Sinclair Anatomy Exam 4
Bones forming the roof of the skull and the scapula are referred to as __________.
flat bones
Air
filled cavities found in some bones of the skull are called __________.-sinuses
Which anatomical term describes a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves?
foramen
Which of the following includes bones belonging to the axial skeleton?
frontal bone, hyoid bone, thoracic vertebra, and true ribs
Synchondrosis
A cartilaginous joint connected by hyaline cartilage; an example is the joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum
Fat pad
A collection of fat that reduces friction by occupying space
Bone tissue
A connective tissue with a hard matrix containing calcium salts
Epiphyseal plate
A disc of hyaline cartilage at the metaphysis that grows to lengthen a long bone
Gomphosis
A fibrous joint in which one component appears "nailed" into the other; the only examples are the joints that hold the teeth in the maxillae and mandible
Syndesmosis
A fibrous joint with a short band of fibrous tissue (a ligament); an example is the distal tibiofibular joint
Bursa
A flattened, fluid-filled sac that reduces friction adjacent to a synovial joint
Diarthrotic joint
A freely movable joint
Cartilaginous joint
A joint in which the articular surfaces of the bones are connected by cartilage
The human skeleton consists of __________.
206 bones
The skull consists of __________.
22 bones
The vertebral column consists of __________.
26 bones
Synarthrotic joint
An immovable joint
The bony skeleton begins to form about __________ after fertilization and usually does NOT stop growing until about age __________ years.
6 weeks; 25
Bones can become very brittle in the elderly because:
Absorption of bone matrix is greater than the deposition of bone matrix
Which of the following statements about spinal curvature is FALSE?
Adults and newborn infants have four spinal curves.
Which of the following statements correctly describes gigantism?
An excess of growth hormone is released before the epiphyseal lines have formed.
Appositional growth:
Appositional growth is growth in width. It occurs throughout life very slowly. The process involves osteoblasts in periosteum and osteoclasts in endosteum. This growth is influenced by mechanical stress and results in larger, stronger bones.
Axial skeleton
Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the upper and lower extremities, shoulders, and hips
Bone resorption
Breakdown of bone
Articular cartilage
Cartilage in a joint; articular cartilage on the ends of long bones consists of hyaline cartilage
Hydroxyapatite
Calcium phosphate; the most abundant mineral salt in bone
Articular cartilage
Cartilage in a joint; the articular cartilage of a long bone is found at the epiphyses and consists of hyaline cartilage
Which of these fracture types is INCORRECTLY described?
Compression fracture: Only one side of the shaft is broken; the other is bent.
Which of the following does NOT occur during fracture repair?
Dead tissue next to the break is left in the break area and covered by new bone tissue.
Concave
Depressed or sunken (suggestion: think of a cave); opposite of convex
Primary ossification center
Endochondral bone formation in the diaphysis
Secondary ossification center
Endochondral bone formation in the epiphysis
Endochondral ossification:
Endochondral ossification is a complicated process. Most long bones of an embryo are made of hyaline cartilage. During development, these bones are converted to bone tissue. Ossification starts in the center of the diaphysis (primary ossification center).
Plantar flexion
Extension of the foot so that the angle between the dorsal surface of the foot and the anterior aspect of the leg is increased; opposite of dorsiflexion
Flat bones of the skull form through endochondral ossification.
False
The first step in the repair of a bone fracture is the formation of an internal callus.
False
The orbital complex is made of the frontal bone, maxillary bone, lacrimal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, zygomatic bone, and nasal bone.
False. The nasal bone is medial to the maxillary bone along the exact midline of the body and therefore not a part of the orbital complex. The palatine bone, however, is part of the orbital complex.
The four curvatures of the spine are the cranial, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar curvatures.
False. While there is no cranial curvature in the spine, the sacral and coccygeal regions are included in the vertebral column and do have curvature.
