Semester 1 & 2 AP Euro Review

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 British offensive designed to take some pressure off the defenders at Verdun that saw many lives lost with little gain

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 British statement that declared British support for a National Home for the Jewish people in Palestine

Sergei Kirov

A Bolshevik party member whose assassination ("killed by fascist agents within the party") in 1934 was used by Stalin to justify the Great Purge

Horatio H. Kitchener

A British force, under _______ __ __________, met their foe at Omdurman, where 10,000 poorly armed Sudanese Muslim troops were cut down by the recently invented Maxim machine gun in a battle that killed only 28 Britons. Continuing up the Nile River, his armies found that a small French force had already occupied the village of Fashoda, resulting in a serious diplomatic crisis and threat of war.

Gosplan

A huge State Planning Commission created to set production goals and control flow of raw and finished materials

Battle of Stalingrad

A key Soviet victory during World War II that ended Hitler's effort to conquer the USSR; turning point on the Eastern Front

Palace of Versailles

A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France in Versailles, near Paris.

Stamp Act of 1765

A law passed by Parliament taxing a long list of items, mainly paper-based things like contracts and newspapers

Führer

A leader-dictator title used by Hitler during his reign over Germany

Imre Nagy

A liberal Communist reformer who was installed as the new Prime Minister of Hungary by Students and workers in October 1956. He proposed to democratize the country. He was executed by the Soviets.

José de San Martín

A liberal-minded military commander and South American revolutionary who defeated Spanish forces in Argentina and Chile.

Stream-of-consciousness technique

A literary format that uses interior monologue to explore the human psyche

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that the lands being explored to Europe's west were, in fact, a new continent, so America was named after him.

Council of Trent

A meeting held to discuss and reform practices of the Catholic Church. It reaffirmed some of the core beliefs of the Church while reforming other practices and cracking down on abuses

National Socialism

A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism, led by Adolf Hitler; its adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into World War II.

Fascism

A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist, nationalism, antisocialism, a dynamic leader, and glorification of war and the military

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Existentialism

A philosophy that stresses the meaninglessness of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world; popular on the European continent

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Jacobin Club

A political club in Revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans

Popular Front

A short-lived New Deal-inspired alliance of left wing political groups that launched a far-reaching program of social reform in France

Paris Commune

A socialist takeover of Paris in 1870. It was ultimately crushed by French army forces, but inspired later socialist revolts, such as the Russian Revolution of 1917

water frame

A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill--a factory.

RADAR

A system that uses reflected radio waves to detect objects and measure their distance and speed

Millet System

A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.

Trench warfare

A type of fighting used in WW I behind rows of dug out defensive fortifications, mines, and barbed wire

Hyperinflation

A very rapid rise in the price level of goods; seen in Weimar Germany in the 1920s

Hundred Years' War

A war between France and England that lasted from the middle of the fourteenth century to the middle of the fifteenth. The kings of England invaded France, trying to claim the throne.

Blitzkrieg

"Lightning war"; German strategy of using the air force to bomb the enemy first, quickly followed by mobile tanks (panzers) and troop carriers

Lebensraum

"Living space"; Nazi ideology saying the German race needed room to spread out and grow by taking over regions to the east and replacing "inferior" current occupants

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass"; 1938 pogrom against Jewish communities. Nazi gangs smashed Jewish stores, burned synagogues, and killed dozens of Jews

Vichy France

"Puppet" government in southern France; basically run by Germany during the German occupation of the rest of France

Gulag

"Re-education camps"; forced labor camps used by the Soviet regime to punish political opponents

il Duce

"The Leader"; Mussolini's nickname as the strongman of Italy

Mensheviks

"minority group," who wanted a more democratic, reformist party with mass membership.

Nonalignment

Policy of postcolonial governments to remain neutral in the Cold War and play both the United States and the Soviet Union for what they could get.

Marie Curie

Polish physicist who discovered radium constantly emits subatomic particles and thus does not have an atomic weight

Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)

Portion of Germany aligned with the US

German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

Portion of Germany aligned with the USSR

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain who led the first expedition around the world.

Displaced persons

Postwar refugees, including 13 million Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced laborers, and orphaned children

New Deal

Pres. F.D. Roosevelt's plan to reform capitalism in order to preserve it in the face of high unemployment and bank failures of the Great Depression

President Hindenburg

President of the German Reich. After the Reichstag fire was blamed on Communists, he was convinced to sign emergency acts to abolish freedom of speech and assembly, among other liberties.

Hideki Tojo

Prime Minister of Japan for much of WWII

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of the UK from 1940-1945

Functionalism

Principle that buildings should serve as well as possible the purpose for which they were made, without excessive ornamentation

Alsace-Lorraine

Provinces along the French-German border that were ceded to the Germans after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71

Schleswig-Holstein

Provinces of Denmark that were majority German and were "liberated" by Austria and Prussia in 1864

Sigmund Freud

Psychologist who said human behavior was basically irrational, governed by the unconscious

Prince Henry the Navigator

Pushed Portuguese efforts to explore a sea route around Africa in order to reach Asia

Belgium

Put up a fight against Germany in 1914, delaying the Schlieffen Plan and contributing to its ultimate failure

Thirty Years' War

A war waged in the early seventeenth century that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany. The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Wealth of Nations (1776)

Adam Smith's influential treatise on how the economies of countries should work. The basis of economic liberalism.

Bretton Woods Agreement

Agreement in 1944 that linked Western currencies to the US dollar and established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to facilitate free markets and world trade.

T.E. Lawrence

Aided Hussein in 1917 in a successful guerrilla war against the Turks on the Arabian peninsula

Czarevitch Alexis

Alexandra and Nicholas's son who had hemophilia and was supposedly healed by Rasputin. He was heir to the throne.

Operation Torch

Allied forces invaded North Africa from the west, trapping Axis troops in the middle of Brits coming from the east. Helped take N. Africa, which will be used as a launching pad toward Italy

1st Battle of the Marne

Allied victory early in the war that halted the Schlieffen Plan and began a stalemate on the Western Front. Associated with the Parisian taxis used to shuttle troops to the battle

General Paul von Hindenburg

Along with Erich Ludendorff, established a military dictatorship in Germany and called for the ultimate mobilization for total war

General Erich Ludendorff

Along with Paul von Hindenburg, established a military dictatorship in Germany and called for the ultimate mobilization for total war

Truman Doctrine

America's policy geared to containing communism to those countries already under Soviet control.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe; architect of the D-Day invasions

Benjamin Franklin

American ambassador to Paris during the war. He was an overall intelligent Enlightenment thinker

Battle of Iwo Jima

American amphibious invasion during World War II stemmed from the need for a base near the Japanese coast. Following elaborate preparatory air and naval bombardment, three U.S. marine divisions landed on the island in February 1945. This place was defended by roughly 23,000 Japanese army and navy troops, who fought from an elaborate network of caves, dugouts, tunnels and underground installations. Despite the difficulty of the conditions, the marines wiped out the defending forces after a month of fighting, and the battle earned a place in American lore with the publication of a photograph showing the U.S. flag being raised in victory.

General Douglas MacArthur

American general best known for his command of Allied forces in the Pacific Theater during World War II.

2.5

Amount, in billions of gold marks, the Germans were expected to pay the Allies in reparations each year

Dadaism

An artistic movement of the 1920s & 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct

Guild system

An association of merchants or artisans that oversees the practice of a particular craft in that town

COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)

An economic organization of Communist states intended to rebuild the East Bloc independently of the West

Revisionism

An effort by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the time.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Austrian philosopher who later immigrated to England and brought with his logical positivist ideas. "Of what one cannot speak, of that one must keep silent"

Marie Antoinette

Austrian princess that became the Queen of France; was hated by most people and was executed

Friedrich Engels

Author of "The Condition of the Working Class in England" and co-author of "The Communist Manifesto" with Karl Marx

Adam Smith

Author of "The Wealth of Nations" and father of capitalism

Thomas Malthus

Author of the "Essay on the Principle of Population" which argued that population was outgrowing food supply

Thomas Paine

Author of the influential pamphlet "Common Sense", he proposed that the island of Britain was too small a body to rule over the large colonial territory

Guomingdang (National People's Party)

Authoritarian party led by Jian Jeishi (Chaing Kai-shek)

Class-conciousness

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social & economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes

Corn Laws

British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.

