Semester 1 Final (Not including Math for Science quiz)
3rd shell holds
18
What is the atomic number of the element in this picture?
19
1st shell holds
2
How many Hydrogen atoms are in Water (H2O)
2
lst shell holds
2
The maximum number of electrons that can be held in the orbitals in an atom's second energy level is
4
Even though the total charge on a water molecule is neutral, the charge is unevenly distributed across the water molecule. Because of this uneven distribution of charge, water is called
a polar compound
A solution in which no more solute can dissolve
a saturated solution
A mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance
a solution
What is neutral on the pH scale
7
2nd shell holds
8
How many electrons need to be in the outer shell of most elements to achieve stability
8
How many electrons need to be in the outer shell of most elements to achieve stability?
8
What is the total number of electrons that the 2nd energy level can hold?
8
Solvent
A _____ is the liquid part of a solution that causes something else to dissolve.
Atoms that gain electrons and thus have a negative charge are called _____
Anion
Defense
Antibodies protect the body from pathogens. What type of proteins are they considered?
ER
Appears pebbled due to numerous ribosomes that are synthesized and transported throughout the cell
The atomic mass of an element is measured in "atomic mass units" or a _______
Dalton
The R group
Each amino acid is different from the other due to....
What is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data?
a theory
Smooth ER
Membrane bound vesicles and tubes that have many functions. Appears smooth and has many functions like lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, breakdown of toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction
asymetrical
Membrane proteins are ________ meaning the external side of the membrane is different than the internal side
All of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
Metabolism
Small
Micro is the prefix that describes something ____?
Compound
Microscopes made by stacking two or more lenses are called ____ microscopes
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules and microfilaments are part of the structure system of cells called the ____
Biomolecules
Molecules that occur naturally in living organisms.
Proton
Name the only subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom that carries a charge
Virchow
Name the physician who determined that cells reproduce from other existing cells by dividing
Protons
Name the positively charged subatomic particle
A metal and a non-metal that combine by ionic bonds are called ____
Salts
Covalent compounds form when atoms _______ electrons
Share
higher
The ______ the temperature the faster the diffusion
smaller
The ___________ the particle the faster the diffusion (size)
Nucleus
The area of the cell that contains the DNA and is known as the "control center" is called the ____
Temperature is a measurement of
The average kinetic energy of moving particles
Sugar and phostphate
The backbone of DNA is made up of _______ & ________ units.
Translucent
The brown paper test for lipids is positive for lipids when the test spot is
Nucleotides
The building blocks of nucleic acids are called ...
Semi-permeable
The cell membrane is
Plant cells, animal cells, and prokaryotic cells
The cell membrane is found in....
Cell membrane
The cell wall is located outside of the....
Do not dissolve in water
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is----
Metabolism
The chemical reactions that give your body the ability to take in food and then burn it as energy is known as _____
Nucleuolus
The core of the nucleus is called the ____
Dehydration synthesis
The diagram shows a bond forming between two amino acids. What is the name of this reaction?
micrometers
The diameter of most plant and animal cells is about 10 to 50 ____
concentraition gradient
The difference between the concentrations of two different solutions is known as the ____ ____
osmosis
The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane is called ___
Plasma membrane
The double layer of phospholipids that surrounds the cell. It is a very complex structure
Nuclear envelope
The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and everything inside of the nucleus
phospholipids
The fluid part of the membrane is made up of ___________
concentraion gradient, solute
The greater the __________ the greater the movement of ________ or molecules
Turns to fat
What happens if you eat more carbohydrates then your body needs?
it's cells swell & burst (cytolysis occurs)
What happens to the cells of a saltwater fish if it is placed in a fresh water aquarium?
Muscle
What in the human body contains a lot of proteins?
Lenses
What invention in the 1600's lead to the invention of microscopes and thus cells being discovered?
Bond that holds two amino acids together
What is a peptide bond?
A polymer composed of many amino acids
What is a protein:
Butter
What is an example of a saturated fat?
Olive oil
What is an example of an unsaturated fat?
Cooking an egg
What is an example of protein denaturation?
Golgi apparatus
What is considered the delivery system of the cell because it collects, modifies, and packages molecules?
Lysosomes
What is considered the trash disposal of the cell?
controlled by proteins
What is facilitated diffusion?
spreading particles down the concentration gradient
What is simple diffusion?
Phospolipid bilayer
What is the cell membrane mostly made of?
Cellulose
What is the cell wall composed of?
cellulose
What is the cell wall of plants made of?
brownian motion
What is the constant random motion of particles?
Mainly phospholipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and cholesterol
What is the cytoskeleton composed of?
Ribosomes are attached to rough and not to smooth
What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?
ATP
What is the energy a cell needs called?
Carrier of genetic information
What is the function of DNA?
Messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the making of protein
What is the function of RNA?
