Skeletal System
Once a doorknob is grasped with the right hand, what movement of the forearm is necessary to unlatch the door (turn in a clockwise direction)?
D. Supination
Which of these pairs of bones or structures do NOT articulate with each other?
D. head of the ulna - humerus
Explain how a bone grows in diameter and length
Diameter: apposition of new bone matrix on old bone surface beneath the periosteum; Length: cartilage growth at the epiphyseal plate followed by ossification of the cartilage
Which of these is characteristic of a synovial joint?
E. all of the above
Which of these types of joints contain fibrous connective tissue?
E. all of the above
List the three major classes of joints.
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
List three types of bone cells, depending on their function.
Osteoblasts (makes/builds bone), osteocytes (mature bone cells), and osteoclasts (break down bone cells)
Name the six types of synovial joints and give an example of each
Plane, or gliding joints: articular processes between vertebrae; saddle joints: joint at base of thumb; hinge joints: elbow and knee; pivot joints: between atlas and axis; ball-and-socket joints: shoulder and hip; ellipsoid or condyloid: between occipital condyles and atlas
Which of these is a tunnel-like passage through a bone?
a. canal or meatus
Transverse foramina are found only in
a. cervical vertebrae.
Primary ossification centers of a long bone are found in the
a. diaphysis
As a long bone increases in diameter, the medullary cavity
a. increases in size.
The passageway that carries tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity is
a. the nasolacrimal canal.
Head of the femur
acetabulum
The __ is the socket of the hip joint, and the __ is the large hole in the coxa.
acetabulum, obturator foramen
Projection from the scapular spine that forms the point of the shoulder; point of attachment of the clavicle.
acromion process
Cartilage that provides a smooth surface where bones meet
articular cartilage
Where vertebrae articulate with each other
articular process
First cervical vertebra; allows a "yes" motion of the head.
atlas
The prime function of osteoclasts is to
b. break down bone.
Intramembranous ossification
b. gives rise to the flat bones of the skull.
Usually no __ penetrate the trabeculae, and the trabeculae have no central canals
blood vessels
Within the central canal are __ that run parallel to the long axis of the bone
blood vessels
Middle part of the sternum.
body
Weight-bearing portion of the vertebra
body
Extracellular matrix is made up of collagen and minerals.
bone
Extension of the synovial membrane that forms a pocket or sac; reduces friction where structures would rub together.
bursa
The weight-bearing portion of a vertebra is the
c. body.
Which of these is part of the appendicular skeleton?
c. clavicle
A break in the shaft of a bone is a break in the
c. diaphysis.
The squamous suture joins the
c. parietal and temporal bones
Which of these bones does NOT contain a paranasal sinus?
c. temporal
Which of these parts of the upper limb is NOT correctly matched with the number of bones in that part?
c. wrist: 10
Inferior to the talus; protrudes posteriorly to form the heel.
calcaneus
The chondrocytes of the cartilage model increase in number, hypertrophy, and die and the cartilage matrix becomes __ , forming an ossification center
calcified
Bone is the major storage site for __ in the body.
calcium
The zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments is called a __ .
callus
Tunnel-like passage through a bone.
canal or meatus
Cell processes extend from the osteocytes across the extracellular matrix of the lamellae within tiny canals called __.
canaliculi
Nutrients pass by diffusion through the __ to the osteocytes of the trabeculae.
canaliculi
The osteocytes are connected to each other by cell processes located in __.
canaliculi
Osteoblasts enter the callus and begin forming __ bone, which is later remodeled.
cancellous
Projection from the scapula that curves below the clavicle and provides attachment for arm and chest muscles.
caracoid process
Give the number of carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges in the upper limb, and give the number of tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges in the lower limb.
carpals: 8, metacarpals: 5, phalanges: 14, tarsals: 7, metatarsals: 5, phalanges: 14
Extracellular matrix is made up of collagen and proteoglycans.
cartilage
Endochondral ossification begins with a __ , which has the general shape of the mature bone.
cartilage model
Two bones united by cartilage; only slight movement can occur at these joints
cartilaginous
Most of the lamellae of compact bone are organized into sets of concentric rings with each set surrounding a __.
central canal
There are seven of these vertebrae in the vertebral column.