Combination Acts

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business owners over skilled artisans

Cecil Rhodes

British military commander who believed in expansion and founded the De Beers Mining Company

Appeasement

British policy granting concessions to Hitler in order to avoid war

Rudyard Kipling

British writer who wrote of "The White Man's Burden" and justified imperialism

V.I. Lenin

By spring 1921, _____ and the Bolsheviks had won the civil war. He decided to switch from War Communism to the New Economic Policy (NEP). He died in 1924 following a series of strokes and did not leave a chosen successor.

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

Cornelius Jansen

Catholic bishop of Ypres who called for a return to the austere, strict Christianity of St. Augustine. Accepted predestination was outlawed by Rome

Christian Democrats

Center-right political parties that rose to power in Western Europe after WW II

Heinrich Brüning

Chancellor of Germany who tried cutting back spending and balancing the budget and forcing down prices and wages to help bring Germany out of the Great Depression. This tactics did not work.

Louis Philippe

Charles's cousin who was seated by the upper middle class. He was concerned with the middle class and often favored them over the other classes.

Robert Jackson

Chief US prosecutor at Nuremberg

Red Chinese

Chinese Communists under Mao Zedong who began building a new society that adapted Marxism to Chinese Conditions.

Sun Yatsen

Chinese revolutionary, first president and founding father of the Republic of China

Guangzhou (Canton)

Chinese trade regulation required all foreign merchants to live in the southern port of _________.

Second Battle of El-Alamein

Churchill would later call this battle the "Hinge of Fate." It turned the tide of the war as British forces began pushing Germans back from the east.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945.

St. Petersburg

City in Russia founded by Tsar Peter the Great; From 1713-1728 and 1732 - 1918, it was the capital of imperial Russia

War of the Roses

Civil war for the English crown between the York (white) and Lancaster (red) families

Weimar Republic

Civilian government in Germany that replaced William II and the imperial gov't in 1918. Forced to accept the Treaty of Versailles

War Guilt Clause

Clause in the Treaty of Versailles that forced Germany to accept blame for starting World War I and therefore had to pay astronomical reparations

Atlantic Wall

Coastal defense built by Nazis surrounding coast of Europe and Scandinavia, designed to repel invasion by the Allies in Western Europe

Big Science

Combination of theoretical work with sophisticated engineering in a large bureaucratic organization to increase funding for technological advancements

Matthew Perry

Commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa. Practiced gun boat diplomacy

Korean War

Communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950. This war kept Korea divided. It further stimulated economic growth.

Josip Broz Tito

Communist chief of Yugoslavia who stood up to Stalin in 1948 and kept his country independent of the Soviet Bloc

Potsdam Conference

Conference in July 1945. Demands for free elections (refused by Stalin), turn attention to the defeat of Japan

Tehran Conference

Conference in November of 1943. Talked about strategies to win the war, Germany first then Japan, and advocated for a second front in France.

Opium Wars

Conflict between Britain and China in 1839 over the opening of China to foreign trade; Britain wins and China weakens

Crimean War

Conflict from 1853-56 that featured an alliance of GB, France, Ottoman Empire, & Sardinia defeating Russia

Total war

Conflict in which all a country's resources go to the war effort. Distinctions between soldier & civilian are blurred, gov'ts plan and control the economy & social life

Seven Years' War

Conflict that succeeded the War of Austrian Succession. In this war, Austria tried to win back Silesia, while France took on Britain across the globe, notably the French & Indian War in North America

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Conservative foreign minister of Austria and the architect of the Congress of Vienna

Sultan Abdülhamid II

Conservatives detested the religious reforms' departure from Islamic tradition and threw their support to ______ __________ __, who abandoned the model of European liberalism in his long and repressive reign.

Cartesian Dualism

Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.

Afrikaners

Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa

Walter Gropius

Designed the Fagus shoe factory. Glass façade and cube-like feel are new architectural elements. ________ founded the Bauhaus, a school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading architects, designers, and theatrical innovators.

Orientalism

Discourse that positions the West as culturally superior to the East

Isaac Newton

Discovered the law of universal gravitation as well as the concepts of centripetal force and acceleration. His great accomplishment was a single explanatory system that could integrate the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler's laws with the physics of Galileo and his predecessors.

Triumph of the Will

Documentary based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg

Cornelius Vermuyden

Dutch engineer who created new farmlands by draining swamps in the Dutch Republic & England

Erasmus

Dutch, believed all Christians should read the bible, wrote the education of a Christian Prince and the Praise of Folly, thought that education is the means to reform and Christianity is an inner attitude of the heart and spirit

Rasputin

Eccentric monk assassinated because of his corrupt influence on the Russian royal family

John Maynard Keynes

Economist who famously denounced the Treaty of Versailles, saying it would impoverish Germany, encourage Bolshevism, and hurt all countries

David Ricardo

Economist who posited that because of pop. growth, wages would always sink to subsistence levels... the "iron law of wages"

Theory of special relativity

Einstein's theory that time and space are relative to the observer and that only the speed of light remains constant

Olaudah Equiano

Former slave who won fame by publishing his autobiography in England

Theodor Herzl

Founder of the Zionist movement

War Raw Materials Board

Rationed and distributed raw materials. Every useful material from foreign oil to barnyard manure was inventoried and rationed. Launched successful attempts to produce substitutes for scarce war supplies. Food was rationed in accordance with physical need.

Ego

Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society

Id

Freud's term for our inborn basic drives

Herbert Hoover

Reacted to the Great Depression with dogged optimism and limited action.

Sudetenland

Region of Czechoslovakia containing many ethnic Germans. Hitler demanded it and it was handed over to him at the Munich Conference

John Calvin

Religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Northern Renaissance

Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps. Before 1497, Italian Renaissance humanism had little influence outside Italy. From the late 15th century, its ideas spread around Europe.

Charles de Gaulle

Resigned from provisional gov't in France in 1946. He was reelected French president in 1958. He was reinstated as Prime Minister of France in 1962 and calmed the situation in Algeria.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy. The first two will make up the core of the Central Powers in WW I

Red Shirts

Giuseppe Garibaldi's band of 1,000 patriotic guerrilla freedom fighters in Italy

Works Progress Administration

Gov't agency that constructed infrastructure in order to put people to work.

Guest worker programs

Government-run programs in western Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy.

Galileo Galilei

Great achievement was the elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method. He discovered that a uniform force produced a uniform acceleration and formulated the law of inertia.

Luddites

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England, smashing machines they believed were putting them out of work

Consumer Revolution

Growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in North West Europe in latter 18th century

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Guaranteed liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression to all free Frenchmen

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

He was assassinated on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia. His death was the spark that ignited the war.

Henry M. Stanley

He was sent by Leopold to the Congo basin, where he established trading stations, signed unfair treaties with African chiefs, and planted the Belgian flag.

Alexander Ypsilanti

Hero of Greek independence in the 1820s. He was a general in the Russian army who helped organize revolts against the Ottomans, but died before Greece won its independence

General Francisco Franco

Hitler intervened in the Spanish Civil war to help _______ ___________ _______ and the revolutionary Fascists defeat the republican government.

SA

Hitler's "storm troopers" or "brown shirts"; a paramilitary group used violence to intimidate political opponents

Mein Kampf

Hitler's autobiographical book outlining his ideology as well as his future plans

SS

Hitler's personal elite bodyguard; would grow after the Night of Long Knives and would eventually take over responsibility for carrying out concentration camp system

New Order

Hitler's program based on racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position; and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans."

Lin Zexu

In 1839, the Chinese government sent special envoy ___ ____ to Guangzhou to deal with drug dealers. He punished Chinese who purchased opium and seized the opium supplies of the British merchants, who then withdrew to the barren island of Hong Kong.

Eduard Berstein

Revisionist socialist who wrote "Evolutionary Socialism" to encourage a change in socialist tactics to be more gradualist and less violent

Qing (Manchu) Dynasty

In 1860 the two-hundred-year-old ____ Dynasty in China appeared on the verge of collapse; efforts to repel foreigners had failed, and rebellion and chaos wracked the country.

Alfred Dreyfus

In 1894, a Jewish captain in the French army was falsely accused and convicted of treason, an action that was supported by anti-Semites and most of the Catholic establishment and opposed by civil libertarians and most of the more radical republicans.

Cold War

Rivalry between the US & USSR that divided much of Europe into a Soviet-aligned Communist bloc and a US-aligned capitalist bloc from 1945-1989

White Man's Burden

Rudyard Kipling's well known poem that is understood as a forceful if somewhat anxious justification for Western imperialism.