Yellow marrow
Fatty marrow
Dorsiflexion
Flexion of the foot so that the angle between the dorsal surface of the foot and the anterior aspect of the leg is decreased; opposite of plantar flexion
Which of the following statements about fontanelles is FALSE?
Fontanelles have all completely ossified by the end of the first year of a child's life.
Hematopoiesis
Formation of blood cells
Longitudinal Growth:
Growth in height occurs at the growth plate or epiphyseal plate. Activity is influenced by hormones during childhood. Growth hormone stimulates the epiphyseal plate throughout childhood. Sex hormones exert influence during puberty by first stimulating osteoblast activity that ultimately leads to closure of the growth plate. The epiphyseal plate closes and becomes the epiphyseal line as growth in height stops.
Red marrow
Hematopoietic marrow
Bone Remodeling - Blood calcium levels:
If blood calcium amounts fall below homeostatic levels, the parathyroid gland will be stimulated to release PTH. PTH stimulate osteoclasts to digest matrix and release calcium into the blood. Calcium levels increases but bone mass decreases. If blood calcium amounts are above homeostatic levels, cells in the thyroid gland are stimulated to release calcitonin. Calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bone matrix, lowering levels of blood calcium. Bone mass increases.
Rotation
Movement around the long axis of a bone
Which of the following statements about rickets is FALSE?
Increasing the level of vitamin C in the diet is sufficient to treat rickets.
Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
Inner portion of a bone; consists of trabeculae of bone separated by bone marrow
Which of the following statements about the hyoid is INCORRECT?
It articulates with the cervical vertebrae.
Which of the following statements about bone tissue is FALSE?
It is made primarily of cells.
Rotation
Movement of a bone around its long axis
A tall, slender person with unusually long, slender limbs because of excess cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages has what disorder?
Marfan's syndrome
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Mastoiditis is an inflammation of the mandible at the point where it articulates with the temporal bone.
Gliding movement
Motion in which bones slide by each other
Angular movement
Motion that changes the angle between two bones
Which of the following statements about spinal curvature is FALSE?
Newborns, like adults, have four spinal curvatures.
Intramembranous ossification:
Occurs in flat and irregular shaped bones of embryo such as the skull bones. Ossification begins at the center of the bone where stem cells are converted to osteoblasts. At birth, ossification of the skull bones is not yet complete. Fontanels or soft spots are areas of tissue that have not yet been ossified.
Which of the following statements about bone formation and resorption is INCORRECT?
Once adults reach maturity, their bones no longer undergo the remodeling process.
Which of the following statements about the foramina of the skull is INCORRECT?
One of the foramina of the temporal bone is the foramen rotundum.
Osteoid
Organic component of bone matrix; produced by osteoblasts
Which of the following statements about endochondral ossification is FALSE?
Osteoclasts migrate into the epiphyseal regions of long bones to create medullary cavities in the ends of the bones.
Compact bone (cortical or lamellar bone)
Outer portion of a bone; appears solid to the unaided eye
Bone Remodeling - Mechanical Stress:
Placing stress on bones results in more growth. Bones become thicker and stronger. Where muscles pull on bones, bony processes develop and bone becomes denser.
Which of the following statements about hormones and their effects on bones is INCORRECT?
Production of growth hormone stimulates osteoclast activity.
Convex
Projecting outward; opposite of concave
Protraction
To move anteriorly
Opposition
Touching the thumb to the other four fingers of the same hand
Bone responds to mechanical stress by becoming stronger and thicker.
True
Hyperextension occurs when you look up at the ceiling.
True
Calcitonin causes an increased deposition of calcium in bone tissue.
True. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity, which reduces the amount of calcium ions released into the bloodstream.
Osteopenia is an adult onset reduction in bone mass that can lead to osteoporosis.
True. Osteopenia refers to a lack of bone mass caused by a decrease in osteoblast activity. It begins to occur between the ages of 30 and 40.