cervical
Have transverse foramina and partly split spinous processes.
cervical vertebrae
Name the five types of vertebrae, and give the number of each found in the vertebral column.
cervical: 7, thoracic: 12, lumbar: 5, sacrum: 1, coccyx: 1
Just as in endochondral ossification, __ increase in number.
chondrocytes
When a bone is broken, the bone bleeds, and a __ is formed in the damaged area.
clot
Tailbone, usually consisting of four fused vertebrae.
coccyx
List two types of bone, depending on their internal structure
compact: hard outer layer cancellous: lacey networks
Smooth, rounded end of a bone, where it forms a joint with another bone.
condyle
Proximal end of tibia
condyles of femur
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in ossification centers of __ membranes.
connective tissue
Each __ is formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
coxa
Subdivision of the skull that protects the brain.
cranial vault (braincase)
Which of these connective tissue structures cover the surface of mature bones?
d. b and c
In compact bone, the osteocytes are connected to each other by tiny cell processes extending through tiny canals called
d. canaliculi.
During bone growth at the epiphyseal plate, _____ increase in number, hypertrophy, and die.
d. chondrocytes.
Process that forms the outer ankle?
d. lateral malleolus
The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the ______ form the nasal septum.
d. vomer
Calcium is removed from bones when blood calcium levels __ , and it is deposited when dietary calcium is adequate.
decrease
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone, the bone increases in __.
diameter
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the __ , and a(n) __ at each end of the bone.
diaphysis, epiphysis
Semilunar notch
distal end of humerus
In the healing of bone fractures
e. all of the above
Which of these is a function of bone?
e. all of the above
Bone matrix contains
e. both a and b
Ossification process that produces most of the skeletal system
endochondral ossification
The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the __ .
endosteum
Location where forearm muscles attach to the humerus
epicondyles
Projections lateral to the condyles on the distal end of femur.
epicondyles
When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the __.
epiphyseal line
A long bone that is still growing has a(n) __ , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
Temporal bone canal; allows sound to reach the eardrum
external auditory meatus
Bones that form the structure of the face, but do not contribute to the cranial vault.
facial bones
Yellow marrow consists mostly of __ , whereas red marrow consists of __ cells
fat, blood-forming
The pelvic inlet and outlet are larger and the pelvic inlet is more oval in the pelvis of the __.
female
Two bones united by fibrous tissue; exhibit little or no movement.
fibrous
Bones such as the ribs, scapula, and sternum
flat bones
Eleventh and twelfth ribs, which have no attachment to the sternum
floating ribs
Wide sutures (soft spots) present in newborns.
fontanels
Hole in a bone
foramen
Opening through which the spinal cord connects to the brain.
foramen magnum
Depression in a bone
fossa
Depression where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula.
glenoid fossa
Fibrous joints consisting of pegs fitted into sockets
gomphoses
Location for shoulder muscles to attach to the humerus.
greater and lesser tubercles
Glenoid fossa
head of humerus
Humerus and ulna
head of radius
Carpals
head of ulna
Bone that "floats" in the neck and is the attachment site for throat and tongue muscles.
hyoid bones
The superior margin of the ilium is called the __ , and a(n) __ is located at each ilium's anterior end.
iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine
Dense fibrous connective tissue that separates vertebrae.
intervertebral disk
Where the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column
intervertebral formina
Name two types of bone ossification.
intramembraneous, endochondral
Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes
intramembranous ossification
Ossification process that occurs primarily in the flat bones of the skull.
intramembranous ossification
Bones such as the vertebrae and facial bones.
irregular bones
Surrounds the joint cavity; portions may be thickened to form ligaments.
joint capsule
The space surrounding the ends of articulating bones
joint cavity
Depression at the superior end of the sternum
jugular notch
The osteocytes are located within spaces called __.
lacunae
Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called __ , with bone cells, called __ between the lamellae.
lamellae, osteocytes
Two parts that form the vertebral arch.
lamina, pedicle
Growth in the __ of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the __ .
length, epiphyseal plate
Extracellular matrix is made up primarily of collagen.
ligaments, tendons
Bones longer than they are wide, e.g., limb bones.
long bones
Superior articular facets of these vertebrae face medially and "lock" with laterally facing inferior articular facets of the vertebra above it.
