Skeletal System

Incus

anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

intramembranous ossification

bone develops from a fibrous membrane

What are sutural bones?

bone within sutures

Meatus

canal

medullary cavity

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

What are irregular bones?

complicated shapes

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints, edge of epiphysis

The process of bone formation within a cartilage model:

endochonral ossification

Kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back. vertebral column or body curvature

What is yellow bone marrow?

fat, yellow in color

Where is red bone marrow found in adults?

femur and humerus

What type of bone is the frontal bone?

flat bone

What type of bone is the occipital bone?

flat bone

Vertebral Ribs

floating ribs 11-12

Malleus

hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Foramen

hole

Where is yellow marrow found?

in the medullary cavity of long bones

Fossa

indentation in a bone into which another structure fits

Which type of ossification produces skull bones

intramembranous

Two types of bone formation:

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

Tronchanter

large bump

Floating ribs

last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum

concentric lamellae

layers of bony matrix around a central canal

Where is the tibia?

leg

What connects bone to bone?

ligament

What are the smallest bones in the body?

malleus, incus, stapes (ossicles)

endostrum

membrane that lines the medullary canal

Sulcus

narrow groove, small depression

Facial Bones (14)

nasal (2), zygomatic (2), maxillary (2), palatine (2), lacrimal (2), inferior conchae (2), vomer, mandible

The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the:

occipital bone

Ossification

process of bone formation

epiphyseal line

remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones, bone stops growing

Intervertebrochondral ribs

ribs attached to cartilage and more cartilage

Condlye

rounded articular projection

Sutures

separates cranial bones made up of fibrous joint

What type of bone is the patella?

sesamoid bone

Mesenchymal cells

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

Osteoprogenitor cell

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

What are the functions of bones?

support, protection, movement, mineral storage and release, production of blood cells, and fat storage

The zygomatic process is part of which bone?

temporal bone

How can 2 neighboring osteocytes communicate

via gap junctions

The temporal process is part of which bone?

zygomatic bone

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles. Osteogenic Layer + Fibrous Layer

Osteon

A structural unit of compact bone consisting of a central canal where blood vessels go through and is surrounded by concentric lamellae of matrix.

Joints

Areas where two or more bones join together by cartilage and ligaments

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

Cartilage model is made up of:

Hyaline Cartilage

Compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

What are pneumatized bones?

Hollow bones that contain numerous air pockets ex: ethmoid

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection; rough, point of attachment

Spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

Which type of bone is longer than wider?

Long bone

Bone Tissue Cells

Osteoprogenitor Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts

endochondral ossification

Process of transforming cartilage into bone.

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle, point of attachment, not an articular surface

Intervertebrosternal ribs

Ribs attached to the sternum

What type of bone is the calcaneus?

Short and irregular bone

What type of bone is the pisiform bone?

Short and sesamoid bone

Oseoporosis

a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily because over the overaction of osteoclasts. Calcium in the bloodstream increases.

A facet, such as the superior and inferior articulating facets of the vertebra, is described as:

a flattened or shallow articulating surface

Lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

Scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Head

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Osteoblast

born to build bone, secretes extracellular matrix

What component of the bone matrix gives it its toughness?

calcium phosphate

Which are the three articular surfaces?

condyle, facet, and head

There are two joints between the thoracic vertebrae and ribs. Which of the following pairs of bone features articulate with one another to form one of these joints?

costal facet on the centrum; rib head

What are short bones?

cube shaped bones, bones with nearly equal length, width, and depth

Calification

deposition of calcium salts

Fissure

elongated hole

Crest

elongated projestion

What type of bone is the parietal bone?

flat bone

What type of bone is the scapula?

flat bone

What type of bone is the sternum?

flat bone

What type of bone is the ribs?

flat bones

What type of bone are the vertebrae?

irregular

What type of bone is the temporal bone?

irregular

What type of bone is the os coxa?

irregular and fat

What type of bone is the tibia?

long bone

What type of bone is the ulna?

long bone

lumbar vertebrae

lower back, L1-L5, thick body

Where is bone added to during endochondral ossification

metaphysis

Red bone marrow

produces red and white blood cells and platelets

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

spinous process

sharp, slender projection, sticks out

What type of bone are the carpals?

short bone

What type of bone are the tarsals?

short bone

Tubercle

small bump

What type of bone contains red bone marrow?

spongy bone

Which bone houses red bone marrow ?

spongy bone

Stapes

stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Histology

study of tissues

What connects muscle to bone?

tendons

bone disposition

the addition of mineral and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblast

thoracic vertebrae

the second set of 12 vertebrae; form the outward curve of the spine and are known as T1 through T12. Articulates with ribs. -contains superior and inferior costal facet -upper back

False Ribs

8-10 ribs; indirectly attached to sternum with costal cartilage

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

hypoid bone

- In our throat -Not connected to any other bone

Cervical Vertebrae

-C1-C7 -forms the neck -contains transverse foramen -C1 atlas (no body) -C2 axis -axis contains a Dens

True ribs

1-7, intervertebrosternal

Bone remodeling

1. Bone resorption 2. Bone disposition

Ribs

12 pairs, contains head, neck, and tubercle

Bone components

50% mineral salts 30% collagen fibers 20% water soluble

Around what time does he mesenchymal skeleton develop?

6th week of embryonic development

Which type of ossification gives rise to long bones?

Endochondral ossification

What bones is the nasal septum consist of?

Ethmoid bone and vomer bone

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

cranial bones

PEST OF, 211211 Parietal (2), Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Temporal (2), Occipital, Frontal

Growth plate

The epiphyseal plate of a long bone. Located at the junction of the proximal and distal epiphyses with the diaphysis. Growth plates are areas where long bones increase in length by the process of endochondral bone formation. When an animal reaches its full size, the growth plates of its bones completely ossify and the bones cease their growth.

Periochondrium

The layer that surrounds a cartilage

What is the purpose of crista galli?

attachment site for membranes that cover and secure the brain in the cranial fossa

What are sesamoid bones?

bones that develop from tendons

What are the three types of vertebrae?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar

In an adult, the epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by the

epiphyseal line

What are the 7 types of bones?

Flat Bones Irregular Bones Long Bones Short Bones Sesamoid Bones Pneumatized Bones Sutural Bones

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column. (Vertical central axis)

Osteoclasts

crushes bone

mesenchymal skeleton

embryonic connective tissue

metaphysis

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

Canaliculi

little channels that connect lacunae

What type of bone is the femur?

long bone

What type of bone is the humerus bone?

long bone

What type of bone is the radius?

long bone

What type of bone are the metatarsals?

long bones

What type of bone are the phalanges?

long bones

What type of bone is the parietal bone?

long bones

Osteocytes

mature bone cells (mature osteoblasts)

When calcium levels in the blood fall below homeostasis, which bone cells act to raise calcium levels and through what mechanism?

osteoclast resorption

What bone makes up the superior portion of the lateral side of the cranium?

parietal bone

What are two sesamoid bones?

patella and pisiform

Which two bones/bone features come together to form the nasal septum?

perpendicular plate and vomer

Lacunae

small cavities that contain osteocytes

Facet

smooth, but not round articular surface

bone resorption

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

Bone resorption

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts and dumps back into the bloodstream. Increases calcium in the bloodstream.

Where is the femur?

thigh