Tendon sheath
a flattened, fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between a tendon and adjacent structures
Synovial joints:
allow the greatest range of motion but are the less stable in the body
Which of the following is the largest fontanelle and is commonly called the "soft spot" in newborn babies?
anterior fontanelle
Which of the following allows a bone to increase in diameter or width?
appositional growth
Osteoclasts __________.
are multinucleate cells, are derived from monocytes, and remove bone matrix
In a __________ fracture, which commonly occurs in childhood, the bone is only broken on one side of the shaft.
greenstick
A fracture in which one side of the shaft is broken and the other side is bent is a __________.
greenstick fracture
The femur and the humerus are examples of __________.
long bones
What type of vertebra is characterized by short, stumpy spinous processes and large bodies?
lumbar vertebrae
Which of the following forms the lower jaw?
mandible
Lumbar vertebrae can be distinguished by __________.
massive bodies and curved articular surfaces
Which of the following fontanelle locations is NOT correctly identified?
mastoid fontanelle—center of sagittal suture between parietal bones
Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone?
maxilla
Which of the following is the term for a fracture in which the broken bone breaks through the skin?
open or compound
The process of replacing other tissue with bone is called __________, while calcification is the deposition of calcium salts within a tissue.
ossification
Perforating canals __________.
supply blood to the osteons
Except for the mandible, all bones of the skull articulate at joints called __________.
sutures
The thyroid regulates bone growth and maintenance through its production of what hormone?
thyroxine
The endosteum covers the __________.
trabeculae
Which of the following are NOT structural components of compact bone?
trabeculae
Fibrous joint
A joint in which the articular surfaces of the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue
Synovial joint
A joint in which the articular surfaces of the bones are not connected; instead, they are enclosed in a fluid-filled space
Amphiarthrotic joint
A joint that allows only slight movement
Synostosis
A joint that ossifies during development; for example, the sutures of the skull become synostoses
Lamella
A layer of matrix in an osteon
Intramembranous ossification
A mechanism of bone formation within a membrane of fibrous connective tissue
Endochondral ossification
A mechanism of bone formation within cartilage
Endosteum
A membrane of connective tissue on the inner surfaces of a bone
Periosteum
A membrane of connective tissue on the outer surface of a bone
Adduction
A movement around one axis that decreases the angle between a bone and a midline; opposite of abduction
Flexion
A movement around one axis that decreases the angle between two bones; opposite of extension
Abduction
A movement around one axis that increases the angle between a bone and a midline; opposite of adduction
Extension
A movement around one axis that increases the angle between two bones; opposite of flexion
Circumduction
A movement involving three axes that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Perforating canal (Volkmann's canal)
A passageway for vessels and nerves from the outer edge of an osteon to the central canal of an osteon
Central canal (Haversion canal)
A passageway for vessels and nerves running through the middle of an osteon
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
A relatively large, marrow-filled, central space in a bone; in the diaphysis of a long bone
Articular (joint) capsule
A sleeve enclosing the cavity of a synovial joint; consists of an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane
Sesamoid bone
A small bone that develops in a tendon; an example is the patella
Canaliculus
A small canal between osteocytes that allows them to connect to each other
Lacuna
A small space in which an osteocyte resides
Sutural bone
A small, flat bone between flat bones of the skull
Hinge joint
A synovial joint in which a concave surface and a convex surface allow angular motion (flexion and extension) around one axis only (uniaxial); an example is the elbow
Unlike compact bone, spongy bone (also called cancellous bone) resembles a network of bony struts separated by spaces that are normally filled with __________.
bone marrow
Spongy bone is located where __________.
bones are not heavily stressed and where stress arrives from many directions
Calcium ion concentration in the blood depends on activities occurring in the __________.
bones, intestines, and kidneys
Long bones, such as the femur, increase in size throughout childhood by __________.
both interstitial growth and appositional growth
The size and number of __________ vary among individuals.