Czar Alexander II

Ruler of Russia who freed the serfs in 1861 following a disastrous showing at the Crimean War. He would be assassinated by radicals in 1881.

Czar Alexander III

Ruler who imposed strict censorship codes and oppressed minority groups to establish a uniform Russian culture. Tried to avoid the fate of his father.

Czar Nicholas I of Russia

Russian emperor, often considered the personification of classic autocracy; for his reactionary policies, he has been called the emperor who froze Russia for 30 years

Alexander Kerensky

Russian lawyer and politician who served as the minister of the Russian Provisional Government. Big mistake was remaining in WW I

"Night of the Long Knives"

SA leaders arrested and executed on June 30, 1934 by Schutzstaffel (SS = black-shirted elite soldiers of Hitler's personal bodyguard). They were led by Heinrich Himmler. purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler on June 30, 1934. Fearing that the paramilitary SA had become too powerful, Hitler ordered his elite SS guards to murder the organization's leaders, including Ernst Röhm.

Simone de Beauvoir

Satre's life-long intellectual partner and extentialist; An important feminist in the modern feminist movement

Petrarch

Saw the 14th century as a new golden age and revival of ancient Roman culture, admired Livy and wrote a letter to him

Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916

Secret deal between Britain and France that agreed that Ottoman territories would be administered by European powers in what will later be called the mandate system.

Home Rule

Self-government

Adelheid Popp

Self-taught working woman who became an influential socialist leader and editor of German socialist newspaper.

John Kay

Inventor of the flying shuttle, which allowed weavers to work more quickly on their looms

Guglielmo Marconi

Inventor of the radio

Tewfiq

Ismail's weak son who took over his father's throne

King Leopold II of Belgium

Sent explorers to the Congo, which set off a scramble for African territory among the Europeans

Declaration of Independence

Issued in July 1776, this compiled list of grievances against the English government also said that all men are created equal with rights to life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness

Black Shirts

Italian Fascist members of Mussolini's combat squads who attacked anyone who disagreed with their party.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy. Led a failed revolution in 1848 that briefly established a republic in Rome.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot and leader of the Red Shirts whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state

Benito Mussolini

Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and created Fascism

Lorenzo d' Medici

Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, who was the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of the Renaissance.

Vittorio Orlando

Italian statesman and prime minister during the concluding years of World War I and head of his country's delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference.

December 7, 1941

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which brought the US into World War II, happened on this date

Nagasaki

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped on August 9, 1945

Walter Rathenau

Jewish industrialist; Under him the War Raw Materials Board launched successful attempts to produce substitutes, such as synthetic rubber and nitrates for scarce war supplies

Louis Blanc

Journalist who urged workers to agitate for universal voting rights and take control of the state peacefully. He also pushed for the government to set up workshops to guarantee full employment

Otto von Bismarck

Jules Ferry of France and ____ ___ _______ of Germany arranged an international conference on Africa in Berlin in 1884.

"Secret Speech"

Khrushchev denounced Stalin for abuses of power in front of Communist delegates at the 20th Party Congress in 1956

Leonid Brezhnev

Khrushchev's successor. Under him the USSR began a period of limited re-Stalinization and economic stagnation. He talked about Stalin's "good points" and downplayed his crimes. Launched a massive arms buildup to catch up to, and ultimately surpass, the American arsenal.

Victor Emmanuel III

King of Italy who gave Mussolini legitimacy as dictator

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Russian emperor and last of the Romanov Dynasty. He was forced to abdicate in the February Revolution

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish for a fake ransom; won the civil war against his brother

Battle of the Bulge

Last-ditch effort by Nazis to repel Allied advance into Germany

Hundred Days of Reform

Launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet foreign challenge

Enabling Act

Law pushed through the Reichstag that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for 4 years

Mustafa Kemal

Leader of Turkish nationalists who overthrew the last Ottoman sultan and held off Western forces trying to dismember their country after WW I

V. I. Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks. His slogan of "Peace, Land, & Bread" galvanized many Russians against the Provisional Gov't. First premier of the USSR

Heinrich Himmler

Leader of the SS and given task of organizing and executing the Holocaust

Mao Zedong

Led the Chinese Communists in the Chinese Civil War. He was supported by a popular grassroots uprising among peasants who wanted land reform and Soviet aid. He was able to defeat Jiang.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 law to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of econ. disintegration; replaced war communism

Bolsheviks

Lenin's radical, revolutionary arm of the Russian part of Marxist socialism, which successfully installed a dictatorial socialist regime in Russia.

Prime Minister William Gladstone

Liberal Prime Minister of Ireland who introduced bills to give Ireland self-government in 1866 and in 1893, both of which failed to pass.

Industrious Revolution

Shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing good for household consumption

Suleiman

Sultan during the Ottoman golden age; extended his rule deep into Europe

Lusitania

Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 129 American killed. Forced Germany to stop unrestricted submarine warfare until 1917.

"The Blitz"

Sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1941, including a span of 57-consecutive nights of bombings in London by the Luftwaffe

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss Priest; believed everyone should read the bible

Holocaust

Systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and other groups deemed "undesirable"

Leni Riefenstahl

Talented German filmmaker. Her propaganda films, Triumph of the Will & Olympia, brought her worldwide attention and acclaim

Economic miracle

Term used to describe the rapid growth, often based in the consumer sector, in post-WW II Western Europe

Alsace and Lorraine

Territories along the French-German border won by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Territories annexed by Austria in 1908, causing Serbia to get angry and challenge A-H to the brink of war.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 peace settlement that ended war between Germany and the Allied powers.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The Enlightenment thinker who wrote "Emile" about how education should involve more exploration of the natural world, in addition to book learning

Louis XVI

The French king during the French Rev; he ran away and was seen before crossing the border; he was powerless and seen as a traitor

Karl Marx

The German intellectual who wove the diffuse strands of socialist thought into a distinctly modern ideology, Marxist socialism--or Marxism. He argued that class struggle over economic wealth produced change in human history; one class had always exploited the other, and with the advent of modern industry, society was split between the upper class--the bourgeoisie--and the working class--the proletariat. German philosopher who co-authored "The Communist Manifesto" and spread his vision of "scientific socialism" throughout Europe

Simon Bolivar

The Latin American George Washington known as "El Liberdator" as he helped several regions break away from Spain. He created the short-lived "Gran Colombia" and served as its president

David Lloyd George

The Liberal Party, inspired by _____ _____ ______, enacted the People's Budget and substantially raised taxes on the rich; this income helped the government pay for national health insurance, unemployment benefits, old-age pensions, and a host of other social measures.

Gavrilo Princep

The Serbian assassin of the Austrian heir in 1914

Serbians

Members of the "Black Hand" who went to Sarajevo, Bosnia to assassinate Franz Ferdinand were of this nationality

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance among the USSR and its Communist satellite states

Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Mary Cassatt

Most famous impressionist painters

Battle of Sadowa

Most important conflict in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that saw Prussia win decisively

God, glory, and gold

Motivations for explorers

Ismail

Muhammad Ali's grandson. He was a westernizing autocrat who promoted large irrigation networks, which boosted cotton production and exports to Europe, and supported the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869.

Sultan Mahmud II

Ottoman Sultan; his dynasty survived because Britain and other European powers preferred a weak and dependent Ottoman Empire to a strong, economically independent state under Muhammad Ali and thus allied with the Ottomans to discipline Ali.

Muhammad Ali

Ottoman viceroy who seized power in Egypt and established a separate Egyptian state. Modernized the state and attempted to take down the sultan in the 1830s

Edward Said

Palestinian professor of culture studies, wrote "Orientalism" (1978)

Volksgemeinschaft

People's community; the Nazi racial community, united by blood and culture

97

Percentage of Frenchmen who voted to make Louis Napoleon the French emperor in 1853

40

Percentage of adults in Britain in the 1930s who went to the cinema at least once a week

75

Percentage of homes in UK & Germany in the late 1930s with a radio

30

Percentage of people in 1933 in the USA who were out of work

20

Percentage of the US labor force that worked for the Works Progress Admin. at some point in the 1930s.

Victor Hugo

Perhaps the most influential romantic writer of France, author of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" and "Les Miserables"

Humanism

Philosophy that celebrates human cultural achievements and emphasizes human reason and ethics.

Mandate system

Plan following the end of WW I to allow Britain & France to administer former Ottoman territories, rather than granting those territories independence

Stadtholder

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange.