Nucleotides
What is the monomer of Nucleic acids?
diffusion
What is the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration called?
Polypeptide chain
What is the name for a chain of amino acids?
Dehydration synthesis
What is the name of the reaction that involves the removal of a single water molecule from between two monomers
Nuclear membrane
What is the nucleus surrounded by?
phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates
What is the plasma membrane mostly made of?
Cell wall
What is the rigid, protective barrier found in plant and bacterial cells?
Large, central
What is the size of the vacuole in plant cells?
Ribosomes
What is the smallest organelle that is not surrounded by a membrane?
osmosis
What is the term used for diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane?
Edoplasmic Reticulum ( ER )
What is the transport system for materials in a cell?
Cell membrane/Plasma membrane
What is this a picture of?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What is this a picture of?
Eukaryotic cell
What is this a picture of?
Lysosomes
What is this a picture of?
Mitochondria
What is this a picture of?
Nucleus
What is this a picture of?
Adhesion junction
What is this an image of?
Cell wall
What is this an image of?
Chloroplast
What is this an image of?
Gap junction
What is this an image of?
Golgi apparatus
What is this an image of?
Ribosomes
What is this an image of?
Tight junction
What is this an image of?
Vacuole
What is this an image of?
Cytoskeleton
What keeps the cell from collapsing and preventing/slowing cellular processes?
Whole wheat bread
What kind of food is an example of a complex carbohydrate?
bacteria
What living organisms are described as unicellular prokaryotes?
Glucose
What molecule is this
Chloroplast
What organelle changes sunlight into food like glucose?
ribosomes
What organelle is built within the nucleolus?
mitochondria
What organelle produces ATP molecules?
proteins
What organic compound is built with the help of ribosomes?
provides a scaffolding for vesicle transportation
What other thing does the cytoskeleton do for the cell?
Deoxyribose
What pentose sugar does DNA use?
iso-
What prefix means "equal or the same"
hyper-
What prefix means "high" or "above"
hypo-
What prefix means "low" or "below"?
cyto- or cyte-
What prefix or suffix means "cell"?
-lysis
What prefix or suffix means "to break"?
Cell membrane/Plasma membrane
What surrounds the cell and decides what comes in and out?
Unicellular
What term describes single-celled organisms?
cytolysis
What term literally means "cell breaks"?
pinocytosis
What term literally means "cell drinks"
phagocytosis
What term literally means "cell eats"
Hydrogen and hydroxyl group
What two functional/side groups are removed from monosaccharides to form disaccharides or polysaccharides during dehydration synthesis?
provides structure and support for the cell
What two main things does the cytoskeleton do?
Ionic
What type of bond forms when ions of two or more elements are bonded due to electrochemical forces
Disaccharide
What type of carbohydrate is this?
Polysaccharide
What type of carbohydrate is this?
Animal cell
What type of cell is this?
Plant cell
What type of cell is this?
Prokaryote
What type of cell is this?
Adhesion junction
What type of junction is this?
Gap junction
What type of junction is this?
Tight junction
What type of junction is this?
Triglyceride
What type of lipid is this?
Fatty acid
What type of molecule is represented in this image?
A polyunsaturated fatty acid
What type of molecule is shown above?
Hydrolysis
What type of reaction is used to break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids?
facilitated diffusion
What type of transport is used for moving large molecules or ions from areas for high concentration to areas of low concentration using special carrier molecules in the cell membrane?
Plant and animal cells
What types of cells have a Golgi apparatus?
Plant cells and some prokaryotic cells
What types of cells have a cell wall?
Plant cells
What types of cells have a chloroplast?
Plant and animal cells
What types of cells have a mitochondria?
Plant and animal cells
What types of cells have a vacuole?
Animal and plant cells
What types of cells have an ER?
plant and animal cells
What types of cells have lysosomes?
passive
What types of transport do NOT require the use of energy?
no net movement occurs and cells will not change shape, size, or be at risk of damage
When a gradient no longer exists
hypertonic
When comparing solutions, the solution with the higher amount of solutes is said to be ____ compared to solutions with less solute
Low to high (opposite of diffusion)
When materials move "against the concentration gradient" it means they are moving from areas of ___ concentration to areas of ____ concentration
equilibrium
When the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a given space, it is said to be in _____
Hydrolysis
When water is added to split a molecule, the reaction is known as a(n) __ reaction.
Smooth ER
Which ER has no ribosomes and produces hormones and lipids?
Rough ER
Which ER is covered in ribosomes and the site of protein synthesis?
Lipid
Which biomolecule is this a picture of?
Protein
Which biomolecule is this a picture of?
prokaryotic
Which cell type is found only in bacteria?
Glycerol
Which molecule is represented in this image?