both sesamoid and sutural bones
Which of the following bones form(s) the nasal septum?
both the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Pott's fracture is identified primarily by a __________.
break in both lower leg bones at the ankle
The inferior nasal conchae __________.
articulate with the ethmoid, maxillary, palatine, and lacrimal bones
The first cervical vertebra (C1) is also known as the __________, and the second cervical vertebra (C2) is called the axis.
atlas
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
The skeletal system is divided into the appendicular skeleton, which consists of the limbs and the bony girdles to which they are attached, and the __________ skeleton, which includes the skull, thorax, and vertebral column.
axial
Osteolysis is an important process in the regulation of __________.
calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids
Osteomalacia is caused by a diet deficient in __________.
calcium or vitamin D
The region known as the epiphyseal plate is the area where __________.
cartilage is being replaced by bone
Symphysis
cartilaginous joint connected by fibrocartilage; examples include the intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis
The frontal bone is an example of a(n) __________.
flat bone
Growth hormone from the pituitary gland and thyroxine from the thyroid gland maintain normal bone growth activity at the __________.
epiphyseal plates
Secondary ossification centers can be found in the __________.
epiphyses of a long bone
Which bone contains the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate?
ethmoid bone
Which of the following bones form(s) part of both the orbit and the nasal complex?
ethmoid bone
When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones __________.
grow longer
What are the circulating hormones that stimulate bone growth?
growth hormone and thyroxine
The axis __________.
has a toothlike process called the dens and is the second cervical vertebra
A person who chooses to eat a diet of junk food and has a sedentary job is NOT likely to experience which of the following?
thickened, prominent ridges on bones in the places of muscle attachment
The adult sternum has __________ component(s).
three
Which of the following bones is accurately described as an irregular bone?
vertebra
What is the term for the opening in the vertebra that encloses the spinal cord?
vertebral foramen
Depressions, grooves, and tunnels in bone indicate __________.
where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate bones
Which of the following types of bone cell is responsible for removing and recycling bone?
osteoclasts
Mature bone cells found in lacunae are called __________.
osteocytes
Which of the following types of cell are the mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix?
osteocytes
What is the basic functional unit of compact bone?
osteon
Inadequate ossification that occurs in all individuals with aging is called osteopenia, while reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is called __________.
osteoporosis
What is the condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function?
osteoporosis
What is the term for a reduction in bone mass that is sufficiently large that it compromises the normal function of the bone?
osteoporosis
The sella turcica is __________.
part of the sphenoid bone and also supports the pituitary gland
What is the name of the membrane that covers the outer surface of the bones?
periosteum
Which labeled structure is continuous with the joint capsule?
periosteum
A bone containing a spinous process has a(n) __________.
pointed process
At maturity, why are women generally shorter than men?
promote faster closure of epiphyseal plates than androgens do.
Which component of bone is responsible for blood cell formation?
red bone marrow
One function of bone is to produce red and white blood cells. These cells are made in what substance in bone?
red marrow
The continuous recycling and renewing of bone matrix is called __________.
remodeling
What is the term for the process in which the organic and mineral components of bone are continuously recycled and renewed?
remodeling
Which of the following is the last step of fracture repair?
remodeling to return the bone to its normal shape
Osteolysis is the __________.
removal of bone matrix by osteoclasts
Homogenized milk fortified with vitamin D is effective in preventing what bone disorder in children?
rickets
The condition in which a child's leg bones bend under the weight of the body is called __________.
rickets
Which of the following relationships is NOT correct for the regions of the vertebral column?
sacral—3 vertebrae fused into single bone
Which of the following consists of five fused vertebrae and articulates with the pelvic girdle?
sacrum
The skeletal system has a protective function in that __________.
soft tissues and organs such as the heart and lungs are surrounded by the ribs and sternum
The optic nerves pass from the eyes to the brain through openings in which bone?
sphenoid bone
During intramembranous ossification, the developing bone grows outward from the ossification center in small struts called __________.