Maxim machine gun

The first automatic machine gun; invention that allowed conquest of the interior of Africa

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States introduced in 1783. It did not develop a strong enough central government or create enough tax revenue to sustain itself beyond 1789.

Kaiser William I

The first ruler of the Second Reich established in January 1871

1914

The first year of WW I

Collectivization of agriculture

The forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state-controlled enterprises in the USSR under Stalin

Charles Tallyrand

The foreign minister of France

Robert Castlereagh

The foreign minister of Great Britain

Global mass migration

The mass movement of people from Europe in the nineteenth century; one reason that the West's impact on the world was so powerful and many sided.

Battle of Sedan

The most important conflict of the Franco-Prussian War, at which Napoleon III was captured

Enclosure

The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming & pasture

Viceroyalties

The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.

National self-determination

The notion that peoples should be able to choose their own national governments through democratic majority-rule elections and live free from outside interference in nation-states with clearly defined borders.

Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95

The parallel movement toward domestic reform and limited cooperation with the West collapsed under the harsh peace treaty that followed China's defeat in the ______________________________.

Superego

The part of the personality in Freud's theory that is responsible for making moral choices based on internalized cultural or parental standards

Reign of Terror

The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed

Postcolonial migration

The postwar movement of people from former colonies and the developing world into Europe.

Decolonization

The postwar reversal of Europe's overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the declining power of European nations, and the freedoms promised by US and Soviet ideals.

Pablo Picasso

The premier artist of cubism - a highly analytical approach to art concentrated on complex geometry

Virtú

The quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will

Louis XIV

The quintessential absolute monarch; I am the state; the Sun King; at war all the time; Versailles; hated nobles because of Le Fronde; spent so much money that even Colbert could not save him

Reconquista

The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492.

Great Rebellion (Sepoy Rebellion of 1857; Indian Rebellion of 1857)

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs as well as rule by the English more generally

Illegitimacy Explosion

The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred between 1750-1850 caused by low wages & a breakdown of community controls

Liberty, equality, fraternity

The slogan of the French revolutionaries

Edward VI

The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour; only reigned 6 years; pro-Anglican; book of Common prayer written during his reign

What is the Third Estate?

The third estate is everything, the third estate is currently nothing, the third estate wants to be something

Proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

Gunboat Diplomacy

The use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements; similar to brinkmanship

Muhammad Ali

The viceroy of Egypt who modernized the region and threatened to depose the sultan in the 1830s before the western powers stepped in to prop up the weak Sultans Mahmud II and Abdul Mejid

Iron Law of Wages

Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.

Jane Seymour

Third wife of Henry VIII who gave birth to Edward VI and died during childbirth

Mercantilism

national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and especially to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver

Berlin Blockade

one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control.

Brinkmanship

the art or practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety before stopping, typically in politics.

Skepticism

the doubt that absolute "rightness" is ever attainable

Battle of Okinawa

the last major battle of World War II, and one of the bloodiest. On April 1, 1945—Easter Sunday—the Navy's Fifth Fleet and more than 180,000 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps troops descended on the Pacific island of _________ for a final push towards Japan. The invasion was part of Operation Iceberg, a complex plan to invade and occupy the Ryukyu Islands, including _______.

Hohenzollern Dynasty

the ruling house of Brandenburg-Prussia (1415-1918) and of imperial Germany

Island Hopping

the strategy employed by the United States to gain military bases and secure the many small islands in the Pacific.

Fur-collar crime

those higher up the social scale prey on those who are less well-off

Restoration of the English Monarchy

took place in the Stuart period. It began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under King Charles II

Dutch East India Company

trading company founded in the Dutch Republic in 1602 to protect that state's trade in the Indian Ocean and to assist in the Dutch war of independence from Spain

Ivan III the Great

tripled the territory of Russia

Defenestration of Prague

two Catholic deputies to the Bohemian national assembly and a secretary were tossed out the window (into a moat) of the castle of Hradshin by Protestant radicals. It marked the start of the Thirty Years War.

Pope Martin V

unanimously elected pope in a conclave held during the Council of Constance, which had been called to end the Great Schism, a split in the Western church caused by multiple claimants to the papacy.

Pogrom

violent attack on a minority group, often a Jewish community

Pope Paul III

This was the Pope that called the Council of Trent

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet attacking British rule in North America & monarchy in general, and proposing American independence

William III of Orange and Mary

Took over England after Glorious Revolution

James I

Took over after Elizabeth I; divine right; hated Parliament because he believed was appointed by God

Warsaw Uprising

Tragic miscalculation as a rebellion in Poland ended with rebels being crushed by Nazis as Soviets waited to take over the city

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917 Document that announced the withdrawal of Russia from WWI

Permanent Revolution

Trotsky's doctrine that socialism in the Soviet Union could succeed only if a socialist revolution swept through Europe.

Greek Civil War

Truman asked Congress to provide military aid to anticommunist forces. With American support, they resisted communism and remained in the Western Bloc.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President during WWI. Served 1913-1920. Kept America neutral until 1917. His plan for the post-War world was called the 14 Points, and included measures for collective security and a lasting peace

Franklin D. Roosevelt

U.S. President who condemned the belligerent attacks on Japan made in Asia. Said December 7, 1941 (Pearl Harbor) would be a "date which would live in infamy." Died on April 12 and is succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

U.S. President who condemned the belligerent attacks on Japan made in Asia. Said December 7, 1941 (Pearl Harbor) would be a "date which would live in infamy." Died on April 12 and is succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman.

George Marshall

US Secretary of State who offered an economic package to help Europe rebuild after WWII.

John F. Kennedy

US president who reaffirmed US commitment to never abandon Berlin. When Khrushchev ordered missiles with nuclear warheads to be installed in Castro's Cuba, he responded with a naval blockade of Cuba.

Vincenzo Gioberti

a Catholic priest who called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope, an idea that received initial cautious support from Pius IX

Alfred von Schlieffen

a German field marshal and strategist who served as chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906. He came up with the Schlieffen plan.

David Livingstone

a Scottish Christian Congregationalist, pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society, an explorer in Africa, and one of the most popular British heroes of the late-19th-century in the Victorian era.

Scorched-earth strategy

a military strategy of burning or destroying buildings, crops, or other resources that might be of use to an invading enemy force.

Midwives

a person (typically a woman) trained to assist women in childbirth.

Healers

a person who claims to be able to cure a disease or injury using special powers

Immigrants

a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

Emigrants

a person who leaves their own country in order to settle permanently in another

Apothecaries

a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs.

General George Patton

a senior officer of the United States Army who commanded the U.S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean and European theaters of World War II, but is best known for his leadership of the U.S. Third Army in France and Germany following the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944.

English Civil War

a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") over, principally, the manner of England's government.

Peace of Westphalia 1648

a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession within the Holy Roman Empire

Spinning jenny

a simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765

Rudolphine Tables

a star catalogue and planetary tables published by Johannes Kepler in 1627, using some observational data collected by Tycho Brahe

Joseph II

abolished serfdom and decreed that peasants could pay landlords in cash rather than through labor on their land.

Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness

castigated the "pure selfishness" of Europeans in supposedly civilizing Africa.

Voltaire

challenged traditional Catholic theology, as well as the optimism of philosophers. He mixed the glorification of science and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions.

Empress dowager Tzu Hsi

combined shrewd insight with vigorous action to revitalize the bureaucracy and led a palace coup that imprisoned the emperor, rejected the reform movement, and put reactionary officials in charge.

Leon Trotsky

convinced the Petrograd Soviet​ to form a special military-revolutionary committee in October and make him its leader, which placed military power in the capital in Bolshevik hands. Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army during the Russian Civil War. "Permanent revolution" proponent

Baron de Montesquieu

his theory of the separation of powers was fundamental to how many people viewed government

Leopold II

influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment and was determined to construct an efficient state apparatus at the expense of feudal interests. During his 25-year reign over the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, he rationalized his states' taxation and tariff systems and encouraged the development of representative institutions

Maria Theresa

initiated church reform, a series of administrative renovations which strengthened the central bureaucracy, and improved the agricultural population.

Charles II

invited back to England from exile in France, attempted to conciliate Parliament by creating an advisory council of five men who were also members of Parliament

Kurt von Schuschnigg

Austrian chancellor who tried to resist Nazi encroachment, but could not prevent his country from being taken over by Hitler

Neville Chamberlain

British Prime Minister who gave in to Hitler's demands in 1930s in order to preserve peace

Blousen noirs

(Black Jackets) French youth inspired by James Dean and Marlon Brando who had rebellious clothing and cynical attitudes.