The atomic number
Which number on the periodic chart is also equal to the number of protons found in one atom of a given element
High heat, strong acids, strong bases
Which of the following can cause protein denaturation?
Nucleotide
Which of the following is a MONOMER:
Forms the cell wall
Which of the following is a function of a carbohydrate?
Cholesterol
Which of the following is a lipid?
Dehydration synthesis
Which of the following is the process used to bond the monomers together?
Cell membrane
Which organelle holds the cell together?
Mitochondria
Which organelle is known as the power house because it is used to generate energy?
Nucleus
Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast
Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
Dehydration synthesis
Which reaction is needed to form fat molecules?
Structural
Which type of protein gives shape to different cell and body parts?
aerobic
Which type of respiration occurs in the mitochondria?
Robert Hooke
Who coined the term "cells"?
Leeuwenhoek
Who was the first man credited with studying living cells?
They are long chains of carbon and hydrogen
Why are lipids efficient for energy storage?
it's cells shrink & die due to plasmolysis
Why will a fresh water fish die if it is placed in a salt water aquarium? Be specific -what is happening to it's cells and tissues?
Contractile Vacoules
___ ____ are special organelles only found in a few organisms that pump out excess water so that the cell will not burst due to taking in too much water
diffusion
___ is the movement of substances from an area of high concentration toward areas of lower concentration
Enzymes
____ are types of proteins that work as catalysts to start chemical reactions and make the reactions occur faster
Flagella
____ are whiplike tails used to make some cells move
homeostasis
____ is the balance living organisms must maintain life and be healthy
Chloroplasts
_____ are organelles only found in plants and other organisms that can photosynthesize
Cillia
_____ are small hair-like fringe on cell surfaces
Chlorophyll
_____ is the name for the green pigment that is important is photosynthesis
wastes
_______ are expelled from the cell
lysosomes
_______ are the organelles known as "suicide sacks" they contain enzymes that can digest materials, including the cell itself
Cell membrane
________ serves as a boundary between the cell and the external environment. It holds the cell together & controls what enters and exits the cell
raw, metabolism
_________ materials enter the cell that are used in __________
If an atom loses 2 electrons it becomes
a + 2 ion
If an atom loses 2 electrons it becomes
a +2 ion
If the solution contains more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions it is defined as
a base
What is an electron microscope?
a beam of electrons produces an enlarged image of the specimen
What is a microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an image?
a compound light microscope
What does water have that allows it to absorb or release large amounts of energy
a high heat capacity
The force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another molecule or atom with a partial or full negative charge
a hydrogen bond
What is the purpose of a light source on a microscope?
a light bulb that provides light for viewing image
What is the stage?
a platform that supports slides with specimen
The study of elements and chemical reactions is called ___?
chemistry
Organizing and classifying objects into an easy-to-use way is known as ___
classifying
Covalent bonds are usually elements that are _________________ on the periodic table
close together
An attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together is known as
cohesion
Sharing your knowledge or describing something to another person or group is known as ________
communicating
A ________________ is two or more elements chemically bonded together in fixed proportions
compound
Any substance composed of identical molecules consisting of atoms of two or more chemical elements
compounds
Consists of atoms of two or more elements that are joined by chemical bonds in a fixed proportion
compounds
Made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions
compounds
A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
covalent bond
Formed when two atoms share electron
covalent bonds
When two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
covalent bonds
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
element
The ability to do work
energy
What does the objective lens do?
enlarges the specimen
A protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed
enzyme
What is the name for a catalyst that is made by a living organism
enzyme
Biological catalysts that help reactions begin spontaneously, using less energy than without them
enzymes
Name the term that deals with the standards of society - what people view as being right versus wrong
ethics
Of all the characteristics of life, which one affects a whole species and not just an individual?
evolution
What is ocular of a microscope?
eye piece
True or False? Neutrons have a negative charge
false
Ionic bonds are usually elements that are ___________________ on the periodic table
far apart
TV shows like CSI have popularized a branch of science that studies the interactions and material transfer that occurs when two objects or organisms touch or collide. Name this branch of science.
forensics
Negative ions form when atoms _________ valence electrons
gain
Negative ions form when atoms _________ valence electrons.
gain
What is the state of matter where particles move most rapidly
gas
What is the study of heredity?
genetics
Which characteristic of life involves increasing the amount of living material in an organism or the formation of new structures?
growth
The rate at which a radioactive element decays is its ____
half life
The bodies ability to maintain a healthy, internal environment within itself (ex keeping body temperature, breathing rate, blood pressure normal) is known as ___.
homeostasis
What is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing?
homeostasis
Attractions between the negative Oxygen atom of one water molecule and the positive Hydrogen atom of another water molecule are called
hydrogen bonds
Attractions between the negative Oxygen atom of one water molecule and the positive Hydrogen atom of another water molecule are called what?