spicules
Which of the following bones contains the auditory ossicles?
temporal bone
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the orbital complex?
temporal bone
The outer surface of the bone, the periosteum, __________.
isolates the bone from surrounding tissues, provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply, and actively participates in bone growth and repair
The sutural joint between the occipital bone and the parietal bones is called the __________ suture.
lambdoid
Cylinders found around the central canal in the osteon are __________.
lamellae
Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished by __________.
large transverse processes and long inferiorly directed spinous processes
Changing the magnitude and direction of forces generated by skeletal muscles is an illustration of the skeletal function of __________.
leverage
Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
upper limb
Ligament
A band of dense regular connective tissue that connects bones
Osteoclast
A bone cell that breaks down bone
Osteocyte
A bone cell that is not involved in either bone formation or destruction; the most common type of bone cell
Osteoblast
A bone cell that produces new bone
Irregular bone
A bone that has a complicated shape; examples include the vertebrae and hip bones
Flat bone
A bone that is relatively flat and thin; examples include the sternum and ribs
Long bone
A bone that is relatively long and thin; examples include the humerus, tibia, and phalanges
Short bone
A bone that is relatively short and cuboidal; examples include the carpals and tarsals
Epiphyseal line
A bony remnant of the epiphyseal plate in an adult long bone
Ball and socket joint
A synovial joint in which a rounded, convex surface articulates with a concave surface; allows angular motion (flexion and extension, abduction and adduction) around two axes and rotational motion (triaxial); examples are the shoulder and hip joints
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint
A synovial joint in which an oval, convex surface articulates with a concave surface; allows angular motion (flexion and extension, abduction and adduction) around two axes (biaxial); examples are the knuckles (metacarpalphalangeal joints)
Saddle joint
A synovial joint in which both articular surfaces are convex as well as concave; allows angular motion (flexion and extension, abduction and adduction) in two axes (biaxial); an example is the carpal-first metacarpal joint
Gliding joint
A synovial joint with relatively flat articular surfaces that slide by each other (nonaxial); examples are the intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Pivotal joint
A synvial joint in which a bone rotates in a space formed by another bone or a ligament; allows rotation only (uniaxial); an example is the atlas (C1) - axis (C2) joint
Which of the following statements about bone markings is FALSE?
A tuberosity is a pointed process.
Suture
A very narrow fibrous joint that has a wavy or zig-zag pattern; the only examples are between the bones of the skull
Synovial fluid
A viscous lubricant secreted by the synovial membrane
Disc
A wedge of fibrocartilage between bones in some synovial joints; stabilizes a joint by occupying space where bone shapes are not complementary
Bone remodeling:
Bone remodeling is influenced by two mechanisms: -Mechanical stress -Homeostatic blood levels of calcium
Bone development or ossification:
During ossification other tissue types are converted to bone tissue. Intramembranous ossification: fibrous membrane to bone Endochondral ossification: cartilage to bone.
Bone Remodeling - Osteoporosis:
If blood calcium levels are consistently low, it means that too much calcium is being removed from the bone matrix leaving the bone weak and unable to support the weight of the body. Osteoporosis is a condition often seen in the elderly.
Which of the following statements about bone development is FALSE?
In both intramembranous and endochondral ossification, chondrocytes die as calcification occurs.
Endochondral ossification:
Secondary ossification centers develop in the epiphyses. A plate of cartilage remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis. This is the growth plate that is active during childhood.
Which of the following statements about compact and spongy bone is FALSE?
Spongy bone does not contain trabeculae.
Bone marking
Structural feature of a bone's external surface
A suture in the skull is an example of a(n)___joint with __between the articulating bones.
Synarthrotic; fibrous connective tissue
Metaphysis
The area of a long bone between its diaphysis and epiphysis
Which of the following statements about the vertebral column is INCORRECT?