Boer War

1899-1902; a war in which the British defeated Dutch Boers in South Africa

Putting-out system

18th-century method of distributing materials to workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant capitalist

Lateran Agreement

1929 agreement in which Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent state, and gave it heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope

Nuremberg Laws

1935 statutes defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Battle of Verdun

A German offensive in 1916 that cost 700,000 lives while gaining virtually no territory

King Otto I of Greece

A German prince who was a descendant of Greek royalty (including the Comnenus dynasty), he became the first king of a newly independent Greece

Methodism

A Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, whose members were known for pious devotion

Pietism

A Protestant revival movement that emphasized a warm & emotional religion & the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

People's Budget

A bill to increase social welfare spending in Britain by taxing the rich more and setting up pensions and national health insurance

Continental System

A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military

Wet-nursing

A business in which women were paid to breast-feed other women's babies

Meiji Restoration

A chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji; resulted in modernization of the country

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict fought over Korea, and a loss for the Russians. It marked the first time that an eastern nation defeated one of Europe's great powers

Dreyfus Affair

A divisive case in which a Jewish captain was falsely accused of treason. Brought forth anti-Semitism among some and resulted in a greater separation of church & state in France

Indulgence

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.

Quinine

A drug used for fighting malaria and other fevers; allowed for the conquest of Africa

Nuclear Family

A family group consisting of parents & their children with no other relatives

Cheka

A fearsome secret police that was dedicated to suppressing counter-revolutionaries of all types, including clergymen, aristocrats and wealthy Russian bourgeoisie, deserters from the Red Army, and political opponents of all kinds.

Separate Spheres

A gender division of labor with the wife at home and the husband as wage earner outside the home

Tariff protection

A government's way to aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries

Conciliarists

A group of church members who believed that a council had the power to elect and depose of popes.

Neocolonialism

A postcolonial system that perpetuates Western economic exploitation in former colonial territories.

Eugenics

A pseudoscientific doctrine that says selective breeding of humans can improve the general characteristics of a national population; helped inspire Nazi ideology of "race and space"

Totalitarianism

A radical dictatorship that exercises complete claims over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of econ, social, intellectual, & cultural aspects of society

Henry Labouchére's Brown Man's Burden

A satire of Kipling's The White Man's Burden

Ptolemy's Geography

A second century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude

Jansenism

A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin & accepted predestination

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain & British colonies

"great purge"

A series of show trials in the late 1930s in which false evidence was used to incriminate party administrators and Red Army leaders under Stalin's watch

Tanzimat

A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a Western European model

John Wesley

An Anglican priest who founded Methodism to spread a message of conversion & salvation for all

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

An English aristocrat who brought the practice of inoculation back to England from the Ottoman Empire in the 1720s

Heinrich von Treitschke

An influential nationalist historian of Germany who wrote: "Every virile people has established colonial power... All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to come."

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An international agreement signed by 15 countries in 1928 to renounce war as an instrument of foreign policy and settle disputes peacefully

Battle of Gallipoli

An offensive against the Ottomans by British, French, and ANZAC troops. Failed to secure the Dardanelles

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

Whites

Anti-Bolshevik coalition in the Russian Civil War

NATO

Anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

Architect of Italian unification. He set up a nominally democratic government headed by King Victor Emmanuel II after bringing the Italian states together in 1860.

Modernism

Artistic and cultural movements of the late 1800s /early 1900s typified by radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of expression

Socialist realism

Artistic movement that followed the dictates of the Communist ideals, enforced by state control in the USSR and East Bloc countries in the 1950s and 60s

Surrealism

Artistic style influenced by Freudian psychology, portraying images of the unconscious and attempting to call attention to the bankruptcy of mainstream society in order to change the world

Impressionism

Artistic style whose adherents looked to the world around them for subject matter and tried to portray their sensory "impressions" in their work

ANZAC forces

Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, combined corps that served with distinction in World War I during the ill-fated 1915 Gallipoli Campaign, an attempt to capture the Dardanelles from Turkey.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implemented Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust.

Battle of Britain

Battle fought in the air between the Luftwaffe and the Royal Air Force (RAF). Hitler started with military targets, but soon started indiscriminate bombing of British cities. The RAF started taking down German planes at a rate of 3:1, and Germany backed off. This battle was won using RADAR and breaking the German Enigma code. Through this battle, the Nazis hoped to gain control of the air and break British morale.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Became India's prime minister after India's independence. He believed in nonalignment.

Napoleon III aka Louis Napoleon

Became emperor of France in 1852; presided over the modernization of Paris. Ultimately would be captured and forced into exile as a result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71.

Harry S Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Harry S. Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Logical Positivism

Belief that a concept is meaningful only if it can be empirically verified, and therefore rejects most of the concerns of traditional philosophy as nonsense; popular in English-speaking countries

Kulaks

Better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's campaign against the Catholic Church to undermine Catholics' loyalty to the pope in favor of the Kaiser

Reds

Bolsheviks and their supporters in the Russian Civil War

Royal Air Force (RAF)

British Air Force

David Lloyd George

British PM during WWI. During the Paris Peace Conference, he was concerned with maintaining the British Empire

Sultan Abdul Mejid

Created the Imperial Rescript of 1856, which called for equality before the law regardless of religious faith, a modernized administration and army, and private ownership of land.

Leonardo da Vinci

Created the Mona Lisa, the Last supper, the most famous artist of all time

Michel de Montaigne

Created the genre "essay"; lived during religious wars and overseas expansion; created skepticism; rejected superiority of one culture or race

Fidel Castro

Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008

Czarina Alexandra

Czar Nicholas II traveled to the front in order to lead and rally Russia's armies, leaving the government in the hands of his wife. She arbitrarily dismissed loyal political advisers and turned to her court favorite, the disreputable and unpopular Rasputin​.

Soren Kierkegaard

Danish theologian who wrote that it was impossible to prove the existence of God, but that people must take a leap of faith and accept God

June 6, 1944

Date of D-Day; A turning point of WW II at which Allied forces successfully opened up a front on French soil by taking the Normandy beaches

Mary Tudor

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; She was very Catholic and tried to turn England back to Catholicism

Otto von Bismarck

Declared after 1871 that Germany was a "satisfied" power that had no territorial ambitions and wanted only peace; his first concern was to keep and embittered France diplomatically isolated and without allies. Another concern of his was the threat to peace posed by the multinational empires of Austria-Hungary and Russia, particularly in southeaster Europe, where the waning strength of the Ottoman Empire was creating a power vacuum in the Balkans. His accomplishments in foreign policy were great, but his carefully planned alliance system began to unravel after the new German emperor William II dismissed him in 1890.fr

Cardinal Richelieu

Declared war on Spain, their long rival during 30 years war; he was Catholic but cared more about beating Spain; Chief minster to Louis XIII, increased royal power, wiped out Protestantism in France, but internationally didn't care about religion

Ho Chi Minh

Defeated the French army fighting in Vietnam in 1954.

Charivari

Degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior & maintain moral standards

Halie Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise, took the middle path to solve problems

English East India Company

English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India

Edward Jenner

English doctor who developed a smallpox vaccine in the 1790s

James Cook

English explorer who claimed the east coast of Australia in 1770. He would later be killed in the Hawaiian islands in 1779, after charting much of the Pacific Ocean

Thomas More

English humanist who described an ideal society in Utopia

Daniel Defoe

English novelist & economic writer who enthusiastically endorsed cottage industry as a way for people to supplement their family incomes

Vera Brittain

English war nurse who wrote an autobiography called Testament of Youth

National Liberation Front

Established by the Algerian rebels and revolted against French colonialism in the early 1950s.

Tycho Brahe

Established himself as Europe's leading astronomer and made detailed observations of the new star of 1572. He collected mass amounts of data while trying to create new and improved tables of planetary motion.