hydrogen bonds
The H3O+ ion is known as the
hydronium ion
The HO- ion is known as the
hydroxide ion
A testable possible explanation made after researching a topic but before experimenting is known as a/an _____
hypothesis
What English unit is most related or compared to metric centimeters?
inches
The experimenter manipulates the ______________
independent variable
What is a conclusion made on the basis of facts and previous knowledge rather than on direct observations?
inference
Coming up with a conclusion that requires some assumption on your part is called ____. (Hint: facts back up your explanation but you were not actually present or couldn't actually physically experience all that happened)
inferring
Making conclusions about a problem based on facts and NOT direct observation is called what?
inferring
Redox reactions
involve the transfer of electrons between atoms
An atom that has a charge is called a(n) _________
ion
Any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges
ion
A compound held together by opposite electrical charges resulting from the gaining and losing of electrons is a(n) __________compound
ionic
Formed when one atom gives up an electron to another. The positive ion is then attracted to a negative ion to form a(n)
ionic bonds
What is it called when positive and negative electrical charges attract each other
ionic bonds
A polar molecule ________________
is caused by the unequal sharing of electrons,causes one side of a molecule to have a partial positive charge and the other side to have a partial negative charge, and will bond with other polar molecules
Name the temperature scale used commonly in science that is based on absolute zero. To convert degrees Celsius to this scale just subtract 273.
kelvin
What metric temperature scale is used for scientific/experimental data and is based on absolute zero?
kelvin
Which is heavier? A kilogram or a pound?
kilogram
A fact of nature is called a ____.
law
What does the prefix "bio" mean?
life
Which biomolecule is found in fats, oils, and waxes and is a source of long-term energy
lipids
Which biomolecule is found in fats, oils, and waxes and is a source of long-term energy?
lipids
An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction by
lowering the activation energy
What does the eyepiece do?
magnifies the image
Write all steps of the scientific method in order
make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, make a prediction, design an experiment, analyze your data, and draw a conclusion
Measure of the amount of matter
mass
passive transport
materials pass using transport proteins without use of energy
When measuring liquid, always read your volume from the bottom of the curve that forms - this curve is called the what?
meniscus
All of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
metabolism
What is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment?
metabolism
All numerical data from direct measurements are to be given in what system of measurement?
metric system (SI units)
The study of organisms too tiny to see with the naked eye is known as ____?
microbiology
In the metric system the cubic centimeter (cc or cm3) is equal to what metric unit for liquid volume?
mililiter
If I gain electrons I become
negative because I've added electrons
Electrons
negative charge, shells
Neutrons
neutral, no charge, nucleus
A subatomic particle with no electric charge and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton
neutron
Most of the mass in an atom is concentrated in the...
nucleus
The central region of an atom where its neutrons and protons are is its
nucleus
What does the atomic number tell us
number of protons
Mass number
number of protons and neutrons
What is the correct terminology for the magnifying lenses (usually a high and low) that hang down on the revolving nose piece?
objective lenses
What are the four major parts of a compound light microscope?
ocular lens, objective lens, stage, and light source
ANYTHING that possesses all of the characteristics of life is known as an ___
organism
What are the seven characteristics of life?
organization of cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, evolution, and reproduction
A reactant loses one or more electrons, thus becoming more positive in charge
oxidation reaction
A chemical reaction in which electrons are exchanged between atoms
oxidation reduction reactions
Loss of electrons becomes
oxidized (becomes +)
The scale for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution is called the
pH scale
Which of these is not a subatomic particle
photon
The study of function or figuring out how things work is part of the branch of science called ___?
physiology
A molecule with electrically charged areas is called a _______________
polar molecule
A molecule with electrically charged areas is called a _______________.
polar molecule
An atom that loses an electron has a ______________________ charge
positive
When an atom loses a valence electron, it becomes a(n) _____________ ion
positive
When an atom loses a valence electron, it becomes a(n) _____________ ion.
positive
Protons
positive charge, nucleus
A kilogram is the metric unit most commonly compared to the English ___
pounds
Shown at the right side of the equation
products
Substances produced by chemical reactions
products
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen are elements in what biomolecule
protein
active transport
proteins move particles against the conc. gradient and requires energy (ATP)
peripheral proteins
proteins positioned at the surface of one side
intergral proteins
proteins that span the lipid bilayer and extend both the internal and external surfaces
One of the kinds of particles found in the nucleus of an atom is the
proton
An element's identity is determined by the number of
protons
The atomic number tells us the number of _____________________ in the element
protons
A substance dissolved in a solvent
solute
A substance in which the solute is dissolved
solvent
Similar organisms that can reproduce and have healthy, fertile offspring are called a ______
species
What is the purpose of an enzyme
speed up reactions
Addition of energy to a substance can cause its state to change from a solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a gas
states of matter
What is entomology?
study of insects
What are the cohesive forces in water that cause the molecules at the surface to be pulled down into the liquid
surface tension
The branch of science that deals in naming and classifying living organisms is known as ___?
taxonomy
Temperature is a measurement of
the average kinetic energy of moving particles
The amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution
the concentration
What provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group?
the control group
What is identical to the control group except for one factor?
the experimental group
What does magnification mean?
the increase of an object's apparent size
The outermost electrons in an atom are called valence electrons
true
An example of a compound is
water
How are ionic bonds formed
when electrons are transferred
Gain of electrons becomes
Reduced (becomes -)
What does the suffix "-ology" mean?