The auricular surface of the sacrum is the point of articulation of the coccyx to the sacrum.
Which of the following is an effect of stress on a bone?
The bone will become thicker.
Remodeling
The continuous resorption and renewing of bone; sometimes reshapes bone in response toexternal forces
Supination
The forearm is turned so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly; opposite of pronation
Pronation
The forearm is turned so that the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly; to play the piano the forearm is pronated; opposite of supination
Which of the following statements about the skull is FALSE?
The only bones that contain sinuses are in the cranium.
Which of the following statements about the ribs is INCORRECT?
The rib articulates with the sternum at the head, or capitulum, of the rib.
Epiphysis
The rounded end of a long bone
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone
Bone marrow
The soft portion of a bone; found in medullary cavities and between the trabeculae ofspongy bone
Joint (synovial) cavity
The space that separates bones in a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid
Diploë
The spongy bone of a flat bone
Osteon
The structural and functional unit of compact bone
Trabeculae
The thin, needle-like bridges of bone in spongy bone
Which of the following statements about the axial skeleton is FALSE?
There are two bones that are associated with the skull but are not actually part of its structure.
Depression
To move inferiorly
Retraction
To move posteriorly
Elevation
To move superiorly
Eversion
To turn the plantar aspect of the foot away from the midline
Inversion
To turn the plantar aspect of the foot toward the midline
Damage to the epiphyseal plate in a prepubescent individual could stunt bone development.
True. The cartilaginous epiphyseal plate allows the bone to continue to grow in length; damage to this region can lead to early ossification of the plate.
The membranous intervals between the angles of the parietal and neighboring bones of a fetus's or newborn's skull are called fontanelles.
True. The fontanelles allow the skull to deform during birth.
The hyoid bone is part of the axial skeleton.
True. The hyoid, along with the auditory ossicles, is associated with the skull.
The occipital condyles, atlas, and axis are responsible for superior, inferior, and rotational movements of the skull.
True. The superior and inferior motion is synonymous with nodding your head to indicate "yes," while the rotational movement at the axis and atlas is what is done when you shake your head to indicate "no."
Match the bone structure with its description:
__3__ diaphysis __1__ articular surface __2__ epiphyseal line __5__ epiphysis __4__ medullary cavity 1. region of hyaline cartilage in the adult 2. ossification of the growth plate 3. the shaft of a long bone 4. contains fat in the adult 5. the secondary center of ossification
What are the major steps in intramembranous ossification?
aggregation of mesenchymal cells, spicule formation, enclosure of blood vessels between spicules, and remodeling and formation of periosteum
Appositional bone growth at the outer surface results in __________.
an increase in the diameter of a growing bone
Darcy wrecks her bike and experiences a break in the distal portion of her radius, which now projects out of her skin. Which type of fracture does she have?
an open Colles' fracture
The five fused vertebrae in the sacrum perform all EXCEPT which of the following functions?
bearing the most weight in the vertebral column
The removal of collagen fibers from bone would cause the bone to __________.
become less flexible
The hormone synthesized in the kidneys that regulates absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract is __________.
calcitriol
Which of the following hormones helps to increase calcium levels in bone and is therefore critical for children and pregnant women?
calcitonin
Which two hormones play opposing roles in regulating the calcium level in blood and body fluids?
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
The vertebrae containing transverse foramina are called the __________ vertebrae.
cervical
What are the primary types of vertebra?
cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
The important steps occurring in repair of a fractured bone are, in order, __________.
clot formation, internal callus formation, bone production, and remodeling
Fractures that shatter the bone into many small fragments are called __________ fractures.
comminuted
The type of fracture that occurs in vertebrae subject to extreme stresses is a __________ fracture.
compression
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
contraction
Which of the following is NOT one of the three parts of the sternum?
costal groove
Our sense of olfaction comes from olfactory nerves that pass through the olfactory foramina located in the __________ of the ethmoid.