Armenians

Ethnic group in the Ottoman Empire who were largely Christian. When they supported Russians invading that territory, the Ottomans killed and deported them in large numbers, resulting in an ethnic cleansing

blood sports

Events that involved inflicting violence, usually on animals, that were popular during the 18th century with the European masses

Johannes Kepler

Examined Brahe's data and developed 3 new laws of planetary motion. 1. the orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical 2. the planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits 3. the time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun He completed the Rudolphine Tables

Oliver Cromwell

Executes Charles I and becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth; basically a military dictator

Jacques Cartier

Explored the St. Lawrence River; French

Jingoism

Extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Beer Hall Putsch

Failed Nazi coup d'etat in 1923 inspired by Mussolini's successful March on Rome. Sent Hitler and other Nazis to jail

Vincent van Gogh

Famous Expressionist

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Famous Futurist; Italian author and editor

Salvador Dalí

Famous surrealist who was deeply influenced by Freudian psychology and portrayed images of the unconscious in his art.

Yalta Conference

Feb. 1945 strategy meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin, at which the Allies planned the postwar world

Ludwig von Beethoven

First and greatest romantic composer who used contrasting themes and tones to produce dramatic conflict & inspiring resolutions in his music

Victor Emmanuel II

First king of a united Italy

Catherine of Aragon

First wife of Henry VIII. Henry wanted a divorce, but Charles V and the Catholic Church said no. He made his own church, so he could annul the marriage. She was Charles V relative

Young Turks

Members of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century.

Triple Entente

France, Russia, and Great Britain, all of whom will form the core of the Allied Powers in WW I

Bartolome de las Casas

Franciscan who spoke against the cruelty of the Spanish; says they were like beasts and the natives were innocent, willing to convert, and taken advantage of constantly

Cossacks

Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state.

Edouard Daladier

French Prime Minister at the start of WW II who - along with Chamberlain - refused to give up Poland to the Nazis

Germaine de Stael

French champion of Romanticism, who encouraged the adoption of the spontaneity and enthusiasm of Germans in her study "On Germany". An early advocate of feminism and critic of Napoleon

Dunkirk

French city that served as the site of British troops stranded in France, and their miraculous rescue by sea

Jean-Paul Satre

French existentialist who argued there are no God-given, timeless truths. "Existence precedes essence": humans are born and then try to define what they are on their own

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French after leading a coup d'etat against the Directory

Madame du Coudray

French midwife who wrote the textbook "Manual on the Art of Childbirth" to address complaints of incompetent midwives

Henri Bergson

French philosopher who believed that immediate experience & intuition were as important as rational & scientific thinking for understanding reality

Georges Clemenceau

French president during WWI. He wanted to punish Germany harshly to prevent any future aggression from their longtime rival.

Adolphe Thiers

French president of the 3rd republic, beginning in 1870. He crushed the Paris Commune tried to bring stability to the new government in the aftermath

Napoleonic Code

French set of laws promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as the restriction of rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws

Jean Juarès

French socialist leader who formally repudiated revisionism, but he remained at heart a gradualist and optimistic secular humanist

War Communism

The Russian policy of nationalizing industry and seizing private land during the Russian Civil War.

Moses Mendelssohn

German Jewish philosopher, critic, and Bible translator and commentator who greatly contributed to the efforts of Jews to assimilate to the German bourgeoisie.

Joseph Goebbels

German Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945.

Karl Dönitz

German admiral who played a major role in the naval history of World War II. He briefly succeeded Adolf Hitler as the head of state of Germany. He began his career in the Imperial German Navy before World War I

Luftwaffe

German air force

September 1, 1939

German armies invaded Poland to start World War II

Spring Offensive of 1918

German attack on the Western Front. Initially it was successful due to numerical superiority following Russian withdrawal from the War. Halted at the 2nd Battle of the Marne

Bauhaus

German interdisciplinary school of fine & applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who questioned the conventional values of Western society, believing that reason, progress, & respectability stifled self-realization and excellence

Werner Heisenberg

German physicist who formulated the "uncertainty principle" saying that the nature of the universe is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable, lacking any absolute objective reality

Gustav Stresemann

German president who compromised with France in 1923 to end the Ruhr crisis

Enigma

German secret code during the war; broken by British cryptographers using a system called Ultra

Schlieffen Plan

German strategy heading into the war - attack France 1st and Russia 2nd instead of both at the same time. Violated Belgian neutrality

Martin Luther

German theologian who led the Reformation by first posting his 95 Theses on the church in Wittenberg in 1517

Albert Einstein

German-Jewish scientist & author of the theory of special relativity; only the speed of light is constant - time and space are relative to the observer. Matter & energy are interchangeable

Kaiser William II

He forced Otto von Bismarck to resign in the 1890s, keeping the spotlight on himself. He started pushing for Germany to challenge British naval superiority, causing rising tensions

Frederick II the Great

He has military conquests; takes Silesia from Austria which increases Prussian population and adds valuable industries.

Sergei Witte

He is an economic minister to Czar Alex III who preformed many reform minded actions to improve industry, including bringing in Western advisers

Jiang Jieshi (Chaing Kai-shek)

He lead the Authoritarian National People's Party. He was supported by US aid, but forced to flee to the island of Taiwan in 1949.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India and spices; seen as cruel and a hero

James Watt

He took the steam engine created by Thomas Newcomen and made it a viable energy source by reducing wasted energy

Reichstag Fire

In February 1933, in the midst of an electoral campaign plagued by violence (much of it caused by Nazi toughs), the Reichstag building was partly destroyed by fire. Hitler blamed the Communists and convinced Hindenburg to sign emergency acts that abolished freedom of speech and assembly as well as most personal liberties. Hitler most likely had his people burn it down.

Tabula Rasa

In Locke's philosophy, this was the theory that at birth the (human) mind is a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences.

Revolution of 1905

In response to Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and the massacre of Bloody Sunday, the pent up discontent of the Russian people resulted in this uprising

Karl Lueger

In the early 1890s, ____ ______, the mayor of Vienna from 1897 to 1910, and his Christian Socialist Party won electoral victories by appealing to the German-speaking lower middle class with a combination of fierce anti-Semitic rhetoric and municipal ownership of basic services. He inspired Hitler.

Treaty of Nanking

In this treaty, China ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain, paid an indemnity of $100 million, and opened up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs.

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian nationalist who started a mass movement preaching nonviolent "noncooperation" with the British.

Robert Owen

Influential Scottish factory owner and utopian socialist. He tried to show that factories could be profitable even when treating and paying workers well.

Charles X

Louis's conservative successor who wanted to re-establish the old order in France but was blocked by the opposition of the deputies, so in 1830 he turned to military adventure in an effort to rally French nationalism and gain popular support

2nd Battle of the Marne

Ludendorff's exhausted, overextended forces were stopped in July 1918 at this Battle, where 140,000 American soldiers saw action.

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only

Otto von Bismarck

Machiavellian Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule using war to bring the German states together.

Russification

Making ethnic groups into more loyal Russians by enforcing policies of one language and one religion under Czar Alexander III

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant homes and work sheds

95 Theses

Martin Luther argued that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, competed with the gospel, and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life. These complaints were nailed to Wittenberg Church.

Berlin Conference

Meeting at which Europeans agreed on rules for colonizing Africa

Diet of Worms

Meeting of the leadership of the Holy Roman Empire, under the leadership of Charles V, during which Luther refused to recant his beliefs

Louis XVIII

Napoleon's successor - the Bourbon monarch who took over France during Napoleon's exiles Bourbon monarch who was made king in 1814 after Napoleon's defeat. He was the younger brother of Louis XVI and acted as a moderate reformer in his decade of rule.

Duma

National legislature of Russia. It did not have much power, as the tsar had an absolute veto

Mau Mau Rebellion

Nationalist Rebellion in Kenya that British forces brutally crushed in the early 1950s

Albert Speer

Nazi minister of armaments who put to work millions of POWs and slave laborers.

October Manifesto

Nicholas II's attempt to end the Revolution of 1905 by promising reform, full civil rights, and the creation of a new national legislature

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

Novel by Aleksander Solzhenitsyn published in 1962. It portrays in grim detail life in a Stalinist concentration camp and is a damning indictment of the Stalinist past.

Doctor Zhivago

Novel written by Russian author Boris Pasternak. It is a literary masterpiece and a powerful challenge to communism. It tells the story of a poet who rejects the violence and brutality of the October Revolution of 1917 and the Stalinist years. This book appeared in the West in 1957, but not in the Soviet Union until 1988.

March on Rome

October 1922 demonstration that put pressure on the Italian gov't and propelled Mussolini to power

D-Day

On June 6, 1944, American, British, and other Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy, France under General Dwight D. Eisenhower in history's greatest naval invasion. Secured enough area in Normandy that Allied commanders could use it as a staging ground for reinforcements and starting point for an invasion of German-occupied territories. In a hundred dramatic days, more than 2 million men and almost half a million vehicles broke through the German lines and pushed inland. Eisenhower pushed through on a broad front. This successfully quashed German resistance, but also allowed the Soviets to arrive in Berlin before Anglo-American forces.

Richard Huelsenbeck

One of the founders of the Dadaist movement.

Battle of Tannenberg

Opening conflict on the Eastern Front that cost many Russian lives, but diverted some German attention from their massive offensive in the west

Ukraine

Site of peasant resistance to collectivization; resulted in a man-made famine as retaliation from the Soviet government that killed 3 million people

Common Market

Six countries who sought to reduce tariffs in order to create a single economic bloc to compete on the world stage

Battle of Midway

Six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States defeated Japan in one of the most decisive naval battles of World War II. Thanks in part to major advances in code breaking, the United States was able to preempt and counter Japan's planned ambush of its few remaining aircraft carriers, inflicting permanent damage on the Japanese Navy. An important turning point in the Pacific campaign, the victory allowed the United States and its allies to move into an offensive position.

Giacomo Matteotti

Socialist that was murdered in Italy after challenging the Fascists; his death spurred Mussolini's repressive fascist measures

Modern girl

Somewhat stereotypical image of the modern and independent working woman popular in the 1920s

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet premier who took power in 1953 wanted to "De-Stalinize" Soviet Union.

Hernando Cortés

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico; diseases and alliances helped him and the fact that the Aztec Ruler thought that he was a god

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru; disease, alliances, and a Incan civil war that just ended helped them win

Five-year plan

Stalin's "revolution from above"; Soviet attempt to artificially engineer the industrial revolution and transform society into a communist state; generate new attitudes, new loyalties, a new socialist humanity, and transform industry in the country

Socialism in One Country

Stalin's belief that the Russian-dominated Soviet Union had the ability to build socialism on its own.

Ethiopia

State that had survived the 2nd wave of imperialism in the 1880s, but was invaded in 1935 by Italian forces to build an Italian empire

Anschluss with Austria

The annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938.

Hussein ibn Ali

The chief magistrate of Mecca; rebelled against the Turks, proclaiming himself king of the Arabs. refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, in protest at the Balfour Declaration and the establishment of British and French mandates in Syria, Iraq, and Palestine.

Soviet Bloc

The communist nations closely allied with the Soviet Union, including Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, whose foreign policies depended on those of the Soviet Union.

Janissaries

The core of the sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire; after 1683 it became a volunteer force.

just price

The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers and that they should be imposed by the government if necessary

Nuremberg trials

The international military tribunal accused German leaders of committing war crimes; defined "crime against humanity" and stopped the cycle of violence

Jethro Tull

The inventor of the seed drill, a machine that improved farming by planting seeds in an even manner at a uniform depth.

Czar Nicholas II

The last czar of the Russian Empire and Romanov Dynasty.

1918

The last year of WW I

New Imperialism

The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.

Colonel Ahmed Arabi

The leader of the Egyptian Nationalist Party

De-Stalinization

The liberalization of the post-Stalin USSR led by reformer Nikita Khrushchev

Reichstag

The lower house of the German legislature. It was elected by universal male suffrage, but could be vetoed by the upper house or the kaiser

Louis XIII

This French king appointed Cardinal Richelieu; young when he took control; didn't really do much Richelieu did everything

Ivan IV the Terrible

This autocrat became known as "Tsar" which is the Slavic contraction for "Caesar," with all its connotations. He ascended to the throne at age three and later married Anastasia of the Romanov family. He set about to declare war on the remnants of Mongol power. He virtually abolished the old land system of the nobility and made it so all had to serve the Tsar in order to hold any land.

Suez Canal Company

This company had been the last symbol and substance of Western power in the Middle East. It was nationalized by Nasser in July 1956.

August 14, 1945

V-J Day; Japan surrenders to end the fighting of World War II

"Peace, Land, & Bread"

V.I. Lenin's slogan that galvanized many Russians against the Provisional Gov't

Confraternities

Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity

General Henri-Philippe Petain

WW I vet put in charge of Vichy France; disbanded the Third French Republic and wielded a lot of power under German reins

Henri-Philippe Petain

WW I veteran and leader of the Vichy France government French military commander who had to deal with mutinies within his ranks in 1917. Promised no more grand offensives to placate troops

Dawes Plan (1924)

War reparations agreement that reduced Germany's yearly payments, made payment dependent on econ. prosperity, and granted US loans to promote German economic recovery

Halbstarken

West German youth inspired by James Dean and Marlon Brando who had rebellious clothing and cynical attitudes.

Neo-Europes

Where colonists sought to replicate economies and social structures they knew at home

Moroccan Crisis 1905

William II declared Morocco independent, rattling the cage of France and putting much of the West on notice about German territorial ambitions.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for eternal peace following the end of WW I

"Big Three"

Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, & David Lloyd George at the Paris Peace Conference

Great Depression

Worldwide economic slump from 1929-1939, unique in its severity and duration

Two Treatises on Government

Written by John Locke during the Glorious Revolution. Writes about natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and states that it is the government's job to protect these rights.

Winston Churchill

a British statesman, army officer, and writer, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.

The Prince

Written by Machiavelli, uses the examples of classical and contemporary rulers to argue that the function of a ruler (or any government) is to preserve order and security. Weakness only leads to disorder, which might end in civil war or conquest by an outside. To preserve the state, a ruler should use whatever means he needs (brutality, lying, manipulation) but should not do anything that would make the populace turn against him.

Leviathan

Written by Thomas Hobbes in support of Absolute Monarchy. Says that in the state of nature there is anarchy because man is inherently evil. It was written during the English Civil War.

Essay on the Principle of Population

Written by Thomas Malthus in which he wrote that population growth will eventually be higher than the resources available and this would lead to poverty and malnutrition.

Mary Wollenstonecraft

Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Man" (1790) and "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement

Boris Pasternak

Wrote Doctor Zhivago

Aleksander Solzhenitsyn

Wrote One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

James Joyce

Wrote Ulysses which weaves an extended ironic parallel between the aimless wanderings of an ordinary man through the streets and pubs of Dublin and the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses on his way home from Troy.

Baldassare Castiglione

Wrote the Courtier, the ideal Renaissance man, well rounded

T.S. Eliot

Wrote the poem The Waste Land, which depicts a world of growing desolation and expresses the widespread dispair that followed the First World War.

Abbé Sieyes

Wrote the widely known pamphlet What is the 3rd Estate?

1848

Year in which Giuseppe Mazzini's attempt at creating a democratic republic in Rome failed

1871

Year in which the German Empire was united, following the completion of the Franco-Prussian War

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Young Egyptian army officer who drove out the pro-Western king. He became president of a new Egyptian republic in 1954. He advocated for a nonalignment strategy and played the superpowers off one another. He Nationalized the Suez Canal Company.

Jules Ferry

_____ _____ of France and Otto von Bismarck of Germany arranged an international conference on Africa in Berlin in 1884.

Josef Stalin

a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian ethnicity. Governing the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, he served as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1953. Initially heading a collective government, by 1937 he was the country's de facto dictator. Ideologically a Marxist and a Leninist, he helped to formalize these ideas as Marxism-Leninism while his own policies became known as Stalinism. Leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin. Believed in building up socialism in one country

Economic liberalism

a belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of the free market would benefit all individuals

J.A. Hobson's Imperialism

a forceful attack on the expansion of empire that: a) contended that the economic needs of unregulated capitalism motivated the rush to acquire colonies. b) argued imperial possessions did not pay off economically for the colonizing country as a whole; only unscrupulous special-interest groups profited, at the expense of both European taxpayers and natives. c) argued that the quest for empire diverted popular attention away from domestic reform and the need to reduce the gap between rich and poor.