'study of'
Water freezes at ___ degrees Celsius
0
What is the range of the pH scale
1-14
Water boils at ___ degrees Celsius
100
How many elements are in C6H12O6
3
There are ___ Domains of living organisms and ____ Kingdoms.
3,6
If the ocular is 10x and the objective lens is 40x - what is the total magnification?
400x
If the ocular of a microscope is 10x and the total magnification is 550x, what was the power of the objective lens?
55x
An atom with atomic number 6 would have how many protons
6
An atom with the atomic number of 6 would have how many protons?
6
The atomic number of carbon is 6. Therefore, the number of protons in a carbon atom is equal to
6
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
A phospholipid has a _______ head and two ____________ tails
Aqueous solutions that result in high levels of hydrogen ions are called ___
Acids
The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction is known as the ___ ____
Activation energy
against the concentration gradient
Active transport goes
energy
Active transport requires _____
What word is described when water is attracted to other substances
Adhesion
How do the following two elements bond together? Al3+ O2-
Al2O3
-ose
All carbohydrate names end with which ending:
selective permeability
All cell membranes show
absolute zero
All molecular motion ceases at what temperature?
transport proteins
Allow water-soluble substances to move through membrane
What is the difference between enzymes and catalysts
An enzyme is a biological molecule of a catalyst, while a catalyst isn't an organic molecule
Vegetable oil
An example of an unsaturated fat would be ________
The atomic number of argon is 18. Will argon tend to form bonds with other elements?
Argon doesn't tend to form bonds with other elements because it's electrons are exactly 18 so it won't want to bond with other elements
The smallest form of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element
Atom
The sum of the protons and neutrons found in an atom of an element is equal to the _____________ of that element
Atomic mass
selectivily permeable
Barriers that allow some substances to pass through them but not others are described as being ___ ___
CH3
Based on the diagram, the R-side chain of the amino acid alanine is;
_____ are substances used by the body to neutralize and control pH of body solutions
Buffers
Glucose
C6H12O6 is the formula for which sugar?
Just 4 elements make up the majority of living matter. Name the elements that make up the remaining 4% of all living matter
Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg
Atoms that lose electron(s) and have a positive charge are called _________
Cation
size
Cell ___ is limited due to need of getting materials into & out of a cell quickly
Vesicles
Cell secretions are stored in vesicles and then transported to the cell surface to be released
destruction
Cell volume has to be adjusted and maintained to avoid _______
tissue
Cells grouped together form ____
active transport
Cells must use energy in a process called ___ ___ to move materials against the concentration gradient
eukaryotic
Cells that contain a true nucleus are called ________
prokaryotic
Cells that do not contain a true nucleus and are primitive in nature are called _____
hypotonic
Cells will swell if placed in a ___ solution
Name the common metric unit for temperature
Celsius
Hydrophobic, nonpolar, made up mostly of hydorcarbon chains
Check all that apply: Which of the following are properties of lipid?
A substance with definite composition
Chemical
The attractive forces that hold atoms together
Chemical bonds
Characteristics that affect a substance's ability to change into another substance
Chemical properties
Chlorophyll
Chloroplast contains green pigment called...
Plant cells and algae
Chloroplast is only found in....
Plastids
Chloroplasts belong to a group of storage molecules called _____ that store food and other pigments in plants
DNA or chromosome
Chromatin is another term for ___
Lysosomes
Common in animal cells and important for intracellular digestion
Technically, two or more different atoms form a _________
Compound
Covalent
Compounds that form due to two of more atoms sharing electrons are held together by _____ bonds
Mitochondria
Considered the powerhouse of the cell and is the site of cellular respiration
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Element
compounds
Elements bond together to form
Changes in characteristics that 'appear' with higher levels of organization are an example of _______ ________
Emergent properties
Speed up chemical reactions
Enyzmes are a very important type of protein used to
What is the name for a catalyst that is made by a living organism
Enzyme
Elements that necessary for life are called ___________ ____________
Essential elements
A nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells have....
Cytoplasm
Everything in the cell except the nucleus
Nucleus
Found in any eukaryotic cell and contains DNA that provides the cell with its characteristics
Starch
Found in fruits, vegetables, grains, potatoes, pasta, breads.