cribriform plate
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of flat bones in the embryo?
dense fibrous connective tissue membranes
Which of the following is NOT a major blood vessel of a typical bone?
diaphyseal vessel
What is the term for the extended tubular shaft of a long bone?
diaphysis
The functions of the thoracic cage do NOT include which of the following?
enabling lateral rotation of the head, as in shaking the head to indicate "no"
In which of the following does bone replace existing cartilage?
endochondral ossification
The process during which bones begin development as cartilage models and the cartilage is later replaced by bone is called __________.
endochondral ossification
Spongy bone is found primarily at which part of long bones?
expanded ends, where long bones articulate with other skeletal elements
Which bone disorder is characterized by the formation of bone in wrong places after minor injury?
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
In endochondral bone formation the original pattern for the bone is made of:
hyaline cartilage.
The mineral crystal found within the matrix of bone is called __________.
hydroxyapatite
Which of the following bones does NOT directly articulate with the skull but is an important site for muscle attachment for the larynx, pharynx, and tongue?
hyoid bone
A synarthrosis is a(n):
immovable joint.
Spinal vertebrae are examples of __________.
irregular bones
Appositional growth __________.
increases the diameter of a long bone, forms circumferential lamellae, and involves both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
When the calcium ion concentration of the blood rises above normal, secretion of the hormone calcitonin __________.
increases the rate of calcium ion excretion
Which structure protects the spinal column from compression and acts like a shock absorber?
intervertebral disc
In __________ ossification, bone develops within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue, while in endochondral ossification, bone develops in a cartilage model.
intramembranous
The process during which osteoblasts begin to differentiate with a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue is called __________.
intramembranous ossification
Which of the following forms the flat bones of the skull?
intramembranous ossification
Osteoblasts are __________.
involved in the production of new bone matrix
The diaphysis is connected to the epiphysis by the __________.
metaphysis
Which bones form part of the bridge of the nose?
nasal bones
Where is a sesamoid bone most often found?
near joints at the knee, the hands, and the feet
Which bone forms the posterior and inferior portions of the cranium and contains a large opening called the foramen magnum?
occipital bone
A girl born with nonfunctioning ovaries could be expected to have a deficiency in the activity of which type of cell?
osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells are stem cells that become __________, cells that increase levels of bone matrix in bones.
osteoblasts
Which of the labeled cells are responsible for breaking down bone tissue but do NOT originate from osteoprogenitor cells?
osteoclast
Giant multinucleated cells involved in the process of osteolysis are __________.
osteoclasts
The carpals or wrist bones are examples of __________.
short bones
A chamber within a bone, usually filled with air, is called a __________.
sinus
In the skull are chambers inside some of the cranial and facial bones. These chambers are normally filled with air and are called __________.
sinuses
The fibers of tendons intermingle with those of the periosteum, attaching __________.
skeletal muscles to bones
Sutures are found only in the:
skull
Compact bone is usually found where __________.
stresses arrive from a limited range of directions
One of the basic histological differences between compact and spongy bone is that in compact bone, __________.
the basic functional unit is the osteon, or Haversian system
The skull consists of __________.
the cranium and facial bones
The mandible articulates with __________.
the temporal bone
An inexperienced EMT administering CPR is unsure where to place his hands during chest compressions and uses too much pressure on the thoracic cage. Which structure in the thoracic cage could easily be broken?
the xiphoid process of the sternum
Which of the following structures would be located in spongy bone?
trabeculae
Cervical vertebrae can be distinguished by __________.
transverse foramina and split tip of spinous process
The first seven ribs are called __________, and they connect to the sternum by individual costal cartilages.
true ribs
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the cranium?
ulna
Which of the following vitamins is NOT important in bone growth and maintenance?
vitamin B3
__________ is required for collagen synthesis, and a deficit results in a condition called scurvy.
vitamin C
Which vitamins are specifically required for normal bone growth?
vitamins A, C, and D