Enlightened Absolutism

a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment

Baroque art

a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century. It followed the Renaissance style and preceded the Neoclassical style

Jules Michelet

a historian influenced by romanticism who wrote books on the history of France, promoted the growth of national aspirations and encouraged the French people to search the past for their special national destiny

Deductive Reasoning

a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true

Inductive Reasoning

a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion

Congress of Vienna

a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Thomas Jefferson

an American statesman, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence

James II

an open Catholic who placed many Catholics in high administrative positions and declared universal religious tolerance

Faith Alone

asserts God's pardon for guilty sinners is granted to and received through faith alone, excluding all "works"

2nd Balkan War

began when Serbia, Greece, and Romania quarreled with Bulgaria over the division of their joint conquests in Macedonia. On June 1, 1913, Serbia and Greece formed an alliance against Bulgaria, and the war began on the night of June 29/30, 1913, when King Ferdinand of Bulgaria ordered his troops to attack Serbian and Greek forces in Macedonia. The Bulgarians were defeated, however, and a peace treaty was signed between the combatants on Aug. 10, 1913. Under the terms of the treaty, Greece and Serbia divided up most of Macedonia between themselves, leaving Bulgaria with only a small part of the region

Catherine the Great

brought western culture to Russia, made domestic reforms, and expanded Russia's territory. Additionally, she made legal and educational reforms. However under her reign, the Russian nobility reached its most exalted position and the serfs were more oppressed than ever.

Jan Hus

denied papal authority, called for translations of the Bible into the local Czech language, and declared indulgences useless. He was burned at the stake

René Descartes

discovered analytic geometry which provided scientists with an important new tool. He used deductive reasoning to ascertain scientific laws.

Emperor Franz Joseph

emperor of Austria and king of Hungary, who divided his empire into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners. In 1879 he formed an alliance with Prussian-led Germany Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and monarch of other states in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, from 2 December 1848 to his death. From 1 May 1850 to 24 August 1866 he was also President of the German Confederation.

Emperor Hirohito

emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989. He took over at a time of rising democratic sentiment, but his country soon turned toward ultra-nationalism and militarism.

Charles Fourier

envisaged a socialist utopia of mathematically precise, self-sufficient communities and advocated the total emancipation of women

Universal Law of Gravitation

every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship, where the force of attraction is proportional to the quantity of matter of the objects and inversly proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Sir Frances Bacon

formalized the empirical method into the general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism

1st Balkan War

fought between the members of the Balkan League—Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro—and the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan League was formed under Russian auspices in the spring of 1912 to take Macedonia away from Turkey, which was already involved in a war with Italy. The Balkan allies were victorious.

War of Austrian Succession

fought by Austria, Britain, and the Netherlands against Prussia, France, and Spain in support of the right of succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne and against the territorial aims of Prussia.

War of Spanish Succession

fought by Austria, England, the Netherlands, and Prussia against France and Spain, arising from disputes about the succession in Spain after the death of Charles II of Spain.

Heliocentric view

having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system.

Frederick William IV of Prussia

king of Prussia from 1840 until 1861, whose conservative policies helped spark the Revolution of 1848. In the aftermath of the failed revolution, Frederick William followed a reactionary course

Nicolas Copernicus

mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe

Petrograd Soviet

modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905, acted as a parallel government and issued its own radical orders, weakening the authority of the provisional government. A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals.

Henri de Saint-Simon

optimistically proclaimed that the key to progress was proper social organization in which leading scientists, engineers, and industrialists would carefully plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking vast public works projects

Maximilien Robespierre

radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution. In the latter months of 1793 he came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was overthrown and executed in the Thermidorian Reaction.

Treaty of Lausanne

recognized the territorial integrity of Turkey.

Auxiliary Service Law

required all males between seventeen and sixty to work only at jobs considered critical to the war effort.

Glorious Revolution

resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III, prince of Orange

Charles V

ruler of the Hapsburg empire beginning in 1519; the defender of the Catholic faith; one of the most powerful people of his time

Black Hand

secret Serbian society of the early 20th century that used terrorist methods to promote the liberation of Serbs outside Serbia from Habsburg or Ottoman rule and was instrumental in planning the assassination of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand

Spanish Inquisition

set up in 15th century Spain, to investigate and punish converted Jews and Muslims thought to be insincere

John Locke

stressed that all ideas are derived from experience; wrote Two Treatises on Government

Sovereignty

supreme power or authority

Henry VIII

was the English King who declared himself head of the Church of England, 6 wives, divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived

Clerical pluralism

when church leaders hold more than one office (benefices)

León Blum

won as head of the Socialists, the largest portion of the Popular Front in France

Franklin Delano Roosavelt

won the 1932 election in a landslide, promising a "New Deal for the forgotten Man."

Utopia

written as a dialogue between Thomas More and Raphael Hythloday, a character More invented who has recently returned from the newly discovered land of Utopia somewhere in the New World. More and Hythloday first discuss the problems in Europe, and then Hyhloday describes how these have been solved in Utopia, ending with a long discussion of the Utopians' ban on private property.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

"Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man," which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance."

New social class hierarchy

1. Peninsulares - 100% European; from Europe 2. Creoles - 100% European; born and raised in the New World 3. Mestizos - European and native mix 4. Mulattoes - European and African mix

Niccoló Machiavelli

A statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government in his most famous work, "The Prince"

Black Death

A widespread epidemic of bubonic plague that occurred in several outbreaks between 1347 and 1400. It originated in Asia and then swept through Europe, where it killed about a third of the population.

Mexica Empire

Also known as the Aztec Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.

Incan Empire

An empire in Modern day Peru conquered by Francisco Pizarro and conquistadors in the early 16th century

Montezuma II

Aztec emperor who died while in custody of the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortés; thought that Cortés was a god so he sent him gifts and that led to his defeat

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Chief Minister of Finance under Louis XIV; mercantilism; brought in a lot of money, but Louis XIV undid everything he did with his outrageous spending; export more than import; make everything citizens need so no more need to import

Cardinal Mazarin

Chief Minister to Louis XIV; centralizing royal power; increased taxes for war which caused Le Fronde

Charles I

Constantly fighting with Parliament; refused to sign the petition of right, but needed Parliament for money; when he asked for money to put down Scottish rebellion Parliament declared independence

Bartholomew Dias

Found the "end" of Africa; Cape of Good Hope

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, an army like religious order; fought the reformation with education

William Shakespeare

Greatest dramatist of his time; From England under Elizabeth I; wrote about human problems, changing times, and global expansion

Johann Gutenberg

Invented the printing press in 1448

Frederick I "The Soldier King"

Known to be crude, dangerous, and psychoneurotic; truly establishes Prussian absolutism and gives it character. He had a bizarre passion for the army.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.

Michelangelo

Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and one of the David statues, the melancholy genius, from Florence, worked for Lorenzo Medici

Edict of Nantes

Passed by King Henry IV in 1598, it granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Joan of Arc

Peasant girl who led French army to victory over the English in the 100 Years' War

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII, beheaded, gave birth to a daughter

Treaty of Tordesillas

The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean and giving Portugal everything to the east

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and the New Worlds.

Vasco da Gama

The first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. His initial journey was very profitable, encouraging others to follow his lead.

Jamestown, VA

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607 in Virginia. was named for King James I of England. It was destroyed later in the seventeenth century in an uprising of Virginians against the governor.

Babylonian Captivity

The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome. The phrase refers to the seventy years when the Hebrews were held captive in Babylon.

Malacca

The port of _______ was famous for Chinese porcelains, silks, camphor, pepper, cloves, and nutmeg.

Gustavus Adolphus

This Swedish king, a devout Lutheran, arrived in Germany and scored several victories before becoming fatally wounded in the battle at Lutzen.

Conversos

a Jew who publicly recanted the Jewish faith and adopted Christianity under the pressure of the Spanish Inquisition.

Printing press

a machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates.

Puritans

a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.

New innovations for long voyages

caravel, improvements in cartography, magnetic compass, astrolabe, gunpowder, sternpost rudder, lateen sail

Clerical absenteeism

church leaders only collect money and don't fulfill their duties

Peace of Augsburg 1555

officially recognized Lutheranism and allowed German rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official religion of their territory

Christine de Pizan

the daughter and wife of highly educated men who held positions at the court of the king of France. She was widowed at twenty-five with young children and an elderly mother to care for, and she decided to support her family through writing. She began to write prose works and poetry and gained commissions to write a biography of the French king Charles V, several histories, a long poem celebrating Joan of Arc's victory, and a book of military tactics. She became the first woman in Europe to make her living as a writer.

Catholic Reformation

the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War

Secularism

the principle of separation of the state from religious institutions

Act of Supremacy

two acts of the Parliament of England passed in 1534 and 1559 which established King Henry VIII of England and subsequent monarchs as the supreme head of the Church of England.

John Wycliffe

wrote that Scripture alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice and that papal claims of secular power had no foundation in the Scriptures. He urged that the church be stripped of its property. He also wanted Christians to read the Bible for themselves and produced the first complete translation of the Bible into English.