Losing or gaining electrons form charged particles called ___
Ions
Sugar
From the nucleotide on the right, which part is labeled 2?
True
Globular proteins typically serve functional purposes, while fibrous proteins typically serve structural purposes.
Cilia
Hair like projections that aid in movement and also sweep away debris
The rate at which a radioactive element decays is its
Half life
adhesion proteins (glyco proteins)
Help cells stay connected to one another in a tissue
Cytoskeleton
Helps to maintain the cells shape and its cell motility
Nuclear pores
Holes that are in the nuclear envelope that allow the nucleus to communicate with the surrounding cytosol
We eat stuff
How do we obtain biomolecules...
Fast
How fast would the diffusion of boiling water be?
Slow
How fast would the diffusion of ice water be?
20
How many different amino acids are there?
Three
How many fatty acids are combined with a glycerol to form a triglyceride?
eukaryotic
Humans, plants, and fungus are made of what kind of cells?
it has shrunk and shriveled up
If a cell has "crenated", what has it done?
it has shrunk
If a cell has "plasmolyzed" what has it done?
isotonic
If a cell in a beaker of fluid neither shrinks or swells then the solution must be ____ to the cells
Golgi apparatus
Important for packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in the cell
hypotonic
In a _________ solution water enters the cell, which may burst (lysis)
Hypertonic
In a _________ solution water leaves the cell, which may shrivel (crenation)
isotonic
In a __________ solution there is no net movement of water
Hemoglobin
In red blood cells, a protein called ________ binds to oxygen.
A normal atom of hydrogen has no neutrons although some atoms of hydrogen do have 1, 2, or 3 neutrons. This disrupts the behavior - what is the term that describes atoms that have different numbers of neutrons?
Isotopes
Solution
Kool-aid is an example of a _______ because all ingredients are equally distributed throughout
Carbohydrate
Lactose is a sugar found in dairy products. The body converts it into a molecule that can be used to make ATP energy. What type of biomolecule is lactose?
Which biomolecule is found in fats, oils, and waxes and is a source of long-term energy
Lipids
C H O
Lipids are made of...
Cells to tissue to organs to organ systems to organisms
List the levels of biological organization in order from smallest to biggest
An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction by
Lowering the activation energy
Large
Macro is a prefix that means ____
Chromosomes
Made of nuclear chromatin (DNA and surrounding proteins) that are condensed
Centrioles
Made up of nine microtubules and is part of the cytoskeleton (only in animal cells)
Cellulose
Makes up the plants cell wall and is fiber in our diets
Measure of the amount of matter in an object
Mass
On Earth, mass and weight can be considered synonymous but on the moon, they cannot. Why?
Mass = how much matter a thing is made up of but weight is equal to the mass multiplies by the force of gravity
What is the difference between mass and weight?
Mass is the measured amount of matter in an object while weight is the measure of a force exerted on an object by gravity
no energy
Passive transport requires ________
all living things are made of cells, basic unit of structure & function, & cells are reproduced from other cells. Cells contain DNA, cells maintain homeostasis, and have a metabolism
Name the six parts of the cell theory
Atom
Name the smallest particle of an element that still has all the characteristics of the element
Neutrons
Name the subatomic particle that does not show any charge
Electrons
Name the subatomic particle that shows a negative charge
Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic
Name the three types of solutions that are used to describe osmosis
microtubules & microfilaments
Name the two main structural components of the cytoskeleton
lipids and proteins
Name the two organic compound that make up the cell membrane
Protons and neutrons
Name the two subatomic particles that contribute to the total mass of an atom of an element
Water
Name the universal solvent
nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria
Name three organelles that are membrane bound and contain DNA
If I gain electrons I become
Negative
Prokaryotic cell
No nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
Hydrogen bonds
Non-covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms are called ________
Covalent bonds that result in an equal sharing of electrons and form molecules that do not have a net charge are termed _____
Non-polar
A sugar, a phosphate, a nitrogenous base
Nucleotides are made up of three parts. The three parts are...
Most of the mass in an atom is concentrated in the __________
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Only in plants. Helps a plant get its color and responsible for the plants ability to absorb sunlight
colonial
Organisms that are unicellular yet live in groups and share responsibilities as if they were multicellular are called ____ organisms
Multicellular
Organisms that contain many cells are called ____
A chemical reaction in which electrons are exchanged between atoms
Oxidation reduction reactions
Loss of electrons becomes
Oxidized (becomes +)
What four elements account for 96% of all living matter
Oxygen (64%), Carbon (18.5%), Hydrogen (9.5%), and Nitrogen (3.3%)
Ribosomes
Packets of RNA and protein that help form amino acids to lengthen the protein chain.
cell wall
Plant cells and some other cells have an addition outer layer that protects them. Name it
turgor pressure
Plant cells build up ___ ___ when their cells take in water and the central vacuole fills - this gives them the strength to stand up
Molecules that do not share electrons equally and thus have a slightly negative and a slightly positive end are called _______ molecules
Polar
An atom that loses an electrons has a ________ charge
Positive
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes that are critical in protein synthesis
Na + Cl -> NaCl -- NaCl is called the ___ of this equation
Product
Substances produced by chemical reactions
Products
Two different types of cells
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are...
Peroxisomes
Protects the cell from the hydrogen peroxide it produces by breaking it down into water and oxygen
An isotope has the same number of _____ but a different number of ______
Protons, neutrons
What do all carbohydrates do for us
Provide energy
Mitochondria
Provides the energy a cell needs to survive and divide
Elements are a
Pure substance
Has a fixed composition which means every sample has the same properties and the same composition
Pure substance
Chemicals listed on the left side of the yields sign of a chemical equation are called the _________
Reactants
Substances that enter chemical reactions
Reactants
What is the difference between reactants and products
Reactants are what go into chemical reactions, while products are the substances produced by the chemical reactions
Simple
Single-lensed microscopes are called ____ microscopes
Flagella
Singular projection that is whip like and also used for movement
Monomer
Smallest unit a biomolecule can be broken down into while still maintaining the properties.
hypotonic
Solutions with lower solute concentrations are said to be _____ when compared to solutions with higher solute concentrations
vacuoles
Spaces called _____ are temporary storage chambers used by cells
Organelles
Specialized structures that preform specific jobs in the cell
Polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are examples of ___
The addition of energy to a substance can cause its state to change from a solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a gas
States of matter
Vacuole
Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc.
Vacuole
Stores waste products that will eventually be released and holds mainly water when found in plant cells
Disaccharides
Sucrose (table sugar)Lactose (Milk Sugar)Maltose (Grain sugar)are examples of
Solute
Sugar is an example of a ____ because it will dissolve in solution
Water has a high ____ ____ due to its cohesiveness - this explains why insects can walk on it
Surface tension
endoplasmic reticulum
The "intercellular Highway" is the organelle called the ____. It is used to transport things from one side of a cell to the other
Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
The 3 categories of carbohydrates are:
Golgi Body (apparatus)
The ____ is the organelle that is the "process and packaging plant" that ships products out of cells
Primary
The image shows which structure of protein?
Nonpolar and hydrophobic
The inside of the cell membrane is.....
cytoplasm
The jelly-like liquid inside a cell is called ____
organelles
The little structures inside cells are called ____
DNA that is separate from your cells
The mitochondria has its own.......
Polar and hydrophilic
The outside of the cell membrane is.....
Hydrolysis
The reaction that occurs between polymers where a water molecule is added between the two monomers breaking them up is called.
Hydrolysis
The reaction used to digest and break the bond in red is:
cells
The smallest unit on the levels of organization of living organisms that can still be considered living is ___
concentration gradient
The steeper the __________ the faster the diffusion
diffusion
The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster ________ takes place
Cytoskeleton
The structural framework of a cell is called the ___
True
The structure of proteins can be changed by environmental factors such as temperature or pH.
Cytoplasm
The term used for all of the cytosols in a cell along with all of the organelles in the cytosol
Cytosol
The watery matrix that organelles float in
Double sugar
These are all properties of a monosaccharide EXCEPT:
Carbon
This element can form 4 bonds and is the main element of organic compounds.
Glycogen
This polysaccharide is stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals for quick energy.
How are ionic bonds formed
Transfer of electrons
Every chemical reaction involves a
Transfer of energy
Bonds between atoms store chemical energy (true or false)
True
ATP
What energy molecule is like 'gasoline for a cell' ?
True
True or False. Lipids can be formed from carbohydrates that are converted into lipids
What are the outermost electrons in an atom called
Valence electrons
Name the most important inorganic molecule to living systems
Water
pinocytosis and phagocytosis
What are examples of active transport?
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
What are examples of passive transport?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
What are the FOUR most common elements in living things?
Small
What are the sizes of the many vacuoles found in animal cells?
A base, 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
RNA and DNA
What are the two kinds of nucleic acids? (check all that apply)
Animal and plant cells
What are the two types of eukaryotic cells?
Energy storage and insulation
What are two main functions of fats within the body?
glucose and other large polar molecules
What can not pass easily through the cell membrane?
lipids and non-polar molecules
What can pass easily through the cell membrane?
Plant cells, animal cells, and prokaryotic cells
What cells are ribosomes found in?
Plant and animal cells
What cells have a nucleus?
1800's
What century was the cell theory written?
Attached to the rough ER
What do bound ribosomes do?
Float free in cytosol
What do free ribosomes do?
Digestive enzymes
What do lysosomes use to break down waste?