lumbar
There are five of these vertebrae in the vertebral column.
lumbar
Prominence on each side of the ankle that forms a partial socket for the talus bone.
malleolus
Depression where mandible articulates with temporal bone.
mandibular fossa
Most superior part of the sternum
manubrium
The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with __.
marrow
This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called ___.
marrow
The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the __.
medullary cavity
List three functions of cartilage
model for bone growth, smooth joint surfaces, and support
Three bony shelves of the nasal cavity that help to warm and moisten the air.
nasal conchae
Perpendicular bone and cartilage that divide the nasal cavity into right and left halves.
nasal septum
Opening that passes from the orbit into the nasal cavity
nasolacrimal canal
Opening through which the optic nerve passes into the skull.
optic foramen
Cone-shaped fossa that surrounds the eye.
orbit
Structure in the skull that surrounds and protects the eye.
orbit
Large openings through which nerves or blood vessels communicate with the eye.
orbital fissures
This process produces a zone of __ on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
ossification
The periosteum and endosteum contain __ , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone.
osteoblasts
When chondrocytes die, __ invade spaces in the center of the bone and produce bone matrix; __ remove bone and calcified cartilage to form the medullary cavity.
osteoblasts, osteoclasts
The cartilage matrix is __ , and __ start forming bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage.
osteoblasts, osteocytes
Bone remodeling involves the removal of old bone by __ , and the deposition of new bone by __ .
osteoclasts, osteoblasts
Each trabecula consists of several lamellae, with __ between the lamellae.
osteocytes
Each central canal with the lamellae and osteocytes surrounding it, is called a(n) __.
osteon
Two parts that form the hard palate
palatine process of maxilla, horizontal plate of palatine
Air-filled cavities that open into the nasal cavity.
paranasal sinuses
Located within the major tendon of the thigh muscles; enables the tendon to turn the corner over the knee.
patella
Name the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
pectoral: clavicle & scapula, pelvic: sacrum & coxa
Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the __ , which contains blood vessels and nerves.
periosteum
Blood vessels in the __ supply blood to vessels in the central canal
periosteum & endosteum
The center part of the diaphysis where bone first begins to appear is called the __.
primary ossification center
Projection from a bone
process
Within the __ zone, the chondrocytes line up in columns, hypertrophy, and die
proliferating
Location of attachment of the biceps brachii to the radius.
radial tuberosity
Five fused vertebrae that have a median crest and a hiatus
sacrum
Later, __ form in the epiphyses.
secondary ossification centers
Structure resembling a saddle that is occupied by the pituitary gland.
sella turcica
Bones as broad as they are long, e.g., ankle and wrist bones
short bones
Ridge that runs across the posterior surface of the scapula.
spine
Lumps that can be seen and felt down the midline of the back.
spinous process
Slight elevation at the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum; landmark for locating the second rib.
sternal angle
Attachments for the ligaments of the wrists.
styloid process
List five functions of bone.
support, protection, lever system, mineral storage, blood cell formation
Fibrous joints between the bones of the skull.
sutures
Fibrous joints where bones are separated by some distance and are held together by ligaments
syndesmoses
Freely moving joints that contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of bones
synovial
Tissue that lines the joint capsule except over the articular cartilage; produces synovial fluid.
synovial membrane
Distal end of tibia and fibula.
talus
Two bones that form the zygomatic arch.
temporal, zygomatic
Attach muscles to bones
tendons
There are twelve of these vertebrae in the vertebral column.
thoracic
Articular facets for ribs present.
thoracic vertebrae
Two sections of the vertebral column that curve posteriorly.
thoracic, sacral
Head of fibula.
tibia
Location on the tibia where anterior thigh muscles attach.
tibial tuberosity
Cancellous (spongy) bone consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone called __.
trabeculae
Points of muscle attachment near the head of the femur
trochanters
First seven pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum
true ribs
Name the three types of ribs according to their attachment, and give the number of each type.
true ribs: 1-7, false ribs: 8-10, floating ribs: 11-12
Lump on a bone.
tuberosity
Contains the spinal cord; all of them together form the vertebral canal.
vertebral foramen
Two parts that form the nasal septum.
vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid