like manner. 6. 그 변호사가 그렇게 유능해요?- 모든 일을 전문가답게 잘 처리하거든요. Is that lawyer really competent like that?- He can handle all stuffs well like an expert.

N-스럽다 Adj (-ful, -ly, -some,...) ~Express a quality or feeling like the noun

Usage: Convert a noun to an adjective that expresses a quality or feeling just like the noun. Noun + -스럽다: 평화 (peace) --- 평화스럽다 (peaceful) 사랑 (love) --- 사랑스습다 (lovely, lovable) 부담 (burden) --- 부담스럽다 (burdensome) 후회 (regret) -- 후회스럽다 (regretful) 자연 (nature) -- 자연스럽다 (natural) 자랑 (boast) -- 자랑스럽다 (proud of) 사치 (luxury) -- 사치스럽다 (luxurious) 여성 (female) -- 여성스럽다 (feminine) Examples: 1. 이 장소는 이 바보가 없다면 매우 평화스러운 곳입니다. This place is very peaceful without this fool. 2. 그 벌레는 나에게 너무 부담스러웠다. That bug was too much/burdensome for me. 3. 앤디 씨는 여자 친구의 얼굴을 사랑스럽다는 듯이 바라보았습니다. Andy looks at his girlfriend in a loving manner. 4. 그렇게 하는 것은 바보스러운 해동입니다. This kind of behavior is silly. 5. 제 친구는 언제나 가족에 대해 자랑스럽게 말해요. My friend always speaks proudly of his family. 6. 이옷은 내겐 사치스러운 것 같아요. These clothes seem too luxurious to me. 7. 민수 씨가 상 탄 걸 아시면, 부모님께서 얼마나 자랑스러워 하시겠어요? If Minsu wins the award, his parents will be proud so much. 8. 이번에는 모두가 나의 우승을 기대고 있어서 부담스럽다. This time, everyone is waiting for my first prize, so I feel burdened.

"for (the sake of), (in order) to" N을/를 위해서 V-기 위해서

for (the sake of), (in order) to ~perform an action for the sake of something Usage: - Used when performing an action for the sake of something or to accomplish something = for (the sake of), (in order) to ... - 위해서 is often shortened to 위해 - N을/를 + 위해서, V + -기 위해서, A + -아/어지기 위해서 Noun + 을/를 위해서: 나라 → 나라를 위해서 (for the sake of the nation) 친구 → 친구를 위해서 (for the sake of my friend) 가족 → 가족을 위해서 (for the sake of my family) 사랑 → 사랑을 위해서 (for my love) 건강 → 건강을 위해서 (for my health) Verb + -기 위해서: 가다 → 가기 위해서 (in order to go) 만나다 → 만나기 위해서 (in order to meet) 듣다 → 듣기 위해서 (in order to hear) 돕다 → 돕기 위해서 (in order to help) 공부하다 → 공부하기 위해서 (in order to study) Adjective + 아/어지기 위해서: 행복하다 → 행복해지기 위해서 (in order to become happy) 건강하다 → 건강해지기 위해서 (in order to become healthy) 따뜻하다 → 따뜻해지기 위해서 (in order to become warm) Examples: 1. 건강해지기 위해서 매일 운동합니다. I exercise everyday to be healthy. 2. 군인은 나라를 위해서 일하는 사람입니다. Soldiers are people who work for their country. 3. 과학자가 되기 위해 열심히 공부한다. I study hard to become a scientist. 4. 시험에 합격하기 위해서 열심히 공부했어요. I studied hard in order to pass the test 5. 먹기 위해서 살아요? 살기 위해서 먹어요? Do you like to eat or do you eat to live? 6. 스마드폰을 사기 위해서 돈을 모았어요. I saved up money to buy a smartphone. 7. 초보자를 위한 영어책. English book for beginners.

A-(으)ㄴ 편이다 V-는 편이다

rather A, tend to V...(than usual) Usage: - State a characteristic in a non-decisive way or a tendency to do something = rather A, tend to V...(than usual) - If a verb precedes this expression, an adverb is often necessary. (example 4, 5, 12) - Negative form: 안 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 편이다 or A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 편이 아니다. (example 7) - Not used for future tense (을 거예요 or 겠다) or obvious characteristic e.g. 키가 185cm 편이에요 (wrong) - If describing a point in the past, A/V-(으)ㄴ 편이다 is used. If describing a past event which occur regularly or continued for a period of time, V-는 편이다 is used. (example 8-11) Tense: Adjective + -(으)ㄴ 편이다 = rather A 싸다 -- 싼 편이다 피곤하다 -- 피곤한 편이다 크다 -- 큰 편이다 느리다 -- 느린 편이다 어럽다 -- 어러운 편이다 Present + Repeated Past: Verb + -는 편이다 = tend to V먹다 -- 먹는 편이다 잘하다 -- 잘하는 편이다 자다 -- 자는 편이다 익숙하다 -- 익숙한 편이다 *열다 -- 여는 편이다 Past: Verb + -는 편이다 = tend to V 일어나다 -- 일어난 편이다 집중하다 -- 집중한 편이다 Examples: 1. 안나 씨가 남자 친구는 체격이 어때요? - 제 남자친구는 키가 크고 조금 통통한 편이에요. Anna, what does your boyfriend look like? - My boyfriend is rather tall and a little chubby. 2. 일본어가 한국어보다 어려운 편이에요. Japanese is rather more difficult than Korean. 3. 우리 동네는 다른 지역에 비해서 집값이 조금 싼 편입니다. The house prices in our neighborhood are rather cheaper than other areas. 4. 저는 아침보다는 저녁에 더 많이 먹는 편이에요. I tend to eat more in the evening than in the morning. 5. 수지 씨 회사 사람들은 회식 을 자주 해요? - 네, 일주일에 한 번씩은 하니까 자주 하는 편이지요. Suzy, do your company people eat out often? - Yes, Since we eat out once a week, so we tend to do that often. 6. 저 친구는 어릴 때는 큰 편이었는데 지금은 그렇게 커 보이지 않아요. That friend was rather bigger than other kids when small, but now he doesn't look that big. 7. 저는 많이 안 먹는 편이에요./ 먹는 편이 아니에요. I don't tend to eat much. 8. 오늘은 다른 때보다 일찍 일어난 편이다. I tend to wake up early than usual today. 9. 오늘 출근 시간에는 길이 안 막힌 편이다. In the rush hour today, the street is rather not jammed than usual. 10. 어렸을 때 공부를 잘하는 편이었어요. When small, I tended to study well. 11. 예날에는 고기를 자주 먹는 면이었어요. Long ago, I tended to eat meat often. 12. 베트남 사람들은 커피에 비해서 녹차를 많이 마시는 편이에요. Vietnamese people tend to drink more green tea than coffee. 13. 오늘은 날씨가 좋은 편이에요. The weather today is rather good. 14. 앤디 씨가 같은 반 친구들에 비해서 한국말을 더 잘하는 것 같아요.- 맞아요. 앤디 씨는 한국 친구들이 많아서 그런지 다른 외국 학생들보다 한국말을 잘하는 편인 것 같아요. I think Andy speaks Korean better than his classmates.- You're right. I think it is because he has a lot of Korean friends, but it seems his Korean is rather better than most of the other foreign students.

Noun + 에다가

에다가 grammar is used just after the noun (noun+ 에다가). "~에" + 다가 -- when referring to adding to a place/thing 에다가 is used in two situations. (1) When adding one thing to another thing. For example: 커피에다가 설탕을 넣으세요. Add sugar into coffee. (2) 에다가 is used when changing place. For example- 화분 에다가 꽃을 심으세요. Plant flowers in a pot. 밥을 냉장고에 넣어 = Put the rice in the fridge 밥을 냉장고에다가 넣어 = Put the rice in the fridge 유리에 붙여 주세요 = Please stick it on the glass 유리에다가 붙여 주세요 = Please stick it on the glass 재료를 그릇에 섞어 = Mix the ingredients in the bowl 재료를 그릇에다가 섞어 = Mix the ingredients in the bowl 돈을 탁자에 놓았어요 = I put the money on the table 돈을 탁자에다가 놓았어요 = I put the money on the table 펜을 어디에 두었어요? = Where did you put/leave the pen? 펜을 어디에다가 두었어요? = Where did you put/leave the pen? 이불을 다 침실에 넣었어요 = I put the blankets in the bedroom 이불을 다 침실에다가 넣었어요 = I put the blankets in the bedroom 팔에 로션을 살짝 발랐어요 = I applied a little bit of lotion (slightly) to my arm 팔에다가 로션을 살짝 발랐어요 = I applied a little bit of lotion (slightly) to my arm 의자를 방 한가운데에 두고 와요 = Put the chair in the middle of the room and come (back) 의자를 방 한가운데에다가 두고 와요 = Put the chair in the middle of the room and come (back)