Makes proteins according to DNA intructions
What do ribosomes do?
something is entering the cell
What does 'endocytosis' mean?
something is leaving the cell
What does 'exocytosis' mean?
equal to the amount of solute dissolved in a set volume of solvent
What does concentration mean?
transport proteins
What does glucose and other large polar molecules rely on to be able to pass through the cell membrane?
Break down
What does lys mean?
Allows nutrients in and waste products out
What does semi-permeable mean?
Vesicles
What does the Golgi apparatus use to distribute and transport molecules?
Makes ribosomes
What does the nucleolus do?
DNA/chromosomes
What does the nucleus store?
true
What does the prefix "eu-" mean in a word?
Supports cell shape
What does the vacuole do in plant cells that it doesn't do in animal cells?
Little organs
What does the word organelle mean?
Has carbon
What does the word organic mean?
C,N,O,H,P
What elements make up Nucleic Acids?
Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, and nitrogen; and sometimes also sulfur
What elements make up amino acids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What elements make up carbohydrates?
The amount of energy needed to start the reaction
activation energy
Any structure or behavior that helps an organism survive longer is called a/an _____.
adaptation
The attractive force between two particles of different substances, such as water molecules and glass molecules
adhesion
What word describes when water is attracted to other substances
adhesion
If the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions the solution is
an acid
An atom or molecule with an electrical charge is called
an ion
The study of structure (example the shape of your hand) is known as ____?
anatomy
Solutions in which water is the solvent
aqueous solutions
What are the six kingdoms of life?
archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
An organism that produces offspring identical to itself uses _____ reproduction.
asexual
The smallest form of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element
atom
Name the levels of biological organization in order from the smallest non-living particle (the atom) to the area of Earth where life can exist (Biosphere).
atom to compounds (or molecules) to cells to tissues to organ to organ system to organism
All matter is made of what
atoms
All matter is made of what?
atoms
Ions are:
atoms with a positive or negative charge
What does the number 39.083 represent?
average atomic mass
The study of plants is called ___?
botany
Chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution
buffers
The attraction between molecules that results in the rise of a surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid
capillarity
"C" is the element symbol for which element
carbon
Reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place
catalysts
An ion with a positive charge is a/an
cation
Name the building blocks that all living things are made of... (they are the smallest living things)
cells
Which metric unit is closest in size to the English inch?
centimeter
A substance with definite composition
chemical
The attractive forces that hold atoms together
chemical bonds
Characteristics that affect a substance's ability to change into another substance
chemical properties
The information gathered in an experiment is called
data
The experimenter measures the _____________
dependent variable
What term describes the changes that take place within an organism over the course of a lifetime?
development
What are the three domains of life?
domain bacteria, domain archaea, and domain eukarya
The study of the environment and relationships between living organisms are parts of the branch of biology called ___?
ecology
The study of the interaction of organisms in their environment is called ______
ecology
An isotope of an element has the same number of _________, but a different number of _________
protons, neutrons
Which do all carbohydrates do for us
provide energy
Which do all carbohydrates do for us?
provide energy
Elements are a
pure substance
Has a fixed composition which means every sample has the same properties and the same composition
pure substance
Has a fixed composition which means every sample has the same properties and the same composition.
pure substance
Written or descriptive data is called ___ data
qualitative
Numerical data, like measurements and population numbers are known as ___ data
quantitative
Shown on the left side of the equation
reactants
Substances that enter chemical reactions
reactants
Electrons are transferred between atoms are known as oxidation-reduction reactions, or ____________
redox reactions
What do enzymes do
reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction
Gain of electrons becomes
reduced (becomes -)
A reactant gains one or more electrons, thus becoming more negative in charge
reduction reaction
What characteristic of living things does not have to occur for an individual to live, but does have to continue for the action of evolution on a species?
reproduction
An organism that produces offspring with traits of both parents uses ______ reproduction.
sexual
Covalent compounds form when atoms __________.electrons
share
Covalant compounds
share electrons
Covalent compounds
share electrons
Of the following elements, which is the one most likely to form an ionic bond (hydrogen, carbon, sodium, and oxygen)
sodium
What does resolution mean?
the power to show details clearly in an image
In chemical reactions, the number of each kind of atom in the reactants is
the same as in the products
What is a cell?
the smallest unit of an organism that can perform all life's processes
A ____ is an explanation made about something after many experiments.
theory
What does a two-direction arrow indicate in a chemical equation
they are both reactants and products, they go hand in hand
What role do catalysts play in chemical reactions
they reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place
Every chemical reaction involves a
transfer of energy
Bonds between atoms store chemical energy (true or false)
true
The independent variable is always placed on the ____ when graphing data.
x-axis
The dependent variable is always placed on the _____ when graphing data.
y-axis
The study of animals is known as ___?
zoology
