Short Term & Working Memory Quiz 5

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? 14 929 111 776 149 29111 776 14 92 91 117 76 1492 911 1776

1492 911 1776

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display. 12 36 65 82

82

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they do not require attention. may differ from one task to another. are performed without conscious awareness. are difficult to modify.

may differ from one task to another.

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two) meaningful units. letters. words. sentences.

meaningful units.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. both are handled by the sketch pad. both are handled by the phonological loop. the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period

one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying sensory memory. decay. perseveration. agnosia.

perseveration.

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as L. I. R. C.

C

If Peyton Manning, a professional football player, wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend? He should think of the numbers as a sequence of football statistics. He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color. He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice. He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basketball.

He should think of the numbers as a sequence of football statistics.

Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following? It reduces memory span. It interferes with semantic coding. It reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words. It eliminates the use of rehearsal.

It interferes with semantic coding.

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves a smaller stimulus set. a smaller response set. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. a shorter rehearsal period.

a smaller response set

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as articulatory suppression. an overload of sensory memory. rehearsal interference. an LTM recency effect.

articulatory suppression

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad The central executive and long-term memory The central executive and the phonological loop The phonological loop and long-term memory

central executive and long-term memory

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during stimulus presentation. delay. response. encoding.

delay

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as iconic memory. primary auditory memory. echoic memory. pre-perceptual auditory memory.

echoic

The primary effect of chunking is to maximize the recency effect. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that STM and LTM are independent components of memory. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds. information in STM must be rehearsed to transfer into LTM. STM has a limited capacity

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory. an absence of sensory poor short-term exceptional short-term normal short-term

poor short-term

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. prefrontal cortex amygdala hippocampus occipital lobe

prefrontal cortex

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the nucleus acumbens. prefrontal cortex. diencephalon. cingulate gyrus.

prefrontal cortex.

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to proactive interference. your overloading the phonological loop. a release from proactive interference. a recency effect.

proactive

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called anterograde amnesia. episodic buffering. chunking. proactive interference.

proactive interference.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that while remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Lamar's experience demonstrates the phonological similarity effect. retroactive interference. the cocktail party phenomenon. a partial-report procedure.

retroactive interference.

Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner? pointing to the letter "Y" for each inside corner and "N" for each outside corner? saying "no" for each corner that is an inside corner and "yes" for each corner that is an outside corner? pointing to the letter "N" for each inside corner and "Y" for each outside corner?

saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?

\Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? pointing to the word "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun? saying "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun?

saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ________ memory. semantic acoustic visual iconic

semantic

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal.

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ________ memory. short-term long-term sensory autobiographical

short term

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of the phonological similarity effect. short-term memory. the persistence of vision. the physiological approach to coding.

short-term memory.

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the _____ of the stimulus. sound appearance meaning modality

sound

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. due to its differing wavelengths, the light from the sparkler continues to radiate for about a second after it goes out. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second.

The word-length effect reveals that STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages. longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words. working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? the STM recency effect delayed response coding the phonological loop the visuospatial sketch pad

the visuospatial sketch pad

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that short-term memory consists of a number of components. short-term memory has unlimited capacity. working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information. working memory has unlimited capacity.

